The study compared the prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial isolates from the urinary and
genital tracts of pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in Imo State. Urine and High vaginal swab (HVS)
samples were collected from across the three geopolitical zones of Imo State (Owerri, Orlu and Okigwe).
Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri, Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH) Orlu and General
Hospital Okigwe (GHO) were used as focal points. A total of 1197 samples were obtained from women and
used. Infection was significantly more with the urine samples than the HVS samples (P < 0.05) while
polymicrobial growth was more observed with the HVS samples. Escherichia coli was the predominantly
isolated organism (38.3%) from the urine samples while Staphylococcus aureus (29.1%) was the predominant
bacterial isolates in HVS. Other commonly isolated bacterial species include; Enterococcus faecalis and
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Bacteriodes were solely isolated
from urine while Lactobacillus was solely isolated from HVS. Overall antibiogram showed ciprofloxacin to be
the most effective antibiotic followed by nalidixic acid and pefloxac in for both specimens. Generally, multidrug
resistance was more in urine isolates (55.7%) than vaginal isolates (53.6%) with many showing the same
resistance patterns. The rate of multi/drug resistance in both samples is high (>50%) and worrisome. These call
for routine HVS as well as urine culture to be carried out on all antenatal women to ensure holistic antenatal care/ management.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Isolation, identification and characterization of urinary tract infectious ba...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on urinary tract infections (UTIs) which isolated and characterized urinary pathogens and tested their antibiotic susceptibility. The main findings were:
1. Escherichia coli was the most common urinary pathogen isolated, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis.
2. The antibiotics chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against the urinary pathogens, with 100% susceptibility. Tetracycline, gentamicin and kanamycin were also highly effective at 83% susceptibility.
3. Some isolates showed resistance to commonly prescribed
Clinicobacteriological study of Urinary tract infection in pregnant womeniosrjce
This study examined the clinicobacteriological profile of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 460 pregnant women in India. The key findings were:
1. The overall incidence of significant bacteriuria was 10.21%. It was higher in multigravida (11.74%) compared to primigravida (8.16%) and highest in the third trimester (11.8%).
2. Most cases of significant bacteriuria were asymptomatic (9.25%). The predominant symptom in symptomatic cases was burning urination (47.05%).
3. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated (55.31%). Isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics like
The study analyzed urine samples from 100 UTI patients and isolated Proteus bacteria, identifying 10 as ESBL producers. The ESBL-producing Proteus isolates were resistant to several antibiotics but sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem. Aqueous extracts of four plants were tested against Proteus isolates, with Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis demonstrating the highest antibacterial activity. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Proteus in urine samples was 10%, with most gram-negative bacteria sensitive to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin.
PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ESBL IN SOKOTO PDFNuhu Tanko
This study examined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing gram-negative uropathogens in Sokoto, Nigeria. 365 urine samples were collected and analyzed between November 2014 and February 2015. Gram-negative uropathogens made up 60.9% of positive cultures. The most common isolates were E. coli (29.7%) and Salmonella arizonae (23.4%). 15 isolates (23.3%) were confirmed as ESBL producers, with E. coli and Enterobacter gergoviae being the most common. The isolates showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole but high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin. This study demonstrates
This study aimed to isolate and characterize novel pectinase-producing fungal strains for fruit juice clarification and extraction. Various substrates were tested for solid-state fermentation to produce pectinase enzymes. Orange peel proved the best substrate, yielding the highest pectinase activity of 0.76 IU/ml after 24 hours of incubation at 30°C, 5ml inoculum volume, and pH 4. The isolated fungal strain and optimized fermentation conditions were used to clarify fruit juices and extract juice from pulp more efficiently.
Background: The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in emergence of community-acquired antibiotic resistance among uropathogens in outpatient’s population. This constitutes an impediment in the management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in both community and hospital settings. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the current antibiotic resistance trends, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and plasmid profile of uropathogens from outpatients. Methods: A total of 370 mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured by standard methods. Isolated uropathogens were identified using appropriate biochemical methods. The modified Kirby Bauer disk method was used for antibiotic susceptibility test. The ESBL-producing uropathogens were identified and their plasmid DNA extraction and curing were carried out by standard methods. Results: About 35.7% and 32.7% of uropathogens were multi-drug resistant and ESBL-producing respectively. There was higher prevalence of ESBL-production among isolates from female patients (62.5%) when compared to that from male patients (37.5%). The isolated uropathogens were most resistant to Cefotaxime, and most sensitive to Imipenem. Resistance to antibiotics by ESBL-producing uropathogens was found to be plasmid-mediated. Conclusion: Community acquired Uropathogens from outpatients were multidrug resistant due to ESBL production localized on plasmids, a probable cause of treatment failures experienced in Uyo.
