The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
To sum up, the risk/benefit ratio should be always weighed before prescribing antibiotics.
Appropriately selected patients will benefit from systemically administered antibiotics.
A restrictive and conservative use of antibiotics is highly recommended in endodontic practice, but indiscriminate use is contrary to sound clinical practice
Future generations will thank us for today’s conscientious and judicious use of antibiotics
This document discusses antibiotic use in dentistry and provides details on penicillin antibiotics. It describes the classes of anti-infective drugs and their mechanisms of action, including inhibition of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It also discusses the spectrum of activity of antibiotics as either narrow or broad-spectrum. Common adverse drug reactions include nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, central nervous system toxicity, and hypersensitivity. Specific details are provided on the classes of penicillin antibiotics, their mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects.
penicillin in dentistry (ANTIBIOTICS) - by shefali jainpradeepjain24
Penicillin was the first widely used antibiotic, discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. It works by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis, preventing cross-linking and leading to cell lysis. It is primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria. There are natural, semi-synthetic, and extended-spectrum forms of penicillin that differ in their spectra of activity and resistance to degradation. Penicillin works by binding to penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria and inhibiting cell wall synthesis, causing cell death.
1. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms like fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria that suppress or destroy other microorganisms.
2. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929 after noticing that a mold growing in one of his petri dishes had prevented bacteria from growing nearby. Penicillin revolutionized medicine as the first widely used antibiotic.
3. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem as bacteria have increasingly developed resistance, even to formerly powerful antibiotics like penicillin. Proper antibiotic stewardship including only using antibiotics when necessary and completing prescribed treatment courses can help address this growing threat.
The document discusses antibiotics and analgesics. It begins by defining antibiotics as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses of various antibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin, tetracycline, and others. It also discusses analgesic classification into opioid and non-opioid categories and pain management strategies. The document provides an overview of commonly used antibiotics and analgesics for treating odontogenic infections and dental pain.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
To sum up, the risk/benefit ratio should be always weighed before prescribing antibiotics.
Appropriately selected patients will benefit from systemically administered antibiotics.
A restrictive and conservative use of antibiotics is highly recommended in endodontic practice, but indiscriminate use is contrary to sound clinical practice
Future generations will thank us for today’s conscientious and judicious use of antibiotics
This document discusses antibiotic use in dentistry and provides details on penicillin antibiotics. It describes the classes of anti-infective drugs and their mechanisms of action, including inhibition of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It also discusses the spectrum of activity of antibiotics as either narrow or broad-spectrum. Common adverse drug reactions include nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, central nervous system toxicity, and hypersensitivity. Specific details are provided on the classes of penicillin antibiotics, their mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse effects.
penicillin in dentistry (ANTIBIOTICS) - by shefali jainpradeepjain24
Penicillin was the first widely used antibiotic, discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. It works by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis, preventing cross-linking and leading to cell lysis. It is primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria. There are natural, semi-synthetic, and extended-spectrum forms of penicillin that differ in their spectra of activity and resistance to degradation. Penicillin works by binding to penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria and inhibiting cell wall synthesis, causing cell death.
1. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms like fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria that suppress or destroy other microorganisms.
2. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929 after noticing that a mold growing in one of his petri dishes had prevented bacteria from growing nearby. Penicillin revolutionized medicine as the first widely used antibiotic.
3. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem as bacteria have increasingly developed resistance, even to formerly powerful antibiotics like penicillin. Proper antibiotic stewardship including only using antibiotics when necessary and completing prescribed treatment courses can help address this growing threat.
The document discusses antibiotics and analgesics. It begins by defining antibiotics as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses of various antibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin, tetracycline, and others. It also discusses analgesic classification into opioid and non-opioid categories and pain management strategies. The document provides an overview of commonly used antibiotics and analgesics for treating odontogenic infections and dental pain.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase, preventing RNA transcription and blocking bacterial growth. Rifampicin is well absorbed orally and widely distributed throughout the body, including crossing the blood-brain barrier. It is metabolized in the liver and mainly eliminated through bile with some excretion in urine. Common side effects include upset stomach, headache, and red/orange discoloration of bodily fluids. Rifampicin may interact adversely with some antiviral, anticoagulant, anti-convulsant and hypoglycemic drugs. It is an important first-line treatment for tuberculosis but requires combination therapy to prevent development
Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Chemotherapeutic agents are natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic chemicals used to treat bacterial and other microbial infections. Some common adverse effects of antibiotics include toxic effects on organs like the liver or kidneys, hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild rashes to anaphylactic shock, development of drug resistance, superinfections caused by disruption of normal microbiota, and vitamin deficiencies.
This document discusses different types of antibiotics, including their definitions, indications, mechanisms of action, and resistance. It describes several classes of antibiotics: beta-lactams like penicillin and cephalosporin which inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis; aminoglycosides which have nephrotoxicity risks; macrolides like erythromycin which are bacteriostatic; tetracyclines which can discolor teeth and bones; and metronidazole which is effective against anaerobic bacteria. Each antibiotic class has different spectrums of activity, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and potential adverse effects. Precise indications and risks are outlined to help guide appropriate clinical antibiotic selection and
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides information about antibiotics used in dentistry. It begins with definitions of antibiotics and a brief history of their discovery. It then discusses classifications of antibiotics based on mechanisms of action and spectrum of activity. The principles of antibiotic therapy and factors considered in antibiotic selection are explained. Commonly used antibiotics in dentistry are outlined, including penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, metronidazole, and clindamycin. Clinical uses and properties of penicillin and amoxicillin are described in more detail.
This document provides an overview of various classes of anti-infective agents (antibiotics) including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. It discusses sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and macrolides. Nursing implications for each class focus on monitoring for effectiveness and potential adverse drug reactions.
