The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. This document discusses the appropriate use of antibiotics and antifungals in dentistry. It outlines the cardinal rules for best use of antibiotics, including using the right drug, dose, dosing schedule and duration. It also discusses identifying the type of bacteria present, the appropriate antibiotic to use, and factors specific to the patient. The document also covers the use of topical antibiotics and antifungals, including formulations, indications, durations and treatments for various oral infections caused by Candida.
This document discusses antibiotics used in dentistry. It begins by defining antibiotics and explaining their early historical use dating back to ancient Greece, India, and Russia where molds and plants were used to treat infections. It then discusses the modern history of antibiotic discovery from Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928 to the development of streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline in the 1940s-50s. The document goes on to classify antibiotics by their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and source. It provides examples of commonly used antibiotics in dentistry like penicillins, cephalosporins, metronidazole, tetracyclines and sulfonamides. It also lists
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
To sum up, the risk/benefit ratio should be always weighed before prescribing antibiotics.
Appropriately selected patients will benefit from systemically administered antibiotics.
A restrictive and conservative use of antibiotics is highly recommended in endodontic practice, but indiscriminate use is contrary to sound clinical practice
Future generations will thank us for today’s conscientious and judicious use of antibiotics
This document discusses myths surrounding the use of antibiotics and provides information about different types of antibiotics used in endodontics. It addresses common myths such as antibiotics being substitutes for surgical drainage or that culture/sensitivity testing is always required. Statistics are presented on nosocomial infections and inappropriate antibiotic use. The different classes of antibiotics are explained, including penicillins, cephalosporins, metronidazole, macrolides, clindamycin and tetracycline. Guidelines are provided on when antibiotic prophylaxis is appropriate, such as preventing spread of infection beyond the periapex.
This document provides an overview of antibiotic use in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins with the history and introduction of antibiotics, followed by classifications based on type of organism, mechanism of action, chemical structure, and spectrum of activity. Principles of antibiotic therapy are discussed, including determining infection severity, evaluating host defenses, and choosing appropriate antibiotics. Common oral infections and their typical microorganisms are listed. Guidelines for antibiotic selection include empirically treating typical odontogenic infections, obtaining cultures in specific situations, and using narrow-spectrum antibiotics when possible.
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. This document discusses the appropriate use of antibiotics and antifungals in dentistry. It outlines the cardinal rules for best use of antibiotics, including using the right drug, dose, dosing schedule and duration. It also discusses identifying the type of bacteria present, the appropriate antibiotic to use, and factors specific to the patient. The document also covers the use of topical antibiotics and antifungals, including formulations, indications, durations and treatments for various oral infections caused by Candida.
This document discusses antibiotics used in dentistry. It begins by defining antibiotics and explaining their early historical use dating back to ancient Greece, India, and Russia where molds and plants were used to treat infections. It then discusses the modern history of antibiotic discovery from Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928 to the development of streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline in the 1940s-50s. The document goes on to classify antibiotics by their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and source. It provides examples of commonly used antibiotics in dentistry like penicillins, cephalosporins, metronidazole, tetracyclines and sulfonamides. It also lists
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
To sum up, the risk/benefit ratio should be always weighed before prescribing antibiotics.
Appropriately selected patients will benefit from systemically administered antibiotics.
A restrictive and conservative use of antibiotics is highly recommended in endodontic practice, but indiscriminate use is contrary to sound clinical practice
Future generations will thank us for today’s conscientious and judicious use of antibiotics
This document discusses myths surrounding the use of antibiotics and provides information about different types of antibiotics used in endodontics. It addresses common myths such as antibiotics being substitutes for surgical drainage or that culture/sensitivity testing is always required. Statistics are presented on nosocomial infections and inappropriate antibiotic use. The different classes of antibiotics are explained, including penicillins, cephalosporins, metronidazole, macrolides, clindamycin and tetracycline. Guidelines are provided on when antibiotic prophylaxis is appropriate, such as preventing spread of infection beyond the periapex.
This document provides an overview of antibiotic use in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins with the history and introduction of antibiotics, followed by classifications based on type of organism, mechanism of action, chemical structure, and spectrum of activity. Principles of antibiotic therapy are discussed, including determining infection severity, evaluating host defenses, and choosing appropriate antibiotics. Common oral infections and their typical microorganisms are listed. Guidelines for antibiotic selection include empirically treating typical odontogenic infections, obtaining cultures in specific situations, and using narrow-spectrum antibiotics when possible.
This document discusses antibiotics prescribing for dentistry. It defines antibiotics and describes how penicillin was discovered by accident. It outlines the risks of antibiotic use including drug resistance, superinfection, toxicity and allergies. Benefits include preventing and spreading of infection. Antibiotics are classified based on their mode of action and therapeutic spectra. Various antibiotics are discussed in terms of their pharmacodynamics, mechanisms of action, indications and principles of use. Factors that influence dosing like renal function are also covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
penicillin in dentistry (ANTIBIOTICS) - by shefali jainpradeepjain24
Penicillin was the first widely used antibiotic, discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. It works by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis, preventing cross-linking and leading to cell lysis. It is primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria. There are natural, semi-synthetic, and extended-spectrum forms of penicillin that differ in their spectra of activity and resistance to degradation. Penicillin works by binding to penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria and inhibiting cell wall synthesis, causing cell death.
1. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms like fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria that suppress or destroy other microorganisms.
2. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929 after noticing that a mold growing in one of his petri dishes had prevented bacteria from growing nearby. Penicillin revolutionized medicine as the first widely used antibiotic.
3. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem as bacteria have increasingly developed resistance, even to formerly powerful antibiotics like penicillin. Proper antibiotic stewardship including only using antibiotics when necessary and completing prescribed treatment courses can help address this growing threat.
This document discusses various antimicrobial drugs used in dentistry, including antibacterials, antifungals, and antivirals. It defines key terms and outlines the mechanisms of action, indications, and common examples of different classes of antimicrobials. Factors influencing treatment choices are described, such as infection type, resistance patterns, and patient factors. Guidelines are provided for administration, treatment duration, and addressing treatment failure.
The document discusses antimicrobial agents and mechanisms of resistance. It covers several topics:
1. Definitions and classifications of antibiotics based on chemical structure, source, mechanism of action, and spectrum.
2. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria including production of enzymes to destroy drugs and genetic/non-genetic resistance.
3. Approaches to address rising antibiotic resistance such as appropriate use and preventing overprescription.
- Antibiotics are used in dentistry for three main purposes: as adjuncts to treat oral infections, to prevent local infections from dental procedures, and to prevent oral bacteria from spreading to susceptible sites.
- For high and moderate risk patients, antibiotics are recommended before certain invasive procedures like extractions but not for other procedures like fillings.
- Common antibiotics used include penicillin, amoxicillin, and clindamycin which are effective against the streptococcus and anaerobic bacteria usually causing dental infections. Selection depends on factors like allergies and whether only anaerobic infections are suspected.
This document provides an introduction to antibiotics. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations. The document discusses the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times through the work of scientists like Ehrlich, Fleming, Waksman, and others. It outlines the ideal properties of antibiotic drugs, including selective toxicity against pathogens, desirable pharmacokinetics, and preventing resistance development.
Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced naturally by soil bacteria and fungi. Antibiotics target microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and parasites, but not viruses. It is important to know if an infection is caused by bacteria or a virus so the correct treatment can be given. Antibiotics work by preventing bacterial cells from multiplying so the host's immune system can fight the infection. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance where bacteria become less inhibited by an antibiotic.
This document discusses different types of antibiotics, including their definitions, indications, mechanisms of action, and resistance. It describes several classes of antibiotics: beta-lactams like penicillin and cephalosporin which inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis; aminoglycosides which have nephrotoxicity risks; macrolides like erythromycin which are bacteriostatic; tetracyclines which can discolor teeth and bones; and metronidazole which is effective against anaerobic bacteria. Each antibiotic class has different spectrums of activity, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and potential adverse effects. Precise indications and risks are outlined to help guide appropriate clinical antibiotic selection and
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses broad spectrum antibiotics. It begins with definitions of key terms like antibiotic, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. It then covers the history of antibiotics from traditional empirical uses to the modern era including the discoveries of penicillin and other drugs. The document categorizes antibiotics based on their spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, source, and susceptible organisms. It also addresses principles of antibiotic therapy such as selection, combinations, prophylaxis, resistance, and misuse.
This document provides an overview of antibiotics. It begins with definitions of antibiotics and their history. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929 from the Penicillium mold, but it was not until the 1940s that Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered its therapeutic properties. The document classifies antibiotics based on their spectrum of activity (narrow vs broad), mechanism of action (bacteriostatic vs bactericidal), source (natural, semisynthetic, synthetic), and chemical nature. Key requirements for antibiotics are that they selectively kill microbes without host toxicity, are eliminated from the body, are stable for formulation, and are highly effective at low concentrations.
