How Antibiotic resistance happens, Mechanism of Antibiotic resistance,Newly invented Antibiotic resistance bacteria

1. Rafiul Basher Rabby
North South University

2. Antibiotics
 A substances produced by various
species of living microorganisms.
 Inhibit pathogens by interfering
with intracellular process.
 Kill bacteria and treat infections
 Example : Ampicillin, Actinonin

3. Antibiotic Resistance
 Antibiotic resistance is the ability of bacteria to resist the
effects of an antibiotic.
 Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in a way
that reduces the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other
agents designed to cure or prevent infections.

4. Mechanism action of Antibiotic Resistance
 Denied access: membrane becomes impermeable for antibiotic: e.g. Imipenem
 Antibiotic modification: some bacteria have enzymes that cleave or modify antibiotics: e.g. beta lactamase
inactivates penicillin
 Altered target site: antibiotic cannot bind to its intended target because the target itself has been modified
 Pumping out the antibiotic faster than it gets in: e.g. tetracyclines
 Alternative target (typically enzyme): e.g. Alternative penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) in MRSA

5. Newly invented antibiotic resistance bacteria
The World Health Organisation has published a list of the 12 bacteria built-in abilities to find new
ways to resist treatment and can pass along genetic material that allows other bacteria to become drug-
resistant as well. They are-
Pseudomonas aeruginos,
carbapenem-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae ,
carbapenem-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
carbapenem-resistant
Enterococcus faecium,
vancomycin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus,
methicillin-resistant
Helicobacter pylori
,clarithromycin-resistant
Campylobacter
fluoroquinolone-resistant
Salmonellae, fluoroquinolone-
resistant
Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
cephalosporin-resistant
Streptococcus pneumonia.
penicillin-non-susceptible
Haemophilus influenzae,
ampicillin-resistant
Several species of Shigella,
fluoroquinolone-resistant

6. Enterobacteriaceae ,carbapenem-resistant
 Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE )usually
infects patients who are already ill – for example, those in
long-term or intensive care units. It is typically spread from
person to person, in this case during an endoscopic
procedure.

7. Salmonellae, fluoroquinolone-resistant
Salads are the second most common source
of foodborne illness, responsible for a
number of salmonella and E coli outbreaks
in the US and Europe.

8. Prevention and control of Antibiotic Resistance
 Antibiotic resistance is accelerated by the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, as well as poor
infection prevention and control. Steps can be taken at all levels of society to reduce the impact
and limit the spread of resistance.

9. references
• https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/index.html
• https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html
• https://www.slideshare.net/shivanginisingh16/antibiotics-nd-analgesics-in-
periodontics?qid=70e79f04-7fff-4470-b0d7-
1ee6a68636d7&v=&b=&from_search=1
• https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/feb/27/world-health-
organisation-12-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-threat-human-health
• https://www.slideshare.net/fadelmuhammad/antibiotics-resistance-
lecture?qid=d933373e-b033-4c7c-88f5-
341f6a979c63&v=&b=&from_search=1

10. THANK YOU