This document provides an overview and guidelines for choosing antibiotics. It discusses collecting cultures before starting antibiotics and ensuring appropriate dosing. Common antibiotics are reviewed including beta-lactams like penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems as well as quinolones, macrolides, and metronidazole. Factors to consider for antibiotic selection include location and type of infection, patient history, and risk of drug-resistant pathogens. Quick guides are provided for coverage of pseudomonas, anaerobes, MRSA, and VRE.
This document discusses the principles of antibiotic therapy, choosing appropriate antibiotics, and administering antibiotics properly. It begins with a brief history of antibiotic use and then defines key terms. The main topics covered are:
1. Determining if an infection is present and evaluating a patient's immune status before deciding on antibiotic therapy.
2. Choosing antibiotics based on identifying the causative organism, determining sensitivity, using narrow-spectrum antibiotics, the least toxic option, and drugs with a proven track record.
3. Administering antibiotics at the proper dose, time interval, and route based on the specific infection and organism. Consistency, combination therapies, and timing of doses are also important principles.
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins by describing the classification, mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses and side effects of different antibiotic classes including sulfonamides, quinolones, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides and more. It provides details on specific antibiotics within each class, along with their dosages and trade names. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for oral and maxillofacial surgeons on the properties and clinical applications of numerous antibiotics.
Anti-infective agents work by selectively targeting foreign microorganisms that have infected the body. The document discusses the pharmacology of antibiotics including their mechanisms of action, sources, modes of action against bacteria, and factors that determine likelihood of infection. It also covers development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, adverse drug reactions, pharmacokinetics and interactions of major classes of antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins.
The document discusses various types of antibiotics including their discovery, classification, properties, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses. It describes key antibiotics such as penicillin (discovered in 1928), chloramphenicol (1947), tetracyclines, streptomycin, rifampin, and cephalosporins. It provides details on their structures, spectra of activity, modes of administration, and toxicity. The document also covers classification of antibiotics based on their chemical structures and modifications that affect their biological activity.
The document discusses beta lactam antibiotics, focusing on penicillins. It describes how penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming and its mechanism of inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Penicillins are classified into natural and semisynthetic types, with natural penicillins having a narrower spectrum mainly against gram-positive cocci. Semisynthetic penicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin have a broader spectrum. Beta lactamase inhibitors are also discussed which are often combined with penicillins to overcome bacterial resistance.
Long Island Periodontist presents "Appropriate Use of Antibiotics In Dentistry"Edward Brant DDS, MS
Periodontist who does his best when he provides Long Island with treatment for tooth and gum disease. Dentist, dental implants, laser gum treatment for periodontal disease, bone graft, gum surgery
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including their historical background, classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It focuses on penicillins and their discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. They have broad applications for treating bacterial infections. The document also discusses cephalosporins, another class of beta-lactam antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium.
This document discusses antibiotics used in pediatrics, including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. It provides details on specific antibiotics like tetracycline, streptomycin, and amikacin. It describes the sources, mechanisms of action, indications, absorption and excretion, adverse effects, and contraindications of these important antibiotic classes used to treat pediatric infections.
This document provides information about different classes of antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, examples within each class, and how bacteria can develop resistance. It discusses six classes: penicillins and cephalosporins which act on the bacterial cell wall; macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis; metronidazole and fluoroquinolones which act on bacterial DNA; and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis. It also outlines several mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as genetic mutations, acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria, and destruction or inactivation of antibiotics.
This document provides an introduction to antibiotics. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations. The document discusses the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times through the work of scientists like Ehrlich, Fleming, Waksman, and others. It outlines the ideal properties of antibiotic drugs, including selective toxicity against pathogens, desirable pharmacokinetics, and preventing resistance development.
Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
principals and therapeutics of antimicrobialsvinodmed
This document discusses principles and therapeutics of antimicrobial agents. It describes that antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms, while antimicrobial agents can be derived from biological or synthetic sources. It then covers various topics related to antimicrobials including their sources, mechanisms of action, ideal properties, classification based on spectrum and effects, uses, advantages, and guidelines for proper use.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Rifampicin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and other bacterial infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial RNA polymerase, preventing RNA transcription and blocking bacterial growth. Rifampicin is well absorbed orally and widely distributed throughout the body, including crossing the blood-brain barrier. It is metabolized in the liver and mainly eliminated through bile with some excretion in urine. Common side effects include upset stomach, headache, and red/orange discoloration of bodily fluids. Rifampicin may interact adversely with some antiviral, anticoagulant, anti-convulsant and hypoglycemic drugs. It is an important first-line treatment for tuberculosis but requires combination therapy to prevent development
Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Chemotherapeutic agents are natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic chemicals used to treat bacterial and other microbial infections. Some common adverse effects of antibiotics include toxic effects on organs like the liver or kidneys, hypersensitivity reactions ranging from mild rashes to anaphylactic shock, development of drug resistance, superinfections caused by disruption of normal microbiota, and vitamin deficiencies.
This document discusses different types of antibiotics, including their definitions, indications, mechanisms of action, and resistance. It describes several classes of antibiotics: beta-lactams like penicillin and cephalosporin which inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis; aminoglycosides which have nephrotoxicity risks; macrolides like erythromycin which are bacteriostatic; tetracyclines which can discolor teeth and bones; and metronidazole which is effective against anaerobic bacteria. Each antibiotic class has different spectrums of activity, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses, and potential adverse effects. Precise indications and risks are outlined to help guide appropriate clinical antibiotic selection and
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides information about antibiotics used in dentistry. It begins with definitions of antibiotics and a brief history of their discovery. It then discusses classifications of antibiotics based on mechanisms of action and spectrum of activity. The principles of antibiotic therapy and factors considered in antibiotic selection are explained. Commonly used antibiotics in dentistry are outlined, including penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, metronidazole, and clindamycin. Clinical uses and properties of penicillin and amoxicillin are described in more detail.
This document provides an overview of various classes of anti-infective agents (antibiotics) including their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. It discusses sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, quinolones, and macrolides. Nursing implications for each class focus on monitoring for effectiveness and potential adverse drug reactions.
