This presentation discusses antibiotic resistance. It defines antibiotics as substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms at low concentrations without harming the host. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria no longer respond to an antibiotic. Mechanisms of resistance include preventing antibiotic access, modifying antibiotics, altering antibiotic target sites, and pumping antibiotics out of cells. Causes of increasing resistance include overprescription, patient noncompliance, overuse in animals, poor drug quality, and lack of sanitation. Solutions proposed are only using antibiotics as prescribed, not sharing or saving antibiotics, and increasing education on resistance.

1. Presentation on Antibiotic Resistance
Submitted to: Dr. Khondker Ayesha Akter
Name: Muhammad Mehedi Hasan
ID# 1510714046

2. Antibiotics-
 Produced by microorganisms (bacteria or fungi)
 Inhibit the growth or kill of other microorganisms
 At a very low concentration
 Not affecting the host cell.
 Example: Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin
Definition

3. Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic resistance occurs when an
antibiotic has lost its ability to effectively
control or kill bacterial growth; in other
words, the bacteria are "resistant" and
continue to multiply in the presence of
therapeutic levels of an antibiotic.

4. MECHANISM OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
 Denied access: Antibiotics wants to pass the bacterial cell membrane but membrane
becomes impermeable for antibiotic: e.g. Imipenem
 Antibiotic modification: In second step antibiotic becomes modified by the help of
bacterial enzyme. e.g. beta lactamase inactivates penicillin
 Altered target site: antibiotic cannot bind to its intended target because the target itself
has been modified
 Pumping out the antibiotic faster than it gets in: e.g. tetracyclines
 Alternative target (typically enzyme): e.g. Alternative penicillin binding protein (PBP2a)
in MRSA

5. CAUSES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTENCE
Over prescription of antibiotics
1. Physicians prescribe medicine without detecting the
p pathogen.
2. Prescribe broad spectrum antibiotics when narrow spectrum
is a is actually needed.
Patient Non-Compliance
1. Antibiotics are prescribed in a specific dose regiment.
2. Patients forget to take medicine on right time.
3. Unable to afford full coarse.

6. CAUSES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTENCE
Over dose of antibiotics
 Antibiotics taken as OTC drug.
 Retail drug store presents a chaotic situation during drug
distribution.
 Patients demand for antibiotics for normal cold, fever.
Use of Antibiotics on domestic animals
 A good chance for antibiotics to develop resistance.
 Spreading of resistance microbes through water and food.

7. CAUSES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTENCE
Poor quality of antibiotics
o Expired and fake antibiotics.
o Due to lack of quality compliance and monitoring.
Poor hygiene and sanitation.
 In some areas waste water from hospitals are poorly filtered
which allows resistant bacteria to escape.
 The bacteria spreads when people drink this water.

8. Antibiotics resistance in the world

9. Solution to this Resistance
 Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a certified health professional.
 Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need
them.
 Never use left over antibiotics.
 Never share antibiotics with others.
 Make information available on the impact of antibiotic resistance.

10. REFERENCES
 http://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/who-new-treatments-
needed-for-antibiotic-resistant-suberbugs/3746702.html
 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/antibiotic-
resistance/en/
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2025137
 http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/cabinet-okays-updated-
drug-policy-1332568
 https://www.slideshare.net/OthmanAlhumaid/antibiotic-
resistance-78822783?qid=ade65053-1656-4e2b-b5e5-
c7338113e2a7&v=&b=&from_search=3

11. THANK YOU