1) The document discusses the history of antibiotics from ancient times to modern developments. It describes early uses of molds and fungi to treat infections dating back thousands of years.
2) Alexander Fleming's accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928 is discussed as a major breakthrough, though its potential was not realized until the 1940s with the work of Florey and Chain.
3) The modern production of various classes of antibiotics is summarized, including natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic antibiotics and some of the major classes and examples. The ideal properties of antibiotics and their mechanisms of action are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. It begins by discussing the history and development of antimicrobial drugs from 1910 onward. It then defines key terms related to chemotherapy and antimicrobial classification. The document discusses various classes of antimicrobial drugs like penicillins, cephalosporins, and beta-lactam inhibitors in detail. It covers the mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics and clinical uses of these drug classes. Adverse effects and resistance to penicillins are also summarized. The document provides classifications of antimicrobials and concludes by noting that cefotaxime and ceftriaxone effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to treat meningitis.
This document discusses several classes of anti-infective drugs including penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, clindamycin, vancomycin, and carbapenems. It covers the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, uses, drug interactions and adverse effects of these drug classes. The classes of anti-infective drugs are compared in terms of their mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectra, and indications for use. Factors involved in selecting an appropriate antimicrobial agent are also reviewed.
The document discusses anti-infective agents, which are drugs designed to selectively target and kill invading microorganisms without harming the host's cells. It provides a brief history of anti-infective development and outlines several mechanisms of action, including interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. The document also discusses anti-infective classification, acquiring resistance, treatment considerations, antibiotic classes, and specific aminoglycoside antibiotics.
This document outlines the course Bio 319: Antibiotics, including the course topics, lecture schedule, assessment breakdown, and course instructor Dr. G. Kattam Maiyoh. The course covers the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times to modern developments. It will address bacterial classification, antibiotic mechanisms of action and resistance, and applications in human health, agriculture, and livestock production. Lectures and labs will explore antibiotic production, testing, and selection as well as emerging issues like bioterrorism.
Este documento trata sobre los quimioterápicos antibacterianos. Explica sus características generales como la toxicidad selectiva y los métodos para determinar la sensibilidad bacteriana a los antibióticos in vitro. También describe los mecanismos de acción de los antibacterianos y cómo se clasifican según su origen, espectro de acción y efecto.
El documento describe diferentes métodos para evaluar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, incluyendo el método de difusión de discos de Kirby-Bauer, el método Epsilon-test (E-test), y el método de dilución en líquido o en agar. El método de Kirby-Bauer es el más utilizado debido a su practicidad, sencillez y capacidad de analizar múltiples antibióticos al mismo tiempo, aunque sólo proporciona resultados cualitativos. El método de dilución es el patrón de oro al proporcionar resultados cuant
This document discusses antibiotics prescribing for dentistry. It defines antibiotics and describes how penicillin was discovered by accident. It outlines the risks of antibiotic use including drug resistance, superinfection, toxicity and allergies. Benefits include preventing and spreading of infection. Antibiotics are classified based on their mode of action and therapeutic spectra. Various antibiotics are discussed in terms of their pharmacodynamics, mechanisms of action, indications and principles of use. Factors that influence dosing like renal function are also covered.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
penicillin in dentistry (ANTIBIOTICS) - by shefali jainpradeepjain24
Penicillin was the first widely used antibiotic, discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. It works by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis, preventing cross-linking and leading to cell lysis. It is primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria. There are natural, semi-synthetic, and extended-spectrum forms of penicillin that differ in their spectra of activity and resistance to degradation. Penicillin works by binding to penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria and inhibiting cell wall synthesis, causing cell death.
1. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms like fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria that suppress or destroy other microorganisms.
2. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929 after noticing that a mold growing in one of his petri dishes had prevented bacteria from growing nearby. Penicillin revolutionized medicine as the first widely used antibiotic.
3. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem as bacteria have increasingly developed resistance, even to formerly powerful antibiotics like penicillin. Proper antibiotic stewardship including only using antibiotics when necessary and completing prescribed treatment courses can help address this growing threat.
This document discusses various antimicrobial drugs used in dentistry, including antibacterials, antifungals, and antivirals. It defines key terms and outlines the mechanisms of action, indications, and common examples of different classes of antimicrobials. Factors influencing treatment choices are described, such as infection type, resistance patterns, and patient factors. Guidelines are provided for administration, treatment duration, and addressing treatment failure.
The document discusses antimicrobial agents and mechanisms of resistance. It covers several topics:
1. Definitions and classifications of antibiotics based on chemical structure, source, mechanism of action, and spectrum.
2. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria including production of enzymes to destroy drugs and genetic/non-genetic resistance.
3. Approaches to address rising antibiotic resistance such as appropriate use and preventing overprescription.
- Antibiotics are used in dentistry for three main purposes: as adjuncts to treat oral infections, to prevent local infections from dental procedures, and to prevent oral bacteria from spreading to susceptible sites.
- For high and moderate risk patients, antibiotics are recommended before certain invasive procedures like extractions but not for other procedures like fillings.
- Common antibiotics used include penicillin, amoxicillin, and clindamycin which are effective against the streptococcus and anaerobic bacteria usually causing dental infections. Selection depends on factors like allergies and whether only anaerobic infections are suspected.
This document provides an introduction to antibiotics. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations. The document discusses the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times through the work of scientists like Ehrlich, Fleming, Waksman, and others. It outlines the ideal properties of antibiotic drugs, including selective toxicity against pathogens, desirable pharmacokinetics, and preventing resistance development.
Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced naturally by soil bacteria and fungi. Antibiotics target microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and parasites, but not viruses. It is important to know if an infection is caused by bacteria or a virus so the correct treatment can be given. Antibiotics work by preventing bacterial cells from multiplying so the host's immune system can fight the infection. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance where bacteria become less inhibited by an antibiotic.
This document discusses different types of antibiotics, including their definitions, indications, mechanisms of action, and resistance. It describes several classes of antibiotics: beta-lactams like penicillin and cephalosporin which inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis; aminoglycosides which have nephrotoxicity risks; macrolides like erythromycin which are bacteriostatic; tetracyclines which can discolor teeth and bones; and metronidazole which is effective against anaerobic bacteria. Each antibiotic class has different spectrums of activity, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and potential adverse effects. Precise indications and risks are outlined to help guide appropriate clinical antibiotic selection and
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses broad spectrum antibiotics. It begins with definitions of key terms like antibiotic, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. It then covers the history of antibiotics from traditional empirical uses to the modern era including the discoveries of penicillin and other drugs. The document categorizes antibiotics based on their spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, source, and susceptible organisms. It also addresses principles of antibiotic therapy such as selection, combinations, prophylaxis, resistance, and misuse.
This document provides an overview of antibiotics. It begins with definitions of antibiotics and their history. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929 from the Penicillium mold, but it was not until the 1940s that Howard Florey and Ernst Chain discovered its therapeutic properties. The document classifies antibiotics based on their spectrum of activity (narrow vs broad), mechanism of action (bacteriostatic vs bactericidal), source (natural, semisynthetic, synthetic), and chemical nature. Key requirements for antibiotics are that they selectively kill microbes without host toxicity, are eliminated from the body, are stable for formulation, and are highly effective at low concentrations.
1) The document discusses the history of antibiotics from ancient times to modern developments. It describes early uses of molds and fungi to treat infections dating back thousands of years.
2) Alexander Fleming's accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928 is discussed as a major breakthrough, though its potential was not realized until the 1940s with the work of Florey and Chain.
3) The modern production of various classes of antibiotics is summarized, including natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic antibiotics and some of the major classes and examples. The ideal properties of antibiotics and their mechanisms of action are also briefly covered.
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. It begins by discussing the history and development of antimicrobial drugs from 1910 onward. It then defines key terms related to chemotherapy and antimicrobial classification. The document discusses various classes of antimicrobial drugs like penicillins, cephalosporins, and beta-lactam inhibitors in detail. It covers the mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics and clinical uses of these drug classes. Adverse effects and resistance to penicillins are also summarized. The document provides classifications of antimicrobials and concludes by noting that cefotaxime and ceftriaxone effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to treat meningitis.
This document discusses several classes of anti-infective drugs including penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, clindamycin, vancomycin, and carbapenems. It covers the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, uses, drug interactions and adverse effects of these drug classes. The classes of anti-infective drugs are compared in terms of their mechanisms of action, antimicrobial spectra, and indications for use. Factors involved in selecting an appropriate antimicrobial agent are also reviewed.
The document discusses anti-infective agents, which are drugs designed to selectively target and kill invading microorganisms without harming the host's cells. It provides a brief history of anti-infective development and outlines several mechanisms of action, including interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. The document also discusses anti-infective classification, acquiring resistance, treatment considerations, antibiotic classes, and specific aminoglycoside antibiotics.