This document provides an overview and guidelines for choosing antibiotics. It discusses collecting cultures before starting antibiotics and ensuring appropriate dosing. Common antibiotics are reviewed including beta-lactams like penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems as well as quinolones, macrolides, and metronidazole. Factors to consider for antibiotic selection include location and type of infection, patient history, and risk of drug-resistant pathogens. Quick guides are provided for coverage of pseudomonas, anaerobes, MRSA, and VRE.
This document discusses the principles of antibiotic therapy, choosing appropriate antibiotics, and administering antibiotics properly. It begins with a brief history of antibiotic use and then defines key terms. The main topics covered are:
1. Determining if an infection is present and evaluating a patient's immune status before deciding on antibiotic therapy.
2. Choosing antibiotics based on identifying the causative organism, determining sensitivity, using narrow-spectrum antibiotics, the least toxic option, and drugs with a proven track record.
3. Administering antibiotics at the proper dose, time interval, and route based on the specific infection and organism. Consistency, combination therapies, and timing of doses are also important principles.
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It begins by describing the classification, mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, uses and side effects of different antibiotic classes including sulfonamides, quinolones, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides and more. It provides details on specific antibiotics within each class, along with their dosages and trade names. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for oral and maxillofacial surgeons on the properties and clinical applications of numerous antibiotics.
Anti-infective agents work by selectively targeting foreign microorganisms that have infected the body. The document discusses the pharmacology of antibiotics including their mechanisms of action, sources, modes of action against bacteria, and factors that determine likelihood of infection. It also covers development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, adverse drug reactions, pharmacokinetics and interactions of major classes of antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins.
The document discusses various types of antibiotics including their discovery, classification, properties, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses. It describes key antibiotics such as penicillin (discovered in 1928), chloramphenicol (1947), tetracyclines, streptomycin, rifampin, and cephalosporins. It provides details on their structures, spectra of activity, modes of administration, and toxicity. The document also covers classification of antibiotics based on their chemical structures and modifications that affect their biological activity.
The document discusses beta lactam antibiotics, focusing on penicillins. It describes how penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming and its mechanism of inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Penicillins are classified into natural and semisynthetic types, with natural penicillins having a narrower spectrum mainly against gram-positive cocci. Semisynthetic penicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin have a broader spectrum. Beta lactamase inhibitors are also discussed which are often combined with penicillins to overcome bacterial resistance.
Long Island Periodontist presents "Appropriate Use of Antibiotics In Dentistry"Edward Brant DDS, MS
Periodontist who does his best when he provides Long Island with treatment for tooth and gum disease. Dentist, dental implants, laser gum treatment for periodontal disease, bone graft, gum surgery
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including their historical background, classification, mechanisms of action, and examples. It focuses on penicillins and their discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics that work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. They have broad applications for treating bacterial infections. The document also discusses cephalosporins, another class of beta-lactam antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium.
This document discusses antibiotics used in pediatrics, including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. It provides details on specific antibiotics like tetracycline, streptomycin, and amikacin. It describes the sources, mechanisms of action, indications, absorption and excretion, adverse effects, and contraindications of these important antibiotic classes used to treat pediatric infections.
This document provides information about different classes of antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, examples within each class, and how bacteria can develop resistance. It discusses six classes: penicillins and cephalosporins which act on the bacterial cell wall; macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others which inhibit bacterial protein synthesis; metronidazole and fluoroquinolones which act on bacterial DNA; and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis. It also outlines several mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as genetic mutations, acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria, and destruction or inactivation of antibiotics.
This document provides an introduction to antibiotics. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations. The document discusses the history of antibiotic discovery from ancient times through the work of scientists like Ehrlich, Fleming, Waksman, and others. It outlines the ideal properties of antibiotic drugs, including selective toxicity against pathogens, desirable pharmacokinetics, and preventing resistance development.
Antibiotics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
principals and therapeutics of antimicrobialsvinodmed
This document discusses principles and therapeutics of antimicrobial agents. It describes that antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms, while antimicrobial agents can be derived from biological or synthetic sources. It then covers various topics related to antimicrobials including their sources, mechanisms of action, ideal properties, classification based on spectrum and effects, uses, advantages, and guidelines for proper use.
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. This document discusses the appropriate use of antibiotics and antifungals in dentistry. It outlines the cardinal rules for best use of antibiotics, including using the right drug, dose, dosing schedule and duration. It also discusses identifying the type of bacteria present, the appropriate antibiotic to use, and factors specific to the patient. The document also covers the use of topical antibiotics and antifungals, including formulations, indications, durations and treatments for various oral infections caused by Candida.
This document discusses antibiotics used in dentistry. It begins by defining antibiotics and explaining their early historical use dating back to ancient Greece, India, and Russia where molds and plants were used to treat infections. It then discusses the modern history of antibiotic discovery from Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928 to the development of streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline in the 1940s-50s. The document goes on to classify antibiotics by their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and source. It provides examples of commonly used antibiotics in dentistry like penicillins, cephalosporins, metronidazole, tetracyclines and sulfonamides. It also lists
This document discusses various antimicrobial drugs used in dentistry, including antibacterials, antifungals, and antivirals. It defines key terms and outlines the mechanisms of action, indications, and common examples of different classes of antimicrobials. Factors influencing treatment choices are described, such as infection type, resistance patterns, and patient factors. Guidelines are provided for administration, treatment duration, and addressing treatment failure.
Therapeutics in dentistry(general principles)Iyad Abou Rabii
This document summarizes key principles of therapeutics in dentistry, including pharmacology basics like indications, contraindications, dose, and side effects. It discusses medication names, routes of drug administration, essential components of prescriptions, and Latin abbreviations commonly used. Key information covered includes Clark's Rule for calculating pediatric doses, factors to consider before prescribing drugs like interactions and patient factors, and legal responsibilities of the prescribing dentist.