A novel biological rote of α l-fucose in mutans group streptococciAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the inhibitory effects of α-L-fucose on the growth of mutans group streptococci bacteria, which are common causes of dental caries and periodontal disease. Samples were collected from 50 patients, and 20 isolates of mutans streptococci were identified, including 10 Streptococcus mutans, 8 Streptococcus salivaris, and 2 Streptococcus oralis. The study found that α-L-fucose inhibited the growth of these bacteria, with the minimum inhibitory concentration being 80mM. The mechanism of inhibition is proposed to involve the fucose metabolism pathway in these bacteria. The findings suggest that α-L-fucose may be useful as an anti-
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Isolation, identification and characterization of urinary tract infectious ba...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on urinary tract infections (UTIs) which isolated and characterized urinary pathogens and tested their antibiotic susceptibility. The main findings were:
1. Escherichia coli was the most common urinary pathogen isolated, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis.
2. The antibiotics chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against the urinary pathogens, with 100% susceptibility. Tetracycline, gentamicin and kanamycin were also highly effective at 83% susceptibility.
3. Some isolates showed resistance to commonly prescribed
Clinicobacteriological study of Urinary tract infection in pregnant womeniosrjce
This study examined the clinicobacteriological profile of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in 460 pregnant women in India. The key findings were:
1. The overall incidence of significant bacteriuria was 10.21%. It was higher in multigravida (11.74%) compared to primigravida (8.16%) and highest in the third trimester (11.8%).
2. Most cases of significant bacteriuria were asymptomatic (9.25%). The predominant symptom in symptomatic cases was burning urination (47.05%).
3. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated (55.31%). Isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics like
The study analyzed urine samples from 100 UTI patients and isolated Proteus bacteria, identifying 10 as ESBL producers. The ESBL-producing Proteus isolates were resistant to several antibiotics but sensitive to imipenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem. Aqueous extracts of four plants were tested against Proteus isolates, with Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis demonstrating the highest antibacterial activity. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Proteus in urine samples was 10%, with most gram-negative bacteria sensitive to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin.
PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ESBL IN SOKOTO PDFNuhu Tanko
This study examined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing gram-negative uropathogens in Sokoto, Nigeria. 365 urine samples were collected and analyzed between November 2014 and February 2015. Gram-negative uropathogens made up 60.9% of positive cultures. The most common isolates were E. coli (29.7%) and Salmonella arizonae (23.4%). 15 isolates (23.3%) were confirmed as ESBL producers, with E. coli and Enterobacter gergoviae being the most common. The isolates showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole but high susceptibility to nitrofurantoin. This study demonstrates
This study aimed to isolate and characterize novel pectinase-producing fungal strains for fruit juice clarification and extraction. Various substrates were tested for solid-state fermentation to produce pectinase enzymes. Orange peel proved the best substrate, yielding the highest pectinase activity of 0.76 IU/ml after 24 hours of incubation at 30°C, 5ml inoculum volume, and pH 4. The isolated fungal strain and optimized fermentation conditions were used to clarify fruit juices and extract juice from pulp more efficiently.
Background: The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in emergence of community-acquired antibiotic resistance among uropathogens in outpatient’s population. This constitutes an impediment in the management of urinary tract infection (UTI) in both community and hospital settings. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the current antibiotic resistance trends, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production and plasmid profile of uropathogens from outpatients. Methods: A total of 370 mid-stream urine samples were collected and cultured by standard methods. Isolated uropathogens were identified using appropriate biochemical methods. The modified Kirby Bauer disk method was used for antibiotic susceptibility test. The ESBL-producing uropathogens were identified and their plasmid DNA extraction and curing were carried out by standard methods. Results: About 35.7% and 32.7% of uropathogens were multi-drug resistant and ESBL-producing respectively. There was higher prevalence of ESBL-production among isolates from female patients (62.5%) when compared to that from male patients (37.5%). The isolated uropathogens were most resistant to Cefotaxime, and most sensitive to Imipenem. Resistance to antibiotics by ESBL-producing uropathogens was found to be plasmid-mediated. Conclusion: Community acquired Uropathogens from outpatients were multidrug resistant due to ESBL production localized on plasmids, a probable cause of treatment failures experienced in Uyo.