This document outlines the course Bio 319: Antibiotics, including the course topics, lecture schedule, assessment breakdown, and course instructor Dr. G. Kattam Maiyoh. The course covers the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times to modern developments. It will address bacterial classification, antibiotic mechanisms of action and resistance, and applications in human health, agriculture, and livestock production. Lectures and labs will explore antibiotic production, testing, and selection as well as emerging issues like bioterrorism.
Este documento trata sobre los quimioterápicos antibacterianos. Explica sus características generales como la toxicidad selectiva y los métodos para determinar la sensibilidad bacteriana a los antibióticos in vitro. También describe los mecanismos de acción de los antibacterianos y cómo se clasifican según su origen, espectro de acción y efecto.
El documento describe diferentes métodos para evaluar la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, incluyendo el método de difusión de discos de Kirby-Bauer, el método Epsilon-test (E-test), y el método de dilución en líquido o en agar. El método de Kirby-Bauer es el más utilizado debido a su practicidad, sencillez y capacidad de analizar múltiples antibióticos al mismo tiempo, aunque sólo proporciona resultados cualitativos. El método de dilución es el patrón de oro al proporcionar resultados cuant
Microbiology - bacteria, fungi, yeasts and virusesmeducationdotnet
This document provides information on different types of bacteria and the antibiotics used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It discusses gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including common genera and species. It also summarizes the most common types of antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and others. Finally, it lists the antibiotics typically used to treat different types of bacterial infections organized by organ system or condition.
Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of q mix™/ dental implant co...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Este documento describe los principales agentes antimicóticos, incluyendo sus mecanismos de acción, farmacocinética, usos terapéuticos y efectos adversos. La anfotericina B se usa para infecciones micóticas graves mientras que los imidazoles son útiles en pacientes VIH. Los efectos adversos varían desde náuseas y vómitos hasta toxicidad renal y hepática.
The most common mode of action for antibiotics is the inhibition of cell wall synthesis. Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis work because of the fact that most eubacteria have peptidoglycan-based cell walls but mammals do not. Growth is prevented by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. Thus these antibiotics only work for actively growing bacteria. The cell wall of new bacteria that grew in the presence of cell-wall-synthesis inhibitors is deprived of peptidoglycan. These bacteria will be subjected to osmotic lysis.In addition, gram-negative bacteria generally are less susceptible to inhibitors of cell wall synthesis than are gram-positive bacteria. In the former cell wall synthesis inhibitors fail to reach the cell wall because they are blocked by the gram-negative outer membrane.Penicillin is the classic example of an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis. Other examples include: ampicillin, bacitracin, carbapenems, cephalosporin, methicillin, oxacillin and vancomycin
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...Saminathan Kayarohanam
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (AAC) features interdisciplinary studies that build our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic applications of antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents and chemotherapy.
A protein synthesis inhibitor is a substance that stops or slows the growth or proliferation of cells by disrupting the processes that lead directly to the generation of new proteins. All of the antibiotics that target bacterial protein synthesis do so by interacting with the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting its function. The ribosome might not seem like a very good target for selective toxicity, because all cells, including our own, use ribosomes for protein synthesis.The good thing is that bacteria and eukaryotes have ribosomes that are structurally different. Bacteria have so-called 70S ribosomes and eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes. No, not '70s and '80s ribosomes, although that would be pretty entertaining. The S stands for 'Svedberg unit,' and it refers to the rate at which particles sediment down into the tube during high-speed ultracentrifugation. Basically, it tells us about the ribosome's molecular weight and shape.
70S and 80S ribosomes are different enough that antibiotics can specifically target one and not the other. Let's take a closer look at the bacterial 70S ribosome and see where some different kinds of antibiotics act on it. Remember that ribosomes are made of RNA and protein and that they have two subunits, one large and one small.
The bacterial 70S ribosome's subunits are the 50S subunit and the 30S subunit. Yes, I know, 50 + 30 = 80, not 70, but this is not a math mistake. Using the Svedberg unit to measure ribosomes means that things don't always add up perfectly, because rates of sedimentation are not additive like molecular weights are.
Before we get into the specifics of how antibiotics inhibit bacterial ribosomes, let's briefly review how ribosomes work. First, a tRNA loaded with a particular amino acid enters the ribosome at the A site. The tRNA's anticodon has to match the codon, or group of three nucleotides on the mRNA. Then, at the P site of the ribosome, a peptide bond forms between the previous amino acid and the new amino acid. Finally, the empty tRNA exits at the E site. This process repeats for the whole length of the mRNA, and the polypeptide chain continues to grow.
This document discusses various classes of antimicrobial agents including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. It covers sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and quinolones. For each class, it provides examples of specific drugs, how they work, what types of infections they treat, and potential adverse effects. The goal is to identify the infecting organism and select the appropriate antibiotic based on its susceptibility profile.
Nanotechnology has enabled the development of innovative and cost-effective dental materials and devices. The document discusses various nanomaterials that have antimicrobial properties for use in dental applications, including silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and chitosan nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots show promise for therapeutic applications such as drug delivery. Resin-based dental composites containing nanoparticles demonstrate improved mechanical and optical properties compared to microparticle composites. While nanotechnology has advanced dentistry, further research is still needed to fully evaluate the safety and efficacy of nanomaterials in clinical dental applications.
This document discusses various drugs used in dentistry, including antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. It provides information on the classes, indications, contraindications, side effects and precautions for commonly used medications like penicillin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, fluconazole, acyclovir and valaciclovir. Guidelines are also presented on the appropriate use of antibiotics for conditions like dental infections and the prophylactic use of antibiotics for certain medical conditions undergoing dental procedures.
The document discusses drugs commonly used in dentistry to treat various medical emergencies and conditions, including antibiotics, analgesics, and drugs for anaphylaxis, asthma, angina, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, epilepsy, fainting, anxiety, infections, dental procedures, sinusitis, pseudomembranous candidiasis, and denture stomatitis. It provides recommended drugs, dosages, and administration instructions for adults and children. The most commonly used antibiotics are amoxicillin, metronidazole, erythromycin, and penicillin derivatives like augmentin.
This document discusses dental pharmacology. It begins by defining pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. It then discusses the history and development of pharmacology. The rest of the document covers various topics in dental pharmacology including local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors, antiseptics, and sources of drugs. It provides details on specific drugs used in dentistry as well as their mechanisms of action, uses, and important considerations.
Review on dental management of pregnant patientTanzir Hasan
This document summarizes dental management considerations for pregnant patients. It discusses common oral health issues during pregnancy like gingivitis and hormonal changes. Treatment timing and safety of medications, radiographs, local anesthetics and other aspects of care are reviewed. The second trimester is generally safest for non-urgent dental work. Analgesics like acetaminophen are preferred over NSAIDs in the third trimester. Antibiotics like penicillin are usually considered safe. Nitrous oxide should be avoided in the first trimester.
This document discusses dental plaque formation at the ultrastructural level. It begins by describing how a saliva-derived acquired pellicle forms on the tooth surface within nanoseconds. Bacteria then initially adhere reversibly to this pellicle via molecular interactions. They can then irreversibly attach through specific adhesins. Once attached, the bacteria begin colonizing the surface and forming a biofilm through multiplication and sequential adsorption of organisms.
[1] Minimally invasive dentistry focuses on prevention and conservation of tooth structure. Various tools and techniques can detect caries early and monitor the effectiveness of preventive treatments.
[2] Diagnodent uses fluorescence to detect demineralization with high accuracy. FOTI and QLF use transmitted light to image lesions and monitor remineralization. ECM measures conductivity changes to identify demineralized enamel. These methods can detect lesions earlier than x-rays.
[3] Early detection allows use of preventive treatments like remineralization to arrest or reverse lesions before they worsen, preserving more tooth structure. Minimally invasive techniques emphasize prevention and conservation over extensive restoration.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses various classes of antibiotics including their mechanisms of action and clinical uses. It describes antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. It also discusses antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis like macrolides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. The document provides examples of narrow and broad-spectrum antibiotics and summarizes the clinical uses and important characteristics of selected antibiotics including penicillins, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. It also warns of potential adverse effects such as pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics like clindamycin and lincomycin.
"edible vaccines": Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Staphylococci are Gram positive cocci that commonly cause localized suppurative lesions. Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogenic species that can cause a variety of infections like food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome, and nosocomial infections. S. aureus has developed resistance to many antibiotics like penicillin through production of beta-lactamases. Methicillin resistant S. aureus strains are a major concern as they are resistant even to methicillin and related antibiotics.
Principles of surgical and antimicrobial infection managemen/ dental crown & ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses first-line and second-line drugs used to treat tuberculosis, including multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. First-line drugs include isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin. Second-line drugs used when resistance develops include ethionamide, capreomycin, cycloserine, aminosalicylic acid, fluoroquinolones, kanamycin, amikacin, linezolides, rifabutin, and rifapentine. Resistance can develop through mutations that impair drug uptake or target sites. Many second-line drugs have toxic side effects like nephrotoxicity or ototoxicity that require monitoring.