This document defines key terms related to antimicrobial drugs and provides guidance on their appropriate use. It discusses:
1. Common types of antimicrobial drugs including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic.
2. Characteristics of broad and narrow spectrum antibacterials.
3. Mechanisms of action for killing or inhibiting bacterial growth.
4. Examples of common antibiotics and their indications.
5. Factors to consider when selecting an antibiotic for odontogenic infections.
The document discusses antibiotic use and prescribing in dentistry. It provides guidelines for writing prescriptions clearly and effectively as well as strategies for choosing the appropriate antibiotic based on the type of infection, likely pathogens, and patient factors. Common antibiotics are described along with their mechanisms of action, dosages, spectra of activity, and resistance patterns. Factors to consider include narrow versus broad-spectrum antibiotics, acute versus chronic infections, allergies, and compliance.
The document discusses drugs commonly used in dentistry to treat various medical emergencies and conditions, including antibiotics, analgesics, and drugs for anaphylaxis, asthma, angina, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, epilepsy, fainting, anxiety, infections, dental procedures, sinusitis, pseudomembranous candidiasis, and denture stomatitis. It provides recommended drugs, dosages, and administration instructions for adults and children. The most commonly used antibiotics are amoxicillin, metronidazole, erythromycin, and penicillin derivatives like augmentin.
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. MICROBES
2. MICROBIAL CONTROL
2.1.Reason for microbial control
2.2.Methods of microbial control
3. ANTIBIOTIC
3.1.Definition
3.2.History of antibiotic discovery
4. MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC
4.1.PENICILLINS
4.1.1 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin
4.2.CEPHALOSPORINS
4.2.1 organism and biosynthesis
4.3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS
4.4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
5. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
6. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC
7. CONCLUSION
The document discusses the production of the antibiotic penicillin. It describes how penicillin is produced through the fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum fungus. Key steps include using lactose and yeast extract as a carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, in an aerobic fermentation process at 25-27C. Downstream processing after fermentation involves filtering cells from the liquid and extracting and precipitating the penicillin product. The yield has increased from 1 mg/L originally to over 50 g/L today through strain and process improvements.
This document provides an overview of antibiotics. It begins by defining antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms or synthesized that selectively kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Antibiotics can be classified in several ways, including by their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, chemical structure, and types of organisms treated. Common mechanisms of action include inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. The document then discusses the history of antibiotic discovery, including early pioneers like Fleming who discovered penicillin, and Waksman who discovered streptomycin through systematic soil screening. It covers the development of important classes of antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. In summary
This document provides information about antibiotics, including their history and classifications. It begins with definitions of antibiotics and discusses their discovery, including the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928. It then classifies antibiotics based on their spectrum of activity (narrow vs broad), source (natural, semisynthetic, synthetic), mechanism of action, and chemical structure. Specific examples are given for different classes. The remainder discusses various penicillins and cephalosporins, providing their structures and uses for treating bacterial infections.
The document provides information on various topics related to antibiotics, including:
- A brief history of antibiotic discovery from penicillin in 1928 to more recent drugs.
- Key concepts of antibiotic therapy such as identifying the causative organism, using narrow spectrum antibiotics when possible, and considerations for dosage and duration.
- Common types of antibiotics classified by their chemical structure and mechanisms of action.
- Specific antibiotics like amoxicillin, cephalosporins, metronidazole, doxycycline and their uses, mechanisms, dosages and contraindications.
- The use of antibiotic combinations to provide broader coverage against multiple pathogens.
The document discusses various classes of antibiotics including their mechanisms of action and clinical uses. It describes antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. It also discusses antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis like macrolides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. The document provides examples of narrow and broad-spectrum antibiotics and summarizes the clinical uses and important characteristics of selected antibiotics including penicillins, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. It also warns of potential adverse effects such as pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics like clindamycin and lincomycin.
1) Antibiotics are compounds that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are produced by microorganisms. They work by being more toxic to invading bacteria than the human host.
2) The document discusses several classes of antibiotics including penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, glycopeptides, and fluoroquinolones. It describes their mechanisms of action and antimicrobial spectrums.
3) Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem as bacteria evolve and develop resistance through both natural and acquired mechanisms such as long-term antibiotic use.
This document discusses quinolones, a class of synthetic antimicrobial compounds. It begins by introducing nalidixic acid, the first quinolone, and describes its mechanism of action by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase. The document then discusses the development of more potent fluoroquinolones in the 1980s, which have additional fluorine substitutions. Various generations of fluoroquinolones are classified based on their chemical structure. The mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, interactions and therapeutic uses of fluoroquinolones are summarized.
This document discusses quinolones, a class of synthetic antimicrobial compounds. It begins by introducing nalidixic acid, the first quinolone, and how later fluorination led to more potent fluoroquinolone derivatives. Mechanism of action is described as inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase, preventing DNA replication. Adverse effects include tendonitis, CNS effects, and QT prolongation with some agents. Therapeutic uses include urinary tract infections, gonorrhea, respiratory infections, and more. Resistance develops via mutations impairing drug binding or drug efflux.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Antimicrobials in periodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by India...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The document provides an overview of antimicrobial drugs. It discusses the history of antimicrobial drugs from empirical use in ancient times to the modern era beginning in the 1930s. It then covers various topics related to antimicrobial drugs including classification based on organism targeted, mechanism of action, examples of different drug classes, and properties like spectrum of activity. Specific drugs are discussed in more detail like penicillin, its mechanism of inhibiting cell wall synthesis, examples like benzyl penicillin, and its uses and side effects. Other beta-lactam antibiotics and semisynthetic penicillins are also summarized.
Antibiotic selection /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental ...Indian dental academy
This document provides information on antibiotics used for head and neck infections. It discusses the history of antibiotic discovery, classifications of antibiotics based on mechanism of action and type of organism affected, considerations for antibiotic selection such as host defenses and infection characteristics, administration principles, and potential adverse reactions. The key factors in selecting an appropriate antibiotic include the typical mixed aerobic-anaerobic oral flora, penicillin as first-line therapy, narrow-spectrum use, and parenteral administration for serious infections.
