1. Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928. He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work. 2. Joseph Lister promoted antiseptic surgery through the use of carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds, reducing post-operative infections. 3. Louis Pasteur was a founder of medical microbiology whose work supported germ theory and included discoveries like pasteurization and vaccines for rabies and anthrax.

1. SIBT-E-ALI
a. Class= 5-A .
b. Id 3891.

2. PIONEER OF MICROBES

3. ALEXANDER FLEMING
 Sir Alexander Fleming, FRSE, FRS, FRCS(Eng) (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist,
pharmacologist and botanist. He wrote many articles on bacteriology, immunology, and chemotherapy. His best-
known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin from the mould
Penicillium notatum in 1928, for which he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard
Florey and Ernst Boris Chain.[1]
 In 1999, Time magazine named Fleming one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating:
 It was a discovery that would change the course of history. The active ingredient in that mould, which
Fleming named penicillin, turned out to be an infection-fighting agent of enormous potency. When it was finally
recognized for what it was, the most efficacious life-saving drug in the world, penicillin would alter forever the
treatment of bacterial infections. By the middle of the century, Fleming's discovery had spawned a huge
pharmaceutical industry, churning out synthetic penicillins that would conquer some of mankind's most ancient
scourges, including syphilis, gangrene and tuberculosis.[2]

4. JOSEPH LEISTER
 Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, Bt., OM, FRS, PC (5 April 1827 – 10
February 1912), known as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt., between 1883 and
1897, was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, who
promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at theGlasgow Royal
Infirmary. Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known
as phenol) to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led
to a reduction in post-operative infections and made surgery safer for
patients.

5. LOUIS PASTEUR
 Louis Pasteur ( /ˈluːi pæˈstɜr/, French: [lwi pastœʁ]; December 27, 1822 – September 28, 1895) was a
French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology. He is
remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced
mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax. His experiments supported
the germ theory of disease. He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to treat milk and wine
in order to prevent it from causing sickness, a process that came to be calledpasteurization. He is regarded as one
of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch.
 Pasteur also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, most notably the molecular basis for
the asymmetry of certaincrystals.[2] His body lies beneath the Institute Pasteur in Paris in a
spectacular vault covered in depictions of his accomplishments inByzantine mosaics.[3]

6. EDWARD JENNER
 Edward Anthony Jenner, FRS (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823)
was an English physician and scientist from Berkeley, Gloucestershire,
who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine.[1] He is often called "the
father of immunology", and his work is said to have "saved more lives
than the work of any other man".[2][3][4]