The document discusses biochemical targets for antifungal chemotherapy and summarizes various antifungal drugs. It explains that ergosterol in fungal cell membranes is a key target of many antifungals. Several classes of antifungals are described - including polyenes such as amphotericin B and nystatin, azoles that inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis, and allylamines like terbinafine. Individual drugs from each class are discussed in terms of their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, and clinical uses for treating fungal infections.
This document discusses antibiotic use in dentistry and provides details on penicillin antibiotics. It describes the classes of anti-infective drugs and their mechanisms of action, including inhibition of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It also discusses the spectrum of activity of antibiotics as either narrow or broad-spectrum. Common adverse drug reactions include nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, central nervous system toxicity, and hypersensitivity. Specific details are provided on the classes of penicillin antibiotics, their mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects.
This document provides information about Dr. T. Citarasu, an Associate Professor at Manonmaniam Sundaranar University in Tirunelveli, India. It discusses his research interests in areas like aquatic animal health, bacterial and viral pathogenesis, vaccine development, and herbal drugs. It also summarizes the university's courses offered in marine science, marine biotechnology, and microbiology. Furthermore, it outlines the importance of marine biotechnology and some of the resources for marine natural products, including microbes, fungi, and invertebrates.
This document discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various classes of antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, and nitrofurans. It describes how each class of antibiotics targets different parts of the bacterial cell, such as the cell wall, protein synthesis, or DNA. It provides information on the spectrum of bacteria covered by each antibiotic class and notes their advantages and limitations. Potential adverse drug reactions are also briefly mentioned.
The fight against antibiotic resistance needs the attention of all and sundry...Food borne diseases are somehow inevitable; so is the fight against...We all need to come together to strategize on actions that can curb and combat this global menace
1. The document discusses various types of fungal infections including systemic, opportunistic, and superficial mycoses. It describes the causative agents and symptoms of each.
2. Several classes of antifungal agents are covered, including azoles, allyl amines, fatty acids, phenols, nucleosides, antifungal antibiotics, and others. The mechanisms of action for each class is explained.
3. Specific antifungal drugs are highlighted including their uses for treating different fungal infections. Clotrimazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, naftifine, tolnaftate and others are discussed.
This document discusses antifungal drugs. It begins by introducing antifungals and the types of fungal infections they treat. It then describes the most common fungal pathogens and the targets of antifungal therapy. The remainder of the document focuses on specific antifungal drug classes, including polyenes like amphotericin B, azoles like imidazoles and triazoles, and others. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of several important antifungal medications.
Bacteriophages offer an alternative to antibiotics for treating bacterial infections. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. They have a lytic cycle where they ultimately kill the bacteria or a lysogenic cycle where they integrate into the bacterial genome. Bacteriophages were first discovered in the early 1900s and were used to treat bacterial infections before widespread antibiotic use. They target specific bacteria and can potentially adapt to overcome bacterial resistance. Producing bacteriophages at scale for therapeutic use requires growing bacteria, infecting them with phages, separating and purifying the phages. More research is still needed but bacteriophages show promise as a precision treatment for bacterial infections in the face of growing
The history of antibiotics began with ancient cultures unintentionally discovering that mold and fermented substances had antibacterial properties. In the late 19th century, scientists began purposefully experimenting with microbes and discovered that some molds and actinomycetes produced substances that specifically inhibited or killed bacteria. Major developments included Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928 and the mass production of penicillin during World War II. Since then, scientists have discovered several classes of antibiotics by isolating antibiotic-producing microorganisms or synthesizing new compounds, but bacterial resistance continues to rise due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics.
Antibiotics are drugs that treat bacterial infections by either killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. There are several classes of antibiotics that work through different mechanisms such as inhibiting cell wall formation, interfering with DNA/protein formation, or preventing folic acid synthesis. While antibiotics are generally effective treatments, overuse and misuse has led to increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The document provides a detailed overview of the history, uses, mechanisms, types, and issues related to antibiotic use and resistance.
Similar to Antibiotics 2 /cosmetic dentistry courses (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
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1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
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Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
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+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
1. ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICS
IN DENTISTRYIN DENTISTRY
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMYINDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing Dental EducationLeader in continuing Dental Education
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8. DEFINITIONDEFINITION
AntibioticAntibiotic --
Are substances produced by various speciesAre substances produced by various species
of microorganisms (bacterial, fungi, andof microorganisms (bacterial, fungi, and
actinomycetes) that suppress the growth ofactinomycetes) that suppress the growth of
or kill other microorganisms at very lowor kill other microorganisms at very low
concentrationconcentrations.s.
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9. Antimicrobial agentAntimicrobial agent --
Synthetic as well as a naturally obtained drug thatSynthetic as well as a naturally obtained drug that
attenuate the microorganisms.attenuate the microorganisms.
They inhibit or kill the infecting organisms andThey inhibit or kill the infecting organisms and
has no or minimal effect on the recipienthas no or minimal effect on the recipient..
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
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10. ChemotherapyChemotherapy ––
Treatment of systemic infections with specificTreatment of systemic infections with specific
drugs that selectively suppress the infectingdrugs that selectively suppress the infecting
microorganisms without significantly affectingmicroorganisms without significantly affecting
the host .the host .
Treatment of neoplastic diseases with drugs isTreatment of neoplastic diseases with drugs is
also called Chemotherapy.also called Chemotherapy.
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12. Ehrlich’s phase : (1890-1935)Ehrlich’s phase : (1890-1935)
Selectively stain microbes-Selectively stain microbes- DyesDyes(methylene blue)(methylene blue)
Selectively toxic to the organisms .Selectively toxic to the organisms .
Arsenicals-atoxyl - Sleeping sickness (1906)Arsenicals-atoxyl - Sleeping sickness (1906)
Norarsephenamine -Norarsephenamine -
Syphilis ( 1909)Syphilis ( 1909)
He coined the termHe coined the term ‘chemotherapy’‘chemotherapy’
‘‘Father of modern chemotherapyFather of modern chemotherapy’’
Awarded theAwarded the Nobel Prize in 1909.Nobel Prize in 1909.
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14. The modern era of chemotherapy.
Domagk (1935)
Therapeutic effect of Prontosil, Sulfonamide
dye, in pyogenic infection.
The active moiety was Para-amino benzene
sulfonamide, and the dye part was not essential.
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15. Sir Alexander Fleming (1929)Sir Alexander Fleming (1929)
Culture plates contaminated by aCulture plates contaminated by a
fungusfungus (Penicillium notatum)(Penicillium notatum)
Prevented the growth ofPrevented the growth of
surrounding bacterial colonies.surrounding bacterial colonies.
The fungal filtrate, which he namedThe fungal filtrate, which he named
PenicillinPenicillin
FloreyFlorey and Chain (1941)and Chain (1941)
Purified this fungal growth andPurified this fungal growth and
clinically used for treating theclinically used for treating the
wounds and diseases.wounds and diseases.
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16. ClassificationClassification
Based on mechanism of action.Based on mechanism of action.
Inhibits cell wall synthesisInhibits cell wall synthesis
E.g. Penicillin's, Cephalosporin's, Vancomycin ,E.g. Penicillin's, Cephalosporin's, Vancomycin ,
Bacitracin.Bacitracin.
Act on the cell wall membraneAct on the cell wall membrane
E.g. Nystatin and Amphotericin - BE.g. Nystatin and Amphotericin - B..
Affect the function of 30s and 50s RibosomalAffect the function of 30s and 50s Ribosomal
subunitssubunits
E.g.E.g. Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline's andChloramphenicol, Tetracycline's and
Clindamycin, Erythromycin.Clindamycin, Erythromycin.
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17. Misreading of m- RNA codeMisreading of m- RNA code
E.g. AminoglycosidesE.g. Aminoglycosides
Inhibit DNA gyraseInhibit DNA gyrase
E.g. FluroquinolonesE.g. Fluroquinolones
Interfere with DNA functionInterfere with DNA function
E.g. Rifampin , MetronidazoleE.g. Rifampin , Metronidazole
Interfere with DNA synthesisInterfere with DNA synthesis
E.g.E.g.
Idoxuridine , Acyclovir , ZidovudineIdoxuridine , Acyclovir , Zidovudine
Interfere with intermediary metabolismInterfere with intermediary metabolism
E.g. Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim , EthambutolE.g. Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim , Ethambutolwww.indiandentalacademy.com
18. Based on Type of action:Based on Type of action:
Bacteriostatic antibioticsBacteriostatic antibiotics ––
Inhibits the growth and multiplicationInhibits the growth and multiplication
e.g.e.g. Sulfonamides,Sulfonamides, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline'sChloramphenicol, Tetracycline's
and Erythromycinand Erythromycin
Bactericidal antibioticsBactericidal antibiotics ––
kill micro-organisms by interfering with the synthesis orkill micro-organisms by interfering with the synthesis or
function of either the cell wall, cell membrane or both.function of either the cell wall, cell membrane or both.
e.g.e.g. Penicillin's, cephalosporins, VancomycinPenicillin's, cephalosporins, Vancomycin
Aminoglycosides, Rifampin .Aminoglycosides, Rifampin .
