Antibiotics-History & Introduction
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An antibiotic is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or destroys other microorganisms. To be classified as an antibiotic, a substance must be produced through microbial metabolism, be a synthetic analog, antagonize other microbes' growth at low concentrations. Major antibiotic discoveries include penicillin in 1929 and its therapeutic use in 1938, along with sulfonamides in 1936 and subsequent discoveries of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the 1940s-1950s that ushered in the antibiotic era. Antibiotics are classified based on their chemical structure and pharmacological activity against fungi, cancer, typhoid, diarrhea, and tuberculosis.
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This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including their historical background, classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It focuses on penicillins and their discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. They have broad applications for treating bacterial infections. The document also discusses cephalosporins, another class of beta-lactam antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium.
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1) The document discusses the history of antibiotics from ancient times to modern developments. It describes early uses of molds and fungi to treat infections dating back thousands of years.
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This document provides an introduction and overview of antibiotics. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that selectively suppress or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations. The document then discusses the history of antibiotic discovery, including early uses of antimicrobial substances by ancient civilizations, Paul Ehrlich's pioneering work in chemotherapy in the early 1900s, the discoveries of Prontosil, penicillin, and streptomycin in the 1930s-1940s, and subsequent generations of antibiotics. It also outlines ideal properties for antibiotic drugs such as potency, selectivity, oral availability, and lack of toxicity or resistance development.
Lect 01 introduction to antibiotics 19 08-142
This document provides an introduction to antibiotics. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations. The document discusses the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times through the work of scientists like Ehrlich, Fleming, Waksman, and others. It outlines the ideal properties of antibiotic drugs, including selective toxicity against pathogens, desirable pharmacokinetics, and preventing resistance development.
AM USe.pptx
This document provides a historical overview of antimicrobial use from pre-antibiotic era treatments to the modern timeline of antibiotic discovery. It describes how ancient cultures used molds and plants to treat infections before the germ theory of disease was established. The work of Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur and Koch helped prove that specific microbes cause specific illnesses. Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 but it was mass produced for medical use starting in the 1940s. The "golden age" of antibiotic discovery occurred from the 1940s-1960s with drugs like streptomycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. However, antibiotic resistance emerged soon after each new drug. Now few new classes have been discovered since 1987 and
Pioneer of microbes
1. Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928. He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work.
2. Joseph Lister promoted antiseptic surgery through the use of carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds, reducing post-operative infections.
3. Louis Pasteur was a founder of medical microbiology whose work supported germ theory and included discoveries like pasteurization and vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
History of Microbiology
youtube link : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPHH8m5zlQGLhXgvH755agg?view_as=subscriber
Facebook group : https://www.facebook.com/groups/836761619701557/
Facebook page : https://www.facebook.com/PharmU/
microbiology introduction, definition, terminology, history, scope ,importanc...
This is pdf file knowledge for microbiology in fungi , virus , bacteria , Protozoa
Presentation1
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of the field. It discusses key topics like the discovery of microorganisms under the microscope in the 1600s and 1700s. Landmark experiments disproving spontaneous generation and establishing the germ theory of disease in the late 1800s are also summarized. The document outlines the development of vaccines, antibiotics like penicillin, and chemotherapy. It provides a brief introduction to different areas of microbiology studied today and concludes by mentioning the role of microbes in human health and disease.
Sulfonamides
The term sulfonamides also known as (sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) are used for are a group of drugs ranging in clinical use from antibacterial to diuretic activity that share the sulfonamide functional group.
Chemically, the sulfonamide functional group is -S (=O)2-NH2 , i.e. a sulfonyl group connected to an amine group.
The original sulfonamides were synthetic antimicrobial agents but now newer groups have been developed from them .
.The journey of these drugs is a remarkable one and their discovery represents one of the important breakthroughs of medicine of the 20th century
I_Introduction.pptx
This document provides an introduction to medical microbiology for second year public health students. It defines key microbiology terms and outlines the history and development of the field. The document discusses the classification and morphology of microorganisms and provides information on bacterial structures and functions. It also summarizes the important contributions of scientists such as Pasteur, Koch, and others to establishing microbiology as a science.
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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- 2. An antibiotic or antibiotic substance is a substance produced by microorganisms, which has the capacity of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other microorganisms. Substance is classified as an antibiotic if the following conditions are met: 1. It is a product of metabolism (although it may be duplicated or even have been anticipated by chemical synthesis). 2. It is a synthetic product produced as a structural analog of a naturally occurring antibiotic. 3. It antagonizes the growth or survival of one or more species of microorganisms. 4. It is effective in low concentrations.
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- 5. -In rapid succession, deliberate searches of the metabolic products of a wide variety of soil microbes led to discovery of tyrothricin (1939), streptomycin (1943), chloramphenicol (1947), chlortetracycline (1948), neomycin(1949), and erythromycin (1952). These discoveries ushered in the age of the so-called miracle drugs. The discovery of antibiotics is widely considered to be one of the top five discoveries/inventions of the 20th century. The genome of Haemophilus influenzae was determined in 1995, and currently more than 1,000 microbial genomes have been deciphered and are publicly available.
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- 7. II-Classification based on Pharmacological Activity 1)Antifungal antibiotics a)Polyenes b)Others 2)Anti-cancer antibiotics 3)Antityphoid antibiotics 4)Antidiarrheal antibiotics 5)Antitubercular antibiotics
- 8. 1.β Lactam Antibiotics Penicillin’s Cephalosporin Monobactem Carbapenems
- 11. 3. Tetracyclines
- 12. 4. Macrolide
- 16. 9.Miscellaneous
- 18. II-Classification based on Pharmacological Activity 1)Antifungal antibiotics a)Polyenes b)Others Amphotericin B Nystatin Natamycin Griseofulvin
- 19. Dactinomycin