A novel biological rote of α l-fucose in mutans group streptococciAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the inhibitory effects of α-L-fucose on the growth of mutans group streptococci bacteria, which are common causes of dental caries and periodontal disease. Samples were collected from 50 patients, and 20 isolates of mutans streptococci were identified, including 10 Streptococcus mutans, 8 Streptococcus salivaris, and 2 Streptococcus oralis. The study found that α-L-fucose inhibited the growth of these bacteria, with the minimum inhibitory concentration being 80mM. The mechanism of inhibition is proposed to involve the fucose metabolism pathway in these bacteria. The findings suggest that α-L-fucose may be useful as an anti-
Evaluation of resistance profile of pseudomonas aeruginosa with reference to ...iosrjce
This study evaluated the resistance profile and biofilm production of 112 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from clinical samples. It found:
1) Isolates exhibited high resistance to ciprofloxacin (50.89%), ceftazidime (38.39%), and ceftriaxone (34.82%), but all isolates were susceptible to imipenem.
2) 48 isolates were biofilm producers, most commonly from pus and sputum samples. Biofilm producers showed significantly higher resistance to several antibiotics compared to non-producers.
3) 17 isolates were multi-drug resistant, and most (12/17) were biofilm producers. Biofilm production was significantly associated with multi-drug resistance.
This study analyzed phenotypic virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns in 156 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The researchers found that 85.3% of isolates produced biofilm and 34% produced hemolysin. 62.8% exhibited mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA) and 37.2% exhibited mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA). Biofilm formation correlated with infection type. Resistance was highest for ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole. 26.9% of isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. The results indicate relationships
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most versatile nosocomial (i.e.
acquired in hospital) and dangerous human pathogen. In spite of the
introduction of antimicrobial agents and improvements in the
frequency and morbidity of staphylococcal diseases in the twentieth
century, staphylococci have persisted as an important hospital and
community pathogen. Thereafter, methicillin-resistant S. aureus
emerged as a major pathogen worldwide. A total of 38 positive clinical
isolates from various clinical samples received from different hospitals
of Dehradun included from March 2014 to August 2014. 38 samples
had bacterial growth, among these isolates 17(44.7%) were
Staphylococcus aureus. The present study was designed to investigate
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the role of biofilm in isolates of various clinical
samples (Urine, Blood, Semen and Pus), by examining the ability of isolates to form biofilm
and produce signaling molecules and by developing a wound model, to relate laboratory
findings with in vivo activity by exploring the possibility of detecting biofilm markers in
dressings removed from chronic infections. The presence of biofilm was confirmed by
specialized microscopy techniques or by detecting biofilm markers. Various antibiotics had a
greater effect on viability when used at higher antibiotic concentrations (≥100 mg/L) and on
younger (6h) biofilms. The antibiotics used for antibiotic susceptibility testing were
Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, and Ciprofloxacin.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics of pathogens in pediatric patients using clean intermittent catheterization. The study recruited 50 patients using either conventional or LoFric brand catheters and collected urine samples to analyze bacterial species and antibiotic resistance. Preliminary results found Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis to be the most common pathogens. E. coli often demonstrated resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Patients performing overnight catheterization were more likely to carry potential pathogens. The study aims to determine if LoFric catheters may reduce urinary tract infections in this population compared to conventional catheters.
This study analyzed urine samples collected from 2011-2013 at a hospital in Silchar, India to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The main findings were:
1) Escherichia coli was the most common cause of UTIs, identified in 38.54% of samples. Resistance to oral antibiotics like fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins was high for E. coli isolates.
2) Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was observed in 28.74% of E. coli and 40.74% of Klebsiella isolates.
3) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (
This research article examines the ability of 5 nitric oxide donor compounds to disperse biofilms formed by Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on surfaces. The study found that all 5 nitric oxide donors were able to significantly disperse both pathogen biofilms, ranging from 35-80% dispersal. However, the degree of dispersal and optimal conditions varied between compounds and bacterial strains. In particular, molsidomine was effective at dispersing up to 50% of pre-formed Salmonella biofilm even at 4°C, suggesting potential use under refrigerated conditions. The study also identified a Salmonella genomic region that appears to be involved in the bacteria's response to nitric oxide signaling.
Nuhu et al_Poster NAPA2016 correction and observationNuhu Tanko
The study determined the prevalence and genetic profiles of ESBL-producing uropathogens among members of the Enterobacteriaceae family at Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. A total of 64 Gram-negative uropathogens were isolated from 365 urine samples, with E. coli and Salmonella arizonae being most prevalent. The isolates showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. 64.1% of isolates were multidrug resistant. ESBL production was detected in 23.4% of isolates. PCR analysis showed 73.3% of ESBL producers contained the blaCTX-M gene and 26.7
This document reviews several studies on the microbiological quality of meat and meat products sold in Tripoli, Libya from 2005-2009. The following key points are made:
- Beef burger samples were highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria like E. coli (74.5%), E. coli O157:H7 (27.1%), S. aureus (28.8%) and Aeromonas (18.6%).