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19. Based on Spectrum of activityBased on Spectrum of activity
Narrow spectrum.Narrow spectrum.
Penicillins, Erythromycin, Streptomycin.Penicillins, Erythromycin, Streptomycin.
Broad spectrum.Broad spectrum.
Tetracycline's , ChloramphenicolTetracycline's , Chloramphenicol
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20. Based on chemical structureBased on chemical structure
Beta – lactam antibioticsBeta – lactam antibiotics
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, MonobactemsPenicillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactems ..
QuinolonesQuinolones
Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, CiprofloxacinNalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin
Tetracycline'sTetracycline's
Oxytetracycline, DoxycyclineOxytetracycline, Doxycycline
SulfonamidesSulfonamides
Sulfadiazine, Sulfones – DapsonesSulfadiazine, Sulfones – Dapsones
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23. Properties of an ideal antibiotic:Properties of an ideal antibiotic:
SSelective and effective against micro-organismselective and effective against micro-organisms
Destroy micro-organismsDestroy micro-organisms ((Bactericidal action)Bactericidal action)
Retard their growthRetard their growth (Bacteriostatic action).(Bacteriostatic action).
Not be ineffective as a result of bacterial resistance.Not be ineffective as a result of bacterial resistance.
Not be inactivated by enzymes, plasma proteins or body fluids.Not be inactivated by enzymes, plasma proteins or body fluids.
Quickly reach bactericidal levels throughout the body and beQuickly reach bactericidal levels throughout the body and be
maintained for long periods.maintained for long periods.
Minimal adverse effects.Minimal adverse effects.
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24. Choice of an antimicrobial agentChoice of an antimicrobial agent
Patient FactorPatient Factor
AgeAge
Chloramphenicol – Gray Baby SyndromeChloramphenicol – Gray Baby Syndrome
Amino glycosides – VIII nerve toxicityAmino glycosides – VIII nerve toxicity
Tetracycline – Discolor teeth , Weaken BoneTetracycline – Discolor teeth , Weaken Bone
Renal and Hepatic FunctionRenal and Hepatic Function
Drugs to be avoided in Renal FailureDrugs to be avoided in Renal Failure
- Cephalosporin's, Amino glycosides , Tetracycline ,- Cephalosporin's, Amino glycosides , Tetracycline ,
Amphotericin BAmphotericin B
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25. Drugs to be avoided in Liver diseasesDrugs to be avoided in Liver diseases
- Erythromycin , Tetracycline , Nilidixic acid- Erythromycin , Tetracycline , Nilidixic acid
Local FactorsLocal Factors
Pus and SecretionsPus and Secretions
HematomasHematomas
Foreign materialsForeign materials
Drug allergyDrug allergy
History of Previous exposures to AMAsHistory of Previous exposures to AMAs
Impaired Host DefenseImpaired Host Defense
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27. Organism Related ConsiderationsOrganism Related Considerations
Clinical DiagnosisClinical Diagnosis
Bacteriological ExaminationBacteriological Examination
Drug FactorsDrug Factors
Spectrum of activitySpectrum of activity
Type of ActivityType of Activity
Sensitivity of the organismSensitivity of the organism
Relative ToxicityRelative Toxicity
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28. Route of AdministrationsRoute of Administrations
Penicillin G, Carbenicillin ,Vancomycin,Penicillin G, Carbenicillin ,Vancomycin,
Aminoglycosides.Aminoglycosides.
Evidence of Clinical EfficacyEvidence of Clinical Efficacy
Reliable clinical trail data – Final guideReliable clinical trail data – Final guide
CostCost
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29. DRUG RESISTANCEDRUG RESISTANCE
Unresponsiveness of a microorganism toUnresponsiveness of a microorganism to
Antimicrobial agentsAntimicrobial agents
A bacteria ,which as sensitive originally becomesA bacteria ,which as sensitive originally becomes
Insensitive on further exposure easily be seen withInsensitive on further exposure easily be seen with
Staphylococcus AureusStaphylococcus Aureus
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30. Reasons for antibiotic resistanceReasons for antibiotic resistance
Irrational antibiotic use – Wrong indicationIrrational antibiotic use – Wrong indication
- Wrong doses- Wrong doses
- Wrong duration- Wrong duration
Self medicationSelf medication
Local resistance patterns unavailable to physicianLocal resistance patterns unavailable to physician
Patient emphasize on Expensive and Newer drugsPatient emphasize on Expensive and Newer drugs
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31. MechanismMechanism
BiochemicalBiochemical
Inactivation of the antibiotics by enzymesInactivation of the antibiotics by enzymes
Produced by bacteriaProduced by bacteria
e.g. Penicillinasee.g. Penicillinase
Beta- lactamase are produced by staphylococci,Beta- lactamase are produced by staphylococci,
Haemophilus, GonococciHaemophilus, Gonococci
Chloramphenicol – Acetyl transferase -Chloramphenicol – Acetyl transferase -
Resistant E.Coli , H. Influenzae , S. TyphiResistant E.Coli , H. Influenzae , S. Typhi
Aminoglycoside - Adenylate , Acetylate ,Aminoglycoside - Adenylate , Acetylate ,
PhosphorylatePhosphorylate
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32. DRUG TOLERANTDRUG TOLERANT
Loss of affinity of the target biomolecule of theLoss of affinity of the target biomolecule of the
microorganismmicroorganism
Streptomycin, Rifampin, Macrolids,Streptomycin, Rifampin, Macrolids,
Beta – lactam antibioticsBeta – lactam antibiotics
Alternate pathway of metabolismAlternate pathway of metabolism
SulphonamidesSulphonamides
CycloserineCycloserine
TrimethoprimTrimethoprim
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33. Change in the permeability caused byChange in the permeability caused by
antibioticsantibiotics
Tetracycline'sTetracycline's
Beta – lactam antibioticsBeta – lactam antibiotics
ChoramphenicolChoramphenicol
QuinolonesQuinolones
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34. Genetic MechanismGenetic Mechanism
Natural ResistanceNatural Resistance
Lack of metabolic ProcessLack of metabolic Process
Lack of Target siteLack of Target site
e.g. Gram negative bacillie.g. Gram negative bacilli
- Unaffected by Penicillin- Unaffected by Penicillin
M. Tuberculosis - Is insensitive to TetracyclineM. Tuberculosis - Is insensitive to Tetracycline
Acquired ResistanceAcquired Resistance
Use of an AMAs over a period of timeUse of an AMAs over a period of time
Dependent on the - Micro organism ,Dependent on the - Micro organism ,
- Drug- Drug
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35. Two typesTwo types
MutationMutation
Stable and Heritable genetic changesStable and Heritable genetic changes
Single StepSingle Step
e.g. Enterococci - Streptomycine.g. Enterococci - Streptomycin
E. Coli , Staphylococci – RifampinE. Coli , Staphylococci – Rifampin
Multi StepMulti Step
Erythromycin , Tetracycline , ChloramphenicolErythromycin , Tetracycline , Chloramphenicol
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36. Gene transferGene transfer
Conjugation –Conjugation –
That gene carrying the Resistance or R factorThat gene carrying the Resistance or R factor
Gram Negative BacilliGram Negative Bacilli
Chloramphenicol - Typhoid bacilliChloramphenicol - Typhoid bacilli
Streptomycin - E . ColiStreptomycin - E . Coli
Penicillin – Haemophilus , GonococciPenicillin – Haemophilus , Gonococci
TransductionTransduction
Penicillin's , Erythromycins , ChloramphenicolPenicillin's , Erythromycins , Chloramphenicol
TransformationTransformation
Passage of Naked DNAPassage of Naked DNA
Pneumococcal – Penicillin GPneumococcal – Penicillin G
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37. Cross ResistanceCross Resistance
Resistance to One AMAs confirming resistanceResistance to One AMAs confirming resistance
to another AMAs .to another AMAs .
Chemically or Mechanically related drugsChemically or Mechanically related drugs
Sulfonamides - All other same groupSulfonamides - All other same group
Tetracycline – ChloramphenicolTetracycline – Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin - LincomycinErythromycin - Lincomycin
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38. PreventionPrevention
No inadequate , 0r Prolonged useNo inadequate , 0r Prolonged use
Rapidly acting and selective drugsRapidly acting and selective drugs
Broad spectrum – Specific one cannot beBroad spectrum – Specific one cannot be
determineddetermined
Prolonged therapy – Combination therapyProlonged therapy – Combination therapy
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39. Beta- Lactam antibioticsBeta- Lactam antibiotics
Penicillin'sPenicillin's
First antibiotic to be used clinically in 1941First antibiotic to be used clinically in 1941
Penicillium notatumPenicillium notatum
Present source – Mutant of P. chrysogenumPresent source – Mutant of P. chrysogenum
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40. Mechanism of actionMechanism of action
Interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell wallInterfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell wall
Inhibit the transpeptidasesInhibit the transpeptidases
Peptidoglycan cell wall is unique to bacteria.Peptidoglycan cell wall is unique to bacteria.
