It include introduction and history of penicillin, mechanism of action of penicillin, classification of penicillin, structural activity relationship of penicillin, adverse effects of penicillin and therapeutic uses of penicillin.
this presentation cover medicinal chemistry of penicillin.
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Tetracyclines,Biological sources,History,Sturctures,SAR,Mechanism of action,Spectrum of activity,Important structural units and the three acidity constants in the tetracycline molucule,amphoteric nature,epimerisation, chelation with metals,toxicity and uses.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
sulfonamides are the antimicrobial agents.It's act by folic acid synthesis inhibitors.It is PABA analogue competitive antagonist. first synthesised drug is prontosil.
In this slide contents history, mechanism of action, SAR, classification of drugs, some structure of important drugs, choice of drugs in different purpose, side effect, adverse effect.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Definition
History
Chemistry
Properties
Classification & its Generation
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Indication
Contraindication
Therapeutic use
Adverse effect
Resistance
Comparison with penicillin
Market preparation
sulfonamides are the antimicrobial agents.It's act by folic acid synthesis inhibitors.It is PABA analogue competitive antagonist. first synthesised drug is prontosil.
In this slide contents history, mechanism of action, SAR, classification of drugs, some structure of important drugs, choice of drugs in different purpose, side effect, adverse effect.
The cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics isolated from Cephalosporium spp. or prepared semisynthetically
Most of the antibiotics introduced since 1965 have been semisynthetic cephalosporins.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Introduction to Antibiotics,Classification,General Mechanism of action,Penicillin,Classification of Penicillin,Moa,Structure Activity Relationship,Uses
Penicillin Classification, Mechanism of Action, Structure Activity Relationship, Structure of Penicillins, penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) functional propertiesCross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Cross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Shape of penicillin G Penicillin SAR AcylSide Chain Modifications Instability of β-lactams to nucleophiles
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins Protein Binding of Penicillins
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Contents
• Introduction and History
• Mechanism of action
• Classification
• SAR
• Adverse effects
• Therapeutic uses
3. Penicillin: Introduction and History
• Penicillin was derived from penicillium fungi.
• Penicillin was accidently discovered in 1928 by scientist
Alexander Flemming.
• Penicillin is group of antibiotics that are used to treat infections
which were deadly earlier.
• In their structure, beta-lactam ring is located due to this reason
these are also called beta-lactam anti-biotics
4. Mechanism of action
• Penicillins are bactericidal as they kill micro-
organisms when given in appropriate dose
• Synthesis of bacterial cell wall is depended upon an
enzyme called transpeptidase
• Penicillin binds to penicillin-binding protein (PBP)
and block transpeptidase enzyme.
• Which cause blockage in synthesis of bacterial cell
wall and because of that reason bacteria die from cell
lysis
14. SAR
1.Substitution onThiazolidine ring
• Substitution on position-1: sulfur
When the sulfur atom of the thiazolidine ring is oxidized to a sulfone(SO2) or sulfoxide(SO), it
improves acid stability but decreases the activity of the agent.
• Substitution on position-2:
No substitutions are allow at this position, any chance will lower the activity
Methyl groups are necessary
• Substitution on position-3:
The carboxylic acid of ring is required for the activity
If it’s changed to alcohol or ester, activity will decrease
15. SAR
1.Substitution onThiazolidine ring
• Substitution on position 4:
Nitrogen is required without any substitution for activity
• Substitution on position 5:
Position 5 must be unsubstituted because Hydrogen of carbon-5 is required to maintain chirality
and cis-formation of the compound for activity
16. SAR
2. Substitution on β-lactam ring (position-6)
• Substitution on position 6:
Substitutions on position 6 can be explained using Penicillin-G (benzyl penicillin) as an example
17. SAR
2. Substitution on β-lactam ring (position-6)
Stability of benzyl penicillin can further be increased by substitution using an electron
withdrawing group (NH2,Cl,F,Br) at alpha position of benzyl penicillin
Example, alpha-Substituted Benzyl penicillin are more stable then benzyl penicillin towards acid
catalyzed hydrolysis
18. SAR
2. Substitution on β-lactam ring (position-6)
Increasing steric hindrance at the alpha-carbon increases protection against β-lactamase
resistance thus increases the activity.
Steric hindrance: its slowing of the reaction because of the presence of bulky groups.
β-lactamase resistance: Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide multi-
resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin.
19. SAR
2. Substitution on β-lactam ring (position-6)
Substitution on ortho or meta position of benzyl ring also increase steric hindrance and protect
drug from β-lactamase resistance and give more active compound.
Examples: Methacillin (ortho substitution)
Nefcillin (meta substitution)
Bulkier substituents having 5-membered ring heterocylclic derivatives are required to have
effective β-lactamase resistance.
Examples: oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, fluoxacillin.
20. Adverse effects of penicillins
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Super infections
• Diarrhea and GI disturbance
• convulsions
21. Therapeutic uses of Penicillin
• Streptococcal infections like pharyngitis, otitis media.
• Pneumococcal infections like pneumonia, pericarditis and meningitis.
• Syphilis and gonorrhea
• Meningococcal infections
• Actinomycosis
• Diphtheria
• tetanus
22. Reference
• JamesT. Park and Jack L. Strominger, Mode of Action of Penicillin, Science, New Series,Vol. 125,
No. 3238 (Jan. 18, 1957), pp. 99-101.
• Neu, H. C. (1986). β-Lactam Antibiotics: Structural RelationshipsAffecting inVitro Activity and
Pharmacologic Properties.Clinical Infectious Diseases, 8(Supplement_3), S237–S259.
• Alexander flemming, on the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to
their use in the isolation of b. influenza, May 10th, 1929.
• 2019, Chemdraw ultra 12.0, Chemdraw, PerkinElmer.