Antibiotics are drugs that treat infections caused by bacteria. The main types of antibiotics are beta-lactams like penicillins and cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Each antibiotic works differently, such as by destroying the bacterial cell wall, inhibiting protein production, or blocking DNA replication to stop bacterial growth and treat infections.
This document discusses the role of antibiotics in dental surgery (exodontics). It covers the history of antibiotics, definitions, classifications, mechanisms of action, factors influencing efficacy, rational antibiotic usage, choices of antibiotics, and prevention of misuse and abuse. The key points are:
1. Antibiotics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They are classified based on their source, family, spectrum, effect, and gram-positive/negative activity.
2. Antibiotics work by altering bacterial cell membranes, inhibiting cell wall synthesis, and interfering with protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Their efficacy depends on drug binding, bacterial load, host defenses, and ability to reach the infection site.
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms at low concentrations. They are classified based on their mechanism of action and chemical structure. Major classes include beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and chloramphenicol. They work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall, membrane, or protein synthesis. Common side effects include diarrhea, rashes, and potential toxicity to kidney or liver.
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that can kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms at low concentrations. They are classified based on their mechanism of action and chemical structure. Major classes include beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and chloramphenicol. They work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall, membrane, or protein synthesis. Common side effects include diarrhea, rashes, and potential toxicity like kidney damage or bone marrow suppression in high doses.
Similar to Antibiotics /cosmetic dentistry courses (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
2. Antibiotics are chemical substancesAntibiotics are chemical substances
elaborated by various species of microelaborated by various species of micro
organisms, such as fungi, actinomycetes andorganisms, such as fungi, actinomycetes and
bacteria.bacteria.
Sulfanamider were the first antimicrobialSulfanamider were the first antimicrobial
agents effective against pyogenic bacterialagents effective against pyogenic bacterial
injection.injection.
Initiation of the therapeutic use ofInitiation of the therapeutic use of
sulfanamides in the late 1930s and penicillinsulfanamides in the late 1930s and penicillin
shortly there after represents one of theshortly there after represents one of the
highlights in the history of medicine.highlights in the history of medicine.
IntroductionIntroduction
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3. The evolution of chemotherapy can be tracedThe evolution of chemotherapy can be traced
through three distinct periods.through three distinct periods.
A pre-Ehrlich era before 1891A pre-Ehrlich era before 1891
Period of Paul Ehrlich andPeriod of Paul Ehrlich and
Period after 1935 highlighted by the discovery ofPeriod after 1935 highlighted by the discovery of
sulfonamides and antibiotics.sulfonamides and antibiotics.
In the 1891 pre-Ehrlich demonstrated theIn the 1891 pre-Ehrlich demonstrated the
efficacy of methylene blue in the treatment of humanefficacy of methylene blue in the treatment of human
malaria.malaria.
Ehrlich introduced arrephenamine, the firstEhrlich introduced arrephenamine, the first
really effective chemothreapeutic agent in man, inreally effective chemothreapeutic agent in man, in
the treatment of syphilis.the treatment of syphilis.
He is aptly called “the father of modernHe is aptly called “the father of modern
chemotherapy”.chemotherapy”.
HistoryHistory
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5. The next major contribution to chemotherapyThe next major contribution to chemotherapy
came from Domagk, and his colleagues (1938) who,came from Domagk, and his colleagues (1938) who,
while working on zeo dayes, demonstrated thewhile working on zeo dayes, demonstrated the
efficacy of “prontosil” a dye with a suyonamideefficacy of “prontosil” a dye with a suyonamide
chain, in inhibiting the growth of streptococci.chain, in inhibiting the growth of streptococci.
In 1928, Six Alexander Fleming, while studyingIn 1928, Six Alexander Fleming, while studying
staphylococcal variants, found one of his culturestaphylococcal variants, found one of his culture
plates contaminated by a fungus which preventedplates contaminated by a fungus which prevented
the growth of surrounding bacterial colonies.the growth of surrounding bacterial colonies.
He cultivated the fungus and showed that theHe cultivated the fungus and showed that the
filtrate, which be named penicillin, inhibited thefiltrate, which be named penicillin, inhibited the
growth of a number of gram positive organisms.growth of a number of gram positive organisms.
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6. ChemotherapyChemotherapy →→ may be designed as the use ofmay be designed as the use of
synthetic, semisynthetic, and naturally occurringsynthetic, semisynthetic, and naturally occurring
chemicals that selectively inhibit specific organismschemicals that selectively inhibit specific organisms
coursing. Infections disease or that exhibitcoursing. Infections disease or that exhibit
effectiveness in the treatment of cancer.effectiveness in the treatment of cancer.
AntibioticAntibiotic →→ AntiAnti →→ againstagainst
BiosisBiosis →→ lifelife GreekGreek
DefDef →→ designed as a chemical substance produceddesigned as a chemical substance produced
by micro-organisms having the property of inhibitingby micro-organisms having the property of inhibiting
the growth of or destroying other micro-organism inthe growth of or destroying other micro-organism in
high dilution.high dilution.
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7. Mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugsMechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs
1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Bacitracin, cephalosporins, Penicillins,Bacitracin, cephalosporins, Penicillins,
vancomycinvancomycin
2. Inhibitiors of protein synthesis2. Inhibitiors of protein synthesis
Aminoglycosider, chloram phenicol , Clindamycin,Aminoglycosider, chloram phenicol , Clindamycin,
Exythromin, TteracyclinesExythromin, Tteracyclines
3. Agents affecting cell membrane3. Agents affecting cell membrane
Amphotericin B, NystatinAmphotericin B, Nystatin
4. Inhibitiors of nucleic acid synthesis4. Inhibitiors of nucleic acid synthesis
Ciprofloxacin, Metranidoxole, RifampinCiprofloxacin, Metranidoxole, Rifampin
5. Antimetabolites5. Antimetabolites
Aminosalicyclin acidAminosalicyclin acid
Sulfonamides, SulfonesSulfonamides, Sulfones
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8. PenicillinPenicillin
The golden age of antimicrobial therapy began with theThe golden age of antimicrobial therapy began with the
first clinical use of penicillin 1941.first clinical use of penicillin 1941.