Gram positive bacteria - PeptidoglycanGram positive bacteria - Peptidoglycan
Gram negative bacteria -Lipoprotein ,Gram negative bacteria -Lipoprotein ,
Peptidoglycan.Peptidoglycan.
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41. Bactericidal actionBactericidal action
Bacteria divide in the presence of aBacteria divide in the presence of a
beta – lactam antibioticbeta – lactam antibiotic
Cell wall deficient forms are producedCell wall deficient forms are produced
Normally bacterium interior is hyper osmoticNormally bacterium interior is hyper osmotic
DiffusionDiffusion
Bacterium swell and burstBacterium swell and burst
Bacterial lysisBacterial lysis
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42. PinicillinasePinicillinase
Staphylococci, some strains of Gonococci , E.Coli,Staphylococci, some strains of Gonococci , E.Coli,
H. Influenzae.H. Influenzae.
Opens the Beta- lactam ring and inactivates PnGOpens the Beta- lactam ring and inactivates PnG
Penicillin GPenicillin G
Narrow spectrumNarrow spectrum
Acid labileAcid labile
t ½ - 30 mint ½ - 30 min
Distributed extracellularlyDistributed extracellularly
Very rapid renal excretionVery rapid renal excretion
Tubular secretion of PnG blocked by – ProbenecidTubular secretion of PnG blocked by – Probenecid
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43. DoseDose
CrystallineCrystalline
PenicillinPenicillin
0.5 – 5 MU0.5 – 5 MU
i.m / i.v 6- 12 hi.m / i.v 6- 12 h
CrystapenCrystapen 0.2, 0.5,0.2, 0.5,
1 MU inj1 MU inj
ProcaineProcaine
Penicillin GPenicillin G
0.5 – 1 MU i.m0.5 – 1 MU i.m
12- 24 h12- 24 h
ProcaineProcaine
PenicillinPenicillin
G 0.5 – 1 MUG 0.5 – 1 MU
BenzathineBenzathine
PenicillinPenicillin
0.6 – 2.4 MU i.m0.6 – 2.4 MU i.m
2-4 w2-4 w
LONGACILLINLONGACILLIN
PENCOMPENCOM
0.6, 1.2, 2.4 MU0.6, 1.2, 2.4 MU
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44. Adverse effectsAdverse effects
Local irritancy and Direct toxicityLocal irritancy and Direct toxicity
Pain , Nausea, Thrombophlebitis,Pain , Nausea, Thrombophlebitis,
HypersensitivityHypersensitivity
More commonMore common –– Rash , Itching , Urticaria, FeverRash , Itching , Urticaria, Fever
Less commonLess common –– Angioneurotic edema, Serum sickness,Angioneurotic edema, Serum sickness,
Bronchospasm, Exfoliative dermatitisBronchospasm, Exfoliative dermatitis
Rare-Rare- AnaphylaxisAnaphylaxis
More commonly seen – ParenteralMore commonly seen – Parenteral
- Procaine penicillin G- Procaine penicillin G
Scratch test, Intradermal testScratch test, Intradermal test -Performed first-Performed first
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45. Super infectionsSuper infections
Bowel, respiratory, cutaneous micro flora changesBowel, respiratory, cutaneous micro flora changes
Jarisch – Herxheimer reactionJarisch – Herxheimer reaction
Injected in a syphilitic patientInjected in a syphilitic patient
Shivering, fever , myalgia, exacerbation ofShivering, fever , myalgia, exacerbation of
lesionslesions
Due to sudden release of spirochetal lyticDue to sudden release of spirochetal lytic
productsproducts
Lasts 12- 72 hLasts 12- 72 h
Aspirin and sedation afford relief of symptomsAspirin and sedation afford relief of symptoms
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46. UsesUses
Streptococcal, Pneumococcal, MeningococcalStreptococcal, Pneumococcal, Meningococcal
Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, DiphtheriaSyphilis, Gonorrhoea, Diphtheria
Tetanus , Gas gangreneTetanus , Gas gangrene
Prophylactic useProphylactic use
Rheumatic fever – 1.2 MU every 4wRheumatic fever – 1.2 MU every 4w
till 18y of age ( or ) 5 years after antill 18y of age ( or ) 5 years after an
attackattack
Gonorrhoea or syphilis – P.P (or ) Pn G –Gonorrhoea or syphilis – P.P (or ) Pn G –
2.4 MU single dose before or within 12 h of contact2.4 MU single dose before or within 12 h of contact
affordsaffords
Bacterial endocarditisBacterial endocarditis
AgranulocytosisAgranulocytosis
Surgical infectionsSurgical infections – PP - 1MU+ Aminoglycosides– PP - 1MU+ Aminoglycosideswww.indiandentalacademy.com
47. Semisynthetic Penicillin'sSemisynthetic Penicillin's
Chemically combining specific side chainsChemically combining specific side chains
Aim –Aim –
Overcome the shortcoming of PnGOvercome the shortcoming of PnG
Poor oral efficacyPoor oral efficacy
Susceptibility to PenicillinaseSusceptibility to Penicillinase
Narrow spectrum of activityNarrow spectrum of activity
HypersensitivityHypersensitivity
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49. Acid resistant alternative to Penicillin GAcid resistant alternative to Penicillin G
Phenoxy methyl Penicillin( Penicillin V )Phenoxy methyl Penicillin( Penicillin V )
Acid stableAcid stable
Active against – Neisseria, Other GramActive against – Neisseria, Other Gram
negative bacteria , Anaerobes .negative bacteria , Anaerobes .
Used in –Streptococcal Pharyngitis , Sinusitis ,Used in –Streptococcal Pharyngitis , Sinusitis ,
Otitis media, Prophylaxis of rheumatic fever ,Otitis media, Prophylaxis of rheumatic fever ,
Trench mouthTrench mouth
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50. Penicillinase Resistant Penicillin's (Cloxacillin)Penicillinase Resistant Penicillin's (Cloxacillin)
Isoxazolyl side chainIsoxazolyl side chain
Highly Penicillinase as well as acid resistantHighly Penicillinase as well as acid resistant
t ½ - 1 ht ½ - 1 h
Elimination primarily by KidneyElimination primarily by Kidney
Aminopenicillins –Aminopenicillins – AmpicillinAmpicillin
Active against – all microorganisms sensitive to PnG ,Active against – all microorganisms sensitive to PnG ,
and Gram negative bacilliand Gram negative bacilli
e.g.. H. Influenzae, E. coli , Proteus , Salmonella , Shigella .e.g.. H. Influenzae, E. coli , Proteus , Salmonella , Shigella .
Adverse effects – Diarrhoea , Rashes , HypersensitivityAdverse effects – Diarrhoea , Rashes , Hypersensitivity
Extended spectrum PenicillinsExtended spectrum Penicillins
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57. Tetracycline'sTetracycline's
Broad-spectrum antibioticsBroad-spectrum antibiotics
Obtained from ActinomycetesObtained from Actinomycetes
First – Chlortetracycline – In 1948 - AureomycinFirst – Chlortetracycline – In 1948 - Aureomycin
Group I Group II Group IIIGroup I Group II Group III
ChlortetracyclineChlortetracycline DemoclocyclineDemoclocycline DoxycyclineDoxycycline
OxytetracyclineOxytetracycline MethacyclineMethacycline MinocyclineMinocycline
TetracyclineTetracycline LymecyclineLymecycline
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58. BacteriostaticBacteriostatic
Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30 SInhibits protein synthesis by binding to 30 S
Ribosome's in susceptible organismRibosome's in susceptible organism
Inhibited – All typesInhibited – All types
Except – Fungi , VirusesExcept – Fungi , Viruses
Absorbed from G.I.TAbsorbed from G.I.T
Chelating Property - Calcium , Some metalsChelating Property - Calcium , Some metals
Milk , Iron Preparations, Nonsystemic AntacidsMilk , Iron Preparations, Nonsystemic Antacids
Sucralfate .Sucralfate .
Secreted in milkSecreted in milk
Oral administration – Should be taken ½ beforeOral administration – Should be taken ½ before
(or ) 2 h after food .(or ) 2 h after food .
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59. ChlorChlor
tetracyclinetetracycline
AureomycinAureomycin 250 , 500 mg Cap250 , 500 mg Cap
OxyOxy
tetracyclinetetracycline
Terramycin -Terramycin -
Oxysteclin -Oxysteclin -
3% Skin ,1% eye3% Skin ,1% eye
ointmentointment
250 , 500 mg Cap250 , 500 mg Cap
50 mg /ml inj in 2 ml amp50 mg /ml inj in 2 ml amp
and 20 ml vialand 20 ml vial
TetracyclineTetracycline AchromycinAchromycin
HostacyclinHostacyclin
250 , 500 mg Cap250 , 500 mg Cap
100mg vial for i.m100mg vial for i.m
250-500 mg vial for i. v250-500 mg vial for i. v
DoxycyclineDoxycycline Tetradox,Biodoxi,Tetradox,Biodoxi,
Duracyclin , DoxyDuracyclin , Doxy
Cap 100 mg capCap 100 mg cap
2cap 12cap 1stst
day, 1cap 2day, 1cap 2ndnd
dayday
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60. IndicationsIndications
Aggressive PeriodontitisAggressive Periodontitis
Refractory Periodontitis.Refractory Periodontitis.