- Fresh sausage samples were contaminated with E.coli O157:H7 (39.3%) and salmonella (2.1%).
- Chicken burger samples had E. coli (10.9%) and E. coli O157:H7 (4.68%).
-
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
Doctors Data Inc A Revolution in the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal MicrofloraBonnieReynolds4
Recent research regarding the gastrointestinal microbiome has irrefutably confirmed the fact that the
microbial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, and their astonishing scope of metabolic activities,
are at the very core of health and numerous disease processes. It is also clear that clinical microbiology
testing should be optimized to address the relative abundance of all bacterial species present in a stool
specimen.
A study of antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produci...Premier Publishers
This study investigated antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated at the University Hospital of Befelatanana in Madagascar. The study found 73 ESBL producing isolates over 6 months, representing 6.3% of total bacteria cultured. The most common ESBL species were Klebsiella spp (34.2%), E. coli (32.9%), and Enterobacter spp (30.1%). All isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and 3rd generation cephalosporins. Resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 0% to over 75%. Patients under
SALMONELLA ARIZOANE: AN UNCOMMON UROPATHOGEN?Nuhu Tanko
Salmonella arizonae is usually an uncommon uropathogen from many studies. But from this study, it was the second most prevalent uropathogen after E.coli.
This study retrospectively analyzed 314 Gram-positive bacterial isolates from patients diagnosed with chronic bacterial prostatitis between 2008-2018. A variety of Gram-positive bacteria were found, with coagulase-negative staphylococci being the most common pathogen isolated in 188 monomicrobial and 126 polymicrobial cases. Treatment resulted in bacterial eradication in 213 cases, though only 135 patients were clinically cured, while 78 showed bacterial elimination but no clinical improvement. Persistent bacterial infection occurred in 70 cases. The study suggests that Gram-positive pathogens can cause prostatic infection, and multidrug resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci may pose future public health challenges.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Semen of Male Patients with Infertility Attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria by Muhammad Ali in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000519.php
Corynebacterium species are commonly found on human skin and are known biofilm producers. While often considered normal flora, they have been linked to various infections. This study analyzed 140 cultures from ear drainage of 77 patients. Corynebacterium species were the second most frequently isolated pathogen after Staphylococcus. They were found alone in 6 patients and co-isolated with other pathogens in 24 additional patients. Infections with Corynebacterium were associated with chronic granular myringitis and hearing aid use. Most isolates showed resistance to topical fluoroquinolones. The results suggest Corynebacterium can be pathogenic in ear infections and contribute to treatment failure due to antibiotic
Efficacy of plant extracts against multi drug resistant escherichia coli from...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the efficacy of plant extracts against multidrug resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs). Urine samples were collected from 40 pregnant women, 20 of which showed significant bacteriuria. Isolated E. coli strains were highly resistant to several antibiotics. Plant extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against these resistant E. coli strains. Results showed the potential of plant extracts as alternative treatments for UTIs caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.
Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen isolated (70.52%) from the urine cultures of 538 patients with urinary tract infections in Surat, India. Antibiotics like ampicillin showed high resistance rates of over 90% among isolated gram-negative pathogens. However, gram-negative pathogens demonstrated the highest sensitivity to amikacin, netromycin, piperacillin/tazobactum and cefoperazone/sulbactum with resistance rates below 5%. The study highlights the increasing antimicrobial resistance seen with commonly used antibiotics and identifies alternative antibiotic options for empirical therapy of urinary tract infections in the region.
Evaluation of resistance profile of pseudomonas aeruginosa with reference to ...iosrjce
This study evaluated the resistance profile and biofilm production of 112 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from clinical samples. It found:
1) Isolates exhibited high resistance to ciprofloxacin (50.89%), ceftazidime (38.39%), and ceftriaxone (34.82%), but all isolates were susceptible to imipenem.
2) 48 isolates were biofilm producers, most commonly from pus and sputum samples. Biofilm producers showed significantly higher resistance to several antibiotics compared to non-producers.
3) 17 isolates were multi-drug resistant, and most (12/17) were biofilm producers. Biofilm production was significantly associated with multi-drug resistance.