ClassificationClassification
I Natural penicillinI Natural penicillin
Penicillin GPenicillin G
Procarne penicillin GProcarne penicillin G
Benzathine penicillin GBenzathine penicillin G
II Acid resistant PenicillinsII Acid resistant Penicillins
Phenoxy methyl penicllin (Penicillin)Phenoxy methyl penicllin (Penicillin)
Phenoxy ethyl penicllinPhenoxy ethyl penicllin
III Penicillinase – resistant penicillinsIII Penicillinase – resistant penicillins
a) Acid labiel = cloxacillin, Dicloxacillina) Acid labiel = cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin
b) Acid resistantb) Acid resistant →→ FluxloxacilinFluxloxacilinwww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
9. IV Penicillns effective agains gram +veIV Penicillns effective agains gram +ve
gram –ve organismsgram –ve organisms
Ampicillin, AmoxycillinAmpicillin, Amoxycillin
Benzathine penicillin GBenzathine penicillin G
V Intended spectrum penicillinsV Intended spectrum penicillins
a) Carboxy penicillinsa) Carboxy penicillins
b) Ureido penicillinsb) Ureido penicillins
c) Amidino penicillinsc) Amidino penicillins
VI Penicllins with betalactomase inhibitorsVI Penicllins with betalactomase inhibitors
Amoxycillin – clavulamic acidAmoxycillin – clavulamic acid
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10. I Benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G)I Benzyl penicillin (Penicillin G)
It is available in the form of its water solubleIt is available in the form of its water soluble
sodium and potassium salts.sodium and potassium salts.
It is effective mainly agains Gram +ve and gram –It is effective mainly agains Gram +ve and gram –
ve cocci and some Gram +ve bacilli.ve cocci and some Gram +ve bacilli.
Mechanism of actionMechanism of action
All of the penicillins except amdinocillin have theAll of the penicillins except amdinocillin have the
same mechanism of action.same mechanism of action.
Inhibition of enzymes responsible for the cross-Inhibition of enzymes responsible for the cross-
lnking of peptidoglycan polymers during the cross –lnking of peptidoglycan polymers during the cross –
linking of peptidoglycan polymers during the last stagelinking of peptidoglycan polymers during the last stage
of bacterial cell wall synthesis.of bacterial cell wall synthesis.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
11. Absorption and excretionAbsorption and excretion
→→ It is mainly absorbed fromduodenumIt is mainly absorbed fromduodenum
→→ Aqueous solution is rapidly absorbedAqueous solution is rapidly absorbed
after subcutaneoys or intra-muscularafter subcutaneoys or intra-muscular
administration.administration.
→→ It is rapidly eliminated by kidneyIt is rapidly eliminated by kidney
Therapeutic usesTherapeutic uses
→→ Pneumococcal injectionPneumococcal injection
→→ Streptococcal injectionStreptococcal injection
→→ Meningococcal meningitisMeningococcal meningitis
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13. II Potassium phenoxy methyl penicllin (Penicillin V)II Potassium phenoxy methyl penicllin (Penicillin V)
It has similar antibacterial spectrum like penicillinIt has similar antibacterial spectrum like penicillin
G though the degree of activity differs.G though the degree of activity differs.
It is freely soluble in water DoseIt is freely soluble in water Dose →→ 65 and 125mg65 and 125mg
tablets.tablets.
Therapeutic usesTherapeutic uses
It may be employed in less serious injections dueIt may be employed in less serious injections due
to pneumococci and streptococci.to pneumococci and streptococci.
In injections which requires a prolonged treatment.In injections which requires a prolonged treatment.
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14. III Penicillinase reisstant penicillinIII Penicillinase reisstant penicillin
MethicillinMethicillin
It is effective in treatment of injections due toIt is effective in treatment of injections due to
penicillinase producing staphylococci.penicillinase producing staphylococci.
DoseDose →→ 1M and IV infusion in the dose of 1g every1M and IV infusion in the dose of 1g every
4-6 hours.4-6 hours.
CloxacillinCloxacillin
It has a weakes antibacterial activity than penicillin GIt has a weakes antibacterial activity than penicillin G
but is 5 to 10 times more active than methicillin.but is 5 to 10 times more active than methicillin.
DoseDose →→ 0.5 to 1g 6 hourly (250 mg).0.5 to 1g 6 hourly (250 mg).
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15. IV Penicillins effective agains Gram +ve and Gram –veIV Penicillins effective agains Gram +ve and Gram –ve
organismsorganisms
It is more effective against a variety of gramIt is more effective against a variety of gram
negative bacteria.negative bacteria.
→→ Gram +ve are less sensitiveGram +ve are less sensitive
→→ It is water soluble and acid resistantIt is water soluble and acid resistant
DoseDose
AdultAdult →→ 250 to 500mg (6 hourly)250 to 500mg (6 hourly)
ChildrenChildren →→ 50 to 200mg per kg50 to 200mg per kg
TherapeuticTherapeutic
→→ Urinary tract injectionsUrinary tract injections
→→ respiratory tract infectionsrespiratory tract infections
→→ Meningitis and subacute bacterial enclocarditisMeningitis and subacute bacterial enclocarditis
→→ Childhood meningitis, soChildhood meningitis, so
Adverse effectsAdverse effects →→ skin rash, Diarrhoeaskin rash, Diarrhoeawww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
16. AmoxycillinAmoxycillin
It is a semisynthetic penicillin with a broad spectrumIt is a semisynthetic penicillin with a broad spectrum
of antibacterial activity similar to that of ampicillin.of antibacterial activity similar to that of ampicillin.