Debridement and even surgery have failed-Debridement and even surgery have failed-
Indicating that chemotherapyIndicating that chemotherapy
Contraindications:Contraindications:
• Permanent discoloration of teeth.Permanent discoloration of teeth.
• Pregnancy and lactation.Pregnancy and lactation.
• Oral contraceptives - less effective.Oral contraceptives - less effective.
• Depress serum prothrombin activityDepress serum prothrombin activity
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62. Teeth and BoneTeeth and Bone
Calcium – Tetracycline Chelate DepositionCalcium – Tetracycline Chelate Deposition
Brown discoloration ill formed teethBrown discoloration ill formed teeth
Mid pregnancy to 5 months – Deciduous teethMid pregnancy to 5 months – Deciduous teeth
5 months to 5 years - Permanent anterior teeth5 months to 5 years - Permanent anterior teeth
More susceptible to cariesMore susceptible to caries
Temporary suppression of bone growthTemporary suppression of bone growth
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64. METRONIDAZOLE:
Nitroimidazole compound.
Bactericidal to anaerobic organisms
( P . Gingivalis , P. Intermedia ).
cytotoxic metabolites of metronidazole directly
interact with bacterial DNA - cell death.
Clinical UseClinical Use
Gingivitis, ANUG, Chronic Periodontitis, AggressiveGingivitis, ANUG, Chronic Periodontitis, Aggressive
Periodontitis, and Refractory Periodontitis.Periodontitis, and Refractory Periodontitis.
Not the drug of choice to treat A.actinomycetemNot the drug of choice to treat A.actinomycetem
comitans infections. Effective when used incomitans infections. Effective when used in
combination with other antibiotics.combination with other antibiotics.
A single dose of metronidazole (A single dose of metronidazole (250 mg orally250 mg orally))
appears in both serum and gingival fluid in sufficientappears in both serum and gingival fluid in sufficient
quantity to inhibit periodontal pathogens.quantity to inhibit periodontal pathogens.
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65. SSynergistically with amoxicillinynergistically with amoxicillin
Useful in many mixed periodontal infections.Useful in many mixed periodontal infections.
Commonly prescribed regimen isCommonly prescribed regimen is 250 mg t.i.d for 7250 mg t.i.d for 7
days.days.
Contraindications:Contraindications:
• An ant abuse effectAn ant abuse effect
• Alcohol ingestion, since abdominal distress, nausea,Alcohol ingestion, since abdominal distress, nausea,
vomiting and / or headache may occurvomiting and / or headache may occur
• TumorigenicityTumorigenicity
• Pregnant women and nursing mothersPregnant women and nursing mothers
• An anti-abuse drugAn anti-abuse drug
• Patients receiving anticoagulants, lithium or disulfuranPatients receiving anticoagulants, lithium or disulfuran
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66. MacrolidsMacrolids
ErythromycinErythromycin
Isolated from Streptomyces erythreus in 1952Isolated from Streptomyces erythreus in 1952
Bacteriostatic at low concentrationsBacteriostatic at low concentrations
Bactericidal at high concentrationsBactericidal at high concentrations
Acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis .Acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis .
Highly active againstHighly active against
–– Streptococcus pyogensStreptococcus pyogens
- Streptococcus Pnuemoniae- Streptococcus Pnuemoniae
- Clostridia , N. gonorrhoeae- Clostridia , N. gonorrhoeae
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67. PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics
Acid labileAcid labile
Enteric coated tabletsEnteric coated tablets
Crosses Placenta , but not blood – brain barrierCrosses Placenta , but not blood – brain barrier
Plasma t ½ - 1.5 hPlasma t ½ - 1.5 h
Excreted primarily - in the Bile in the activeExcreted primarily - in the Bile in the active
formform
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68. ErythromycinErythromycin 250-500mg 6h250-500mg 6h
Max 8gm/ dayMax 8gm/ day
Children 30-Children 30-
60mg/kg/day60mg/kg/day
ERYSAFEERYSAFE
125,250,500 mg tab125,250,500 mg tab
EROMEDEROMED 333mg333mg
E. StearateE. Stearate ERYTHROCINERYTHROCIN 100,250,500mg tab100,250,500mg tab
E. EstolateE. Estolate
(Acid stable )(Acid stable )
ALTHROCINALTHROCIN 250,500mg tab250,500mg tab
100mg /ml100mg /ml
Pedo dropsPedo drops
E. EthylE. Ethyl
SuccinateSuccinate
ERYNATEERYNATE
ERYTHROCINERYTHROCIN
100mg /5ml dry syr100mg /5ml dry syr
100mg /ml drops100mg /ml drops
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69. Adverse effectsAdverse effects
Remarkably safe drugRemarkably safe drug
Gastro intestinalGastro intestinal
Epigastric pain , DiarrhoeaEpigastric pain , Diarrhoea
HypersensitivityHypersensitivity
USESUSES
Alternative to penicillin in allergic patientsAlternative to penicillin in allergic patients
First choice drug forFirst choice drug for
Atypical pneumonia - 3 w treatmentAtypical pneumonia - 3 w treatment
Whooping cough - 2w TreatmentWhooping cough - 2w Treatment
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70. Newer MacrolidsNewer Macrolids
Overcome the limitations of erythromycinsOvercome the limitations of erythromycins
Narrow spectrum gastric intoleranceNarrow spectrum gastric intolerance
Gastric acid LiabilityGastric acid Liability
Low oral bioavailabilityLow oral bioavailability
Poor tissue penetrationPoor tissue penetration
Short half lifeShort half life
Semi synthetic MacrolidsSemi synthetic Macrolids
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71. RoxithroRoxithro
mycinmycin
t ½t ½
-12h-12h
15 mg BD 30 min15 mg BD 30 min
before mealsbefore meals
ChildrenChildren
2.5 -5 mg /kg BD2.5 -5 mg /kg BD
ROXID,ROXID,
ROXEM,ROXEM,
ROXIBIDROXIBID
150 mg tab150 mg tab
ClarithroClarithro
mycinmycin
3-6 h3-6 h 250mg BD for 7days250mg BD for 7days
Severe cases 500mgSevere cases 500mg
BDBD
up to 14 daysup to 14 days
CLARBIDCLARBID
CELEXCELEX
250 ,500mg250 ,500mg
tabtab
AZITHROAZITHRO
MYCINMYCIN
>50h>50h ZITHROMACZITHROMAC
AZITHRALAZITHRAL
AZIWOKAZIWOK
250 mg cap250 mg cap
250mg cap250mg cap
250mg cap250mg cap
100 mg KID tab100 mg KID tab
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72. FluoroquinolonesFluoroquinolones
Primarily against gram negative bacteriaPrimarily against gram negative bacteria
First generation second generationFirst generation second generation
Norfloxacin LomefloxacinNorfloxacin Lomefloxacin
Ciprofloxacin SparfloxacinCiprofloxacin Sparfloxacin
Ofloxacin FleroxacinOfloxacin Fleroxacin
Pefloxacin AmifloxacinPefloxacin Amifloxacin
Inhibits the enzyme bacterial DNA gyraseInhibits the enzyme bacterial DNA gyrase
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73. CIPROFLOXACINCIPROFLOXACIN
Most susceptible toMost susceptible to
Aerobic gram negative bacilliAerobic gram negative bacilli
Enterobacteriaceae , NeisseriaEnterobacteriaceae , Neisseria
Rapidly absorbed OrallyRapidly absorbed Orally
High tissue penitrationHigh tissue penitration
Excreted primarily in urineExcreted primarily in urine
t ½ 35 ht ½ 35 h
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75. Wide spectrum bactericidal activityWide spectrum bactericidal activity
UTIUTI
GonorrheaGonorrhea
Typhoid 500-750 mg BD for 10 daysTyphoid 500-750 mg BD for 10 days
Bone , Soft tissue wound infections along withBone , Soft tissue wound infections along with
metronidazolemetronidazole
MeningitisMeningitis
OFLOXACINOFLOXACIN
More potent than ciprofloxacin for gram positiveMore potent than ciprofloxacin for gram positive
organismsorganisms
ZANOCIN , TARIVIDZANOCIN , TARIVID -- 100, 200 mg tab100, 200 mg tab
200mg / 100ml i.v infusion200mg / 100ml i.v infusion
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76. ClindamycinClindamycin
BacteriostaticBacteriostatic
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, by bindingInhibits bacterial protein synthesis, by binding
irreversibly to 50S ribosomal subunit.irreversibly to 50S ribosomal subunit.
Active against - gram-positive bacteria,Active against - gram-positive bacteria,
( both facultative and anaerobic species. )( both facultative and anaerobic species. )
gram negative anaerobes.gram negative anaerobes.
Inherently resistant to - Eikenella corrodens,Inherently resistant to - Eikenella corrodens,
- A. actinomycetemcomitans- A. actinomycetemcomitans
Effective in - Allergic to penicillin.Effective in - Allergic to penicillin.
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77. Refractory patients.- 150 mg q.i.d for 10 days.Refractory patients.- 150 mg q.i.d for 10 days.
300 mg twice daily for 8 days.300 mg twice daily for 8 days.
Efficacy in - Periodontitis refractory toEfficacy in - Periodontitis refractory to
tetracycline therapy.tetracycline therapy.
Side EffectsSide Effects
Pseudo membranous colitisPseudo membranous colitis
Watery diarrhea, fever, leucocytosis and crampyWatery diarrhea, fever, leucocytosis and crampy
abdominal pain beginning on 4abdominal pain beginning on 4thth
to 9to 9thth
day ofday of
antibiotic therapy suggestive ofantibiotic therapy suggestive of
Pseudo membranous colitis.Pseudo membranous colitis.
EnterotoxinEnterotoxin
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78. Local delivery of antibioticsLocal delivery of antibiotics
Targeting an antimicrobial to infection sites andTargeting an antimicrobial to infection sites and
sustaining its localized concentration at effectivesustaining its localized concentration at effective
levels for a sufficient time .levels for a sufficient time .
Minimal or no side effects.Minimal or no side effects.
Antibiotic concentrations are releasedAntibiotic concentrations are released
continuously.continuously.
Recent advances - Resulted in the controlledRecent advances - Resulted in the controlled
Release of drugs.Release of drugs.
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79. Local subgingival delivery devices (antibiotic) for up to 24 hoursLocal subgingival delivery devices (antibiotic) for up to 24 hours
Active ingredients are incorporated into an agent (fibers, gels,Active ingredients are incorporated into an agent (fibers, gels,
chips, collagen film, acrylic strips, and a polymer). The activechips, collagen film, acrylic strips, and a polymer). The active
ingredient is then released over a period of daysingredient is then released over a period of days
Aims at three targets:Aims at three targets:
Support of non-surgical mechanical anti-infective therapy.Support of non-surgical mechanical anti-infective therapy.
Support of re-instrumentation during supportive periodontalSupport of re-instrumentation during supportive periodontal
therapy.therapy.
As alternative to subgingival re-instrumentation duringAs alternative to subgingival re-instrumentation during
supportive periodontal therapy.supportive periodontal therapy.
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80. Goodson and co workers (1979). – first to testGoodson and co workers (1979). – first to test
Using Permeable hollow Cellulose Acetate fibers filledUsing Permeable hollow Cellulose Acetate fibers filled
with 20%solution of tetracycline.with 20%solution of tetracycline.
Tetracycline-Containing FibersTetracycline-Containing Fibers (Actisite)(Actisite)
Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer fiber, diameterEthylene/vinyl acetate copolymer fiber, diameter
0.5 mm, containing tetracycline, 12.7 mg/9 inches.0.5 mm, containing tetracycline, 12.7 mg/9 inches.
Sustains tetracycline concentrations for 10 daysSustains tetracycline concentrations for 10 days
exceeding 1300 µg/ml.exceeding 1300 µg/ml.
Well beyond the 32 to 64 µg/ml required to inhibit theWell beyond the 32 to 64 µg/ml required to inhibit the
growth of Periodontal Pathogens.growth of Periodontal Pathogens.
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82. Disadvantages of the fiberDisadvantages of the fiber
The length of time required for placementThe length of time required for placement
(10 minutes or more per tooth).(10 minutes or more per tooth).
The considerable learning curve required to gainThe considerable learning curve required to gain
proficiency at placement.proficiency at placement.
The need for a second patient appointment 10The need for a second patient appointment 10
days after placement for removal of the fiber.days after placement for removal of the fiber.
Also, placement of fibers around 12 or moreAlso, placement of fibers around 12 or more
teeth has resulted in oral candidiasis in a fewteeth has resulted in oral candidiasis in a few
cases.cases.
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83. Subgingival Delivery of DoxycyclineSubgingival Delivery of Doxycycline::
(Atridox)(Atridox)
Doxycycline (10%) - Syringeable gel system.Doxycycline (10%) - Syringeable gel system.
Controlled-release product.Controlled-release product.
Two-syringe mixing system.Two-syringe mixing system.
Stored at 2°– 8°CStored at 2°– 8°C
Syringe A - 450 mg of the Atrigel Delivery System,Syringe A - 450 mg of the Atrigel Delivery System,
(36.7% poly actide dissolved in 63.3% N methyl-2-pyrrolidone)(36.7% poly actide dissolved in 63.3% N methyl-2-pyrrolidone)
Syringe B - Doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 42.5 mg ofSyringe B - Doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 42.5 mg of
Doxycycline. .Doxycycline. .
Upon contact with crevicular fluid it solidifiesUpon contact with crevicular fluid it solidifies
Allowing drug release for seven days.Allowing drug release for seven days.
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85. Subgingival Delivery System of MinocyclineSubgingival Delivery System of Minocycline
(Arestin):(Arestin):
2% Minocycline Hydrochloride.2% Minocycline Hydrochloride.
Syringeable gel suspension formulation.Syringeable gel suspension formulation.
Arestin “microspheres” (minocycline HCL 1mg)Arestin “microspheres” (minocycline HCL 1mg)
Availability - Box with 2 trays, each containing 12 cartridges.Availability - Box with 2 trays, each containing 12 cartridges.
Each cartridge contains 1 mg of minocycline microencapsulatedEach cartridge contains 1 mg of minocycline microencapsulated
in 3 mg of poly (glycolide-lactide) dry powder.in 3 mg of poly (glycolide-lactide) dry powder.
Cartridge is inserted into an autoclavable cartridge handle toCartridge is inserted into an autoclavable cartridge handle to
administer.administer.
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87. Subgingival Delivery of Metronidazole:Subgingival Delivery of Metronidazole:
Oil-based metronidazole 25% dental gelOil-based metronidazole 25% dental gel
It is liquidized by the body heat and thenIt is liquidized by the body heat and then
hardens again forming crystals in contacthardens again forming crystals in contact
with water.with water.
Two 25% gel applications at a 1-weekTwo 25% gel applications at a 1-week
interval have been used in cinterval have been used in c
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88. Combination antibiotic therapyCombination antibiotic therapy
Oral infections is a ‘mixed’ infections.Oral infections is a ‘mixed’ infections.
no single antibiotic is effective against all pathogens.no single antibiotic is effective against all pathogens.
use more than one antibiotic, either serially or in combination.use more than one antibiotic, either serially or in combination.
when Bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotic drugs are requiredwhen Bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotic drugs are required
they are best given serially, not in combination.they are best given serially, not in combination.
Combination therapy:Combination therapy:
Should exhibit synergy or additive effects in vitro.Should exhibit synergy or additive effects in vitro.
E.g., Metronidazole-amoxicillin,E.g., Metronidazole-amoxicillin,
metronidazole-Augmentinmetronidazole-Augmentin
metronidazole-ciprofloxacin.metronidazole-ciprofloxacin.
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89. IndicationsIndications
Oral infections involving variety of pathogenicOral infections involving variety of pathogenic
species with differing antimicrobialspecies with differing antimicrobial
susceptibility.susceptibility.
To overcome the drug-protective effectsTo overcome the drug-protective effects
Development of resistant strains.Development of resistant strains.
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90. Common Antibiotic Therapies
AntibioticAntibiotic Adult dosageAdult dosage
MetronidazoleMetronidazole 500 mg/t.i.d/8 days500 mg/t.i.d/8 days
ClindamycinClindamycin 300 mg/t.i.d/8 days300 mg/t.i.d/8 days
Doxycycline or MinocyclineDoxycycline or Minocycline 100-200 mg/q.d/7 days100-200 mg/q.d/7 days
CiprofloxacinCiprofloxacin 500 mg/b.i.d/8 days500 mg/b.i.d/8 days
AzithromycinAzithromycin 500 mg q.d/4-7 days500 mg q.d/4-7 days
Metronidazole +AmoxicillinMetronidazole +Amoxicillin 250 mg/t.i.d/8 days each drug250 mg/t.i.d/8 days each drug
Metronidazole + CiprofloxacinMetronidazole + Ciprofloxacin 500 mg/b.i.d/8 days each drug500 mg/b.i.d/8 days each drug
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91. ConclusionConclusion
Although over 300 species of bacteria areAlthough over 300 species of bacteria are
currently recognized in the oral cavity.currently recognized in the oral cavity.
There is evidence that suppression orThere is evidence that suppression or
eradication of these organisms results ineradication of these organisms results in
an improvement in oral health and evenan improvement in oral health and even
perhaps systemic health.perhaps systemic health.
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