AbsorptionAbsorption
→→ It is a best absorbed on an empty stomachIt is a best absorbed on an empty stomach
→→ Hence the duration of action of amoxicillin isHence the duration of action of amoxicillin is
twice as long as ampicillintwice as long as ampicillin
DoseDose
250 – 500mg every 8hr (oral)250 – 500mg every 8hr (oral)
Therapeutic usesTherapeutic uses
→→ Urinary tract injectionUrinary tract injection
→→ respiratory injectionrespiratory injection
→→ Gonococcal infectionsGonococcal infections
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17. MacrolidesMacrolides
Erythomycin, oleandomycin, triacetyloleandomycinErythomycin, oleandomycin, triacetyloleandomycin
spiramycin are a group of antibotics named asspiramycin are a group of antibotics named as
macrolides.macrolides.
ErythromycinErythromycin
It is mainly effective against the Gram +ve cocciIt is mainly effective against the Gram +ve cocci
including streptococci, staphylococci.including streptococci, staphylococci.
Effective against penicillin resistant staphylococci.Effective against penicillin resistant staphylococci.
Absorption fate and excretionAbsorption fate and excretion
→→Absorbed mainly in small intestineAbsorbed mainly in small intestine
→→ It is concentrated in the liverIt is concentrated in the liver
DoseDose
AdultAdult →→ 1 to 2g 6 hourly1 to 2g 6 hourly
ChildrenChildren →→ below 1 year 5mg / kg 6 hourlybelow 1 year 5mg / kg 6 hourly
upto 8 yearsupto 8 years →→ 10mg/kg 6 hourly10mg/kg 6 hourly
8-15 years8-15 years →→ 15mg / kg 6 hourly15mg / kg 6 hourly
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18. Allergic reactionsAllergic reactions
→→ fever, corinophilia, coticaria, dermatitis andfever, corinophilia, coticaria, dermatitis and
lymphadenipathylymphadenipathy
Therapeutic usesTherapeutic uses
→→ It is an excellent alternative antibiotic toIt is an excellent alternative antibiotic to
penicillin G.penicillin G.
→→ It is second only to the penicllins for theIt is second only to the penicllins for the
treatment of dental injectiontreatment of dental injection
→→ It exhibits good activity against many oralIt exhibits good activity against many oral
anaerobic bacteriaanaerobic bacteria
→→ Prophylatic coverage against bacterialProphylatic coverage against bacterial
endocarditis for patient allergic to penicillin.endocarditis for patient allergic to penicillin.www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
19. TetracyclineTetracycline
It is a group of broad – spectrum bacteriostaticIt is a group of broad – spectrum bacteriostatic
antibiotics.antibiotics.
It inihibits Gram +ve and Gram –ve organismsIt inihibits Gram +ve and Gram –ve organisms
such as Pneumococci, Gonococci.such as Pneumococci, Gonococci.
AbsorptionAbsorption
It is mainly absorbed from the duodenum andIt is mainly absorbed from the duodenum and
the upper small intestine.the upper small intestine.
It is metabolised in the liver and metabolitiesIt is metabolised in the liver and metabolities
excreted mainly in the urine.excreted mainly in the urine.
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20. Adverse reactionsAdverse reactions
→→ Naurea, vomiting, epigastric distressNaurea, vomiting, epigastric distress
→→ Antianabolic effectAntianabolic effect
→→ Administration of there antibiotics to pregnant womenAdministration of there antibiotics to pregnant women
may lead to yellow staining of the teeth of the infant.may lead to yellow staining of the teeth of the infant.
→→ Defective formation of enamel and hypoplaria of theDefective formation of enamel and hypoplaria of the
teethteeth
→→ If also deposited in nails and fluorescence of theIf also deposited in nails and fluorescence of the
nails may occur after prolonged tetracycline therapy.nails may occur after prolonged tetracycline therapy.
Semisynthetic tetracyclinaSemisynthetic tetracyclina
DemethylchlortetracyclineDemethylchlortetracycline
MethcyclineMethcycline
LymecyclineLymecycline
DoxycyclineDoxycycline
MinocyclineMinocycline www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
21. TherapeuticTherapeutic
→→ Rickettsial infectionsRickettsial infections
→→ Primary atypucal pneumoniaPrimary atypucal pneumonia
→→ CholeraCholera
→→ Bacillary infectionsBacillary infections
LincomycinLincomycin
It is mainly bacteriostaticIt is mainly bacteriostatic
It inhibits the growth of many Gram +ve organisms, such asIt inhibits the growth of many Gram +ve organisms, such as
staphylococci, Pneumococci.staphylococci, Pneumococci.
It acts by interferring with protein synthesis.It acts by interferring with protein synthesis.
DoseDose →→ 500mg 3 to 4 times daily500mg 3 to 4 times daily
Adverse reactionAdverse reaction
NaureaNaurea
VomitingVomiting
Gladominal painGladominal pain
DiarrhoeaDiarrhoea
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22. TherapeuticTherapeutic
→→ Staphylococcal, Pneumococcal and StreptococcalStaphylococcal, Pneumococcal and Streptococcal
infectioninfection
→→ More effective in treatment of acute and chronicMore effective in treatment of acute and chronic
osteomyelitisosteomyelitis
ClindamycinClindamycin
It is bactericidal at slightly higher ones andIt is bactericidal at slightly higher ones and
bacteriostatic at low concentrations.bacteriostatic at low concentrations.
TherapeuticTherapeutic
→→ Useful in prophylaxis and treatment ofUseful in prophylaxis and treatment of
anaerobic infectionsanaerobic infections
→→ It is useful along with on aminoglycoside, inIt is useful along with on aminoglycoside, in
the treatment of peritonitis due to fecal contamination.the treatment of peritonitis due to fecal contamination.
DoseDose →→ 150 to 450mg150 to 450mg
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23. MetronidazoleMetronidazole
It is a drug of choice for variety of protozoal infection.It is a drug of choice for variety of protozoal infection.
It is almost always bactericidalIt is almost always bactericidal
It is well absorbed after oral administration.It is well absorbed after oral administration.
TherapeuticTherapeutic
It is a major antiprotozoal drugIt is a major antiprotozoal drug
It is effective in treatment of ANUG.It is effective in treatment of ANUG.
Therapeutic uses of Antibiotics in DentistryTherapeutic uses of Antibiotics in Dentistry
→→ Treatment of an acute dental infectionTreatment of an acute dental infection
→→ Prophylaxis in patients at risk of developingProphylaxis in patients at risk of developing
bacterial endocarditis or other problems as the resultbacterial endocarditis or other problems as the result
of bacteria caused by dental procedures or traumaticof bacteria caused by dental procedures or traumatic
injury.injury.
→→ Prophylaxis in patient with compromised hostProphylaxis in patient with compromised host
defense mechanism.defense mechanism.
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24. Antibiotics used in orodental infectionsAntibiotics used in orodental infections
Penicillin GPenicillin G Periapical abscessPeriapical abscess
Penicillin VPenicillin V Periodontal abscessPeriodontal abscess
Acute suppurative pulpitisAcute suppurative pulpitis
Toxic cellulitisToxic cellulitis
Post Surgical or post traumaticPost Surgical or post traumatic infectionsinfections
Oral-antral or oral-nasal fistulasOral-antral or oral-nasal fistulas
with sinusitiswith sinusitis
Periocoronitis with cellulitisPeriocoronitis with cellulitis
OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis
TetracyclinesTetracyclines →→ localized Juvenile periodontitislocalized Juvenile periodontitis
Penicillin G (1M)Penicillin G (1M)
Penicillin V (Po)Penicillin V (Po) Vincent’s infectionVincent’s infection
NystatinNystatin →→ oral candidiasisoral candidiasis
Prophylactiv use of antibiotics in dentistryProphylactiv use of antibiotics in dentistrywww.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
25. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis in patient with:Prevention of bacterial endocarditis in patient with:
- Prosthetic heart valves- Prosthetic heart valves
- Congenital and acquired heart defects- Congenital and acquired heart defects
- History of rheumatic fever- History of rheumatic fever
- History of endocarditis- History of endocarditis
- Treatment of patients with artificial or transplanted- Treatment of patients with artificial or transplanted
organs.organs.
Treatment of patients with decreased host defenseTreatment of patients with decreased host defense
mechanisms because ofmechanisms because of
DiseaseDisease
- Aplastic anemia- Aplastic anemia
- Lupur erythematorus- Lupur erythematorus
- Uncontrolled Addison’s disease- Uncontrolled Addison’s disease
- Uncontrolled diabetes metllitus- Uncontrolled diabetes metllitus
- Agranulocytosis- Agranulocytosis
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26. Drug and other therapyDrug and other therapy
- Antineoplastic drugs- Antineoplastic drugs
- Immunosuppressant drugs- Immunosuppressant drugs
- Adrenal corticosteroids- Adrenal corticosteroids
- Uncontrolled diabetes metllitus- Uncontrolled diabetes metllitus
- Agranulocytosis- Agranulocytosis
Drugs reserved for specific infectionsDrugs reserved for specific infections
Some antimicrobial drugs are reserved for the treatment ofSome antimicrobial drugs are reserved for the treatment of
infections caused by specific microorganism.infections caused by specific microorganism.
TuberculosisTuberculosis
- Isoniazid- Isoniazid
- Rifampin- Rifampin
- Pyrazinamide- Pyrazinamide
LeprosyLeprosy
- Sulfones- Sulfones
- Dapsone- Dapsone
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27. GonorrheaGonorrhea
- Penicillin G- Penicillin G
- Ampicillin – like derivatives- Ampicillin – like derivatives
- Tetracyclines- Tetracyclines
How to avoid development of antimicrobial resistanceHow to avoid development of antimicrobial resistance
→→ Use antibiotics only when necessaryUse antibiotics only when necessary
→→ Select the appropriate antibiotic and use it for an adequateSelect the appropriate antibiotic and use it for an adequate
period of time.period of time.
→→ Use and drug combiantion when it is known to delay theUse and drug combiantion when it is known to delay the
development of drug resistance.development of drug resistance.
Dangers of antibiotic therapyDangers of antibiotic therapy
- Development of allergic and anaphylactic reactions- Development of allergic and anaphylactic reactions
- Development of multiple – drug resistant- Development of multiple – drug resistant
- Deficiency of certain vitamins- Deficiency of certain vitamins
- Fetal damage- Fetal damage
- Selective toxicity- Selective toxicity www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
28. ConclusionConclusion
The present total consumption of antibiotics inThe present total consumption of antibiotics in
relation to the known incidence of infections is veryrelation to the known incidence of infections is very
much in excess, indicating that antibiotics are manymuch in excess, indicating that antibiotics are many
times misused.times misused.
Once started the drug must not be changedOnce started the drug must not be changed
without valid reasons and should be continued untilwithout valid reasons and should be continued until
both clinical and bacteriological cure are achieved.both clinical and bacteriological cure are achieved.
This may vary from a few days to many months.This may vary from a few days to many months.
Too large or too low a dosage should be avoidedToo large or too low a dosage should be avoided
as it may either produce toxicity or cause bacterialas it may either produce toxicity or cause bacterial
resistance.resistance. www.indiandentalacademy.comwww.indiandentalacademy.com
29. If any adverse effect is observed during theIf any adverse effect is observed during the
therapy, the drug should preferably be withdrawntherapy, the drug should preferably be withdrawn
instead of using another compound to suppress it.instead of using another compound to suppress it.
Lastly antibiotics should not be used routinely inLastly antibiotics should not be used routinely in
all fines cares without understanding their natureall fines cares without understanding their nature
simply with the hope of giving “quick benefits” ofsimply with the hope of giving “quick benefits” of
chemotherapy.chemotherapy.
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