This study analyzed phenotypic virulence factors and antibiotic resistance patterns in 156 uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) isolates from patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). The researchers found that 85.3% of isolates produced biofilm and 34% produced hemolysin. 62.8% exhibited mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA) and 37.2% exhibited mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA). Biofilm formation correlated with infection type. Resistance was highest for ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole. 26.9% of isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. The results indicate relationships
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
ABSTRACT- This study was an attempt to estimate the prevalence of Antimicrobial resistance in patients attending the OPD and IPD of IIMS&R, hospital, Lucknow. Total 453 urine samples were included in this study. Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases were identified by conventional methods. Of the 453 processed samples 166 samples showed significant colony count of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (49.39%) followed by Klebsiella species (7.83%). The majority of the isolates were from female (68.67%) while the remaining was from male (31.32%). Dysuria was the most common clinical presentation followed by fever and abdominal pain. Diabetes and urogenital instrumentation were the major risk factors for UTI. Among the 166 urine samples which showed significant colony count, 152 (91.56%) of specimen showed pus cells in wet film examination. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole. 44% of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among the gram negative bacteria. Carbapenemase production was seen in 13 (11.71%) isolates. Among the 32 Enterococcus isolates 14 (43.75%) were resistant to High level Gentamicin, 2 (6.25%) were resistant to High level Streptomycin while 12 (37.50%) of isolates were resistant to both of the antimicrobial drugs. Among the 16 Staphylococcus species, 8 (50%) were MRSA.
KEYWORDS- MRSA, Antimicrobial resistance, UTI, ESBL, Gram-negative bacteria
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most versatile nosocomial (i.e.
acquired in hospital) and dangerous human pathogen. In spite of the
introduction of antimicrobial agents and improvements in the
frequency and morbidity of staphylococcal diseases in the twentieth
century, staphylococci have persisted as an important hospital and
community pathogen. Thereafter, methicillin-resistant S. aureus
emerged as a major pathogen worldwide. A total of 38 positive clinical
isolates from various clinical samples received from different hospitals
of Dehradun included from March 2014 to August 2014. 38 samples
had bacterial growth, among these isolates 17(44.7%) were
Staphylococcus aureus. The present study was designed to investigate
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and the role of biofilm in isolates of various clinical
samples (Urine, Blood, Semen and Pus), by examining the ability of isolates to form biofilm
and produce signaling molecules and by developing a wound model, to relate laboratory
findings with in vivo activity by exploring the possibility of detecting biofilm markers in
dressings removed from chronic infections. The presence of biofilm was confirmed by
specialized microscopy techniques or by detecting biofilm markers. Various antibiotics had a
greater effect on viability when used at higher antibiotic concentrations (≥100 mg/L) and on
younger (6h) biofilms. The antibiotics used for antibiotic susceptibility testing were
Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, and Ciprofloxacin.
This document summarizes a study examining the characteristics of pathogens in pediatric patients using clean intermittent catheterization. The study recruited 50 patients using either conventional or LoFric brand catheters and collected urine samples to analyze bacterial species and antibiotic resistance. Preliminary results found Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis to be the most common pathogens. E. coli often demonstrated resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Patients performing overnight catheterization were more likely to carry potential pathogens. The study aims to determine if LoFric catheters may reduce urinary tract infections in this population compared to conventional catheters.
This study analyzed urine samples collected from 2011-2013 at a hospital in Silchar, India to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). The main findings were:
1) Escherichia coli was the most common cause of UTIs, identified in 38.54% of samples. Resistance to oral antibiotics like fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins was high for E. coli isolates.
2) Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was observed in 28.74% of E. coli and 40.74% of Klebsiella isolates.
3) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (
This research article examines the ability of 5 nitric oxide donor compounds to disperse biofilms formed by Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on surfaces. The study found that all 5 nitric oxide donors were able to significantly disperse both pathogen biofilms, ranging from 35-80% dispersal. However, the degree of dispersal and optimal conditions varied between compounds and bacterial strains. In particular, molsidomine was effective at dispersing up to 50% of pre-formed Salmonella biofilm even at 4°C, suggesting potential use under refrigerated conditions. The study also identified a Salmonella genomic region that appears to be involved in the bacteria's response to nitric oxide signaling.
Nuhu et al_Poster NAPA2016 correction and observationNuhu Tanko
The study determined the prevalence and genetic profiles of ESBL-producing uropathogens among members of the Enterobacteriaceae family at Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. A total of 64 Gram-negative uropathogens were isolated from 365 urine samples, with E. coli and Salmonella arizonae being most prevalent. The isolates showed high resistance to cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. 64.1% of isolates were multidrug resistant. ESBL production was detected in 23.4% of isolates. PCR analysis showed 73.3% of ESBL producers contained the blaCTX-M gene and 26.7
This document reviews several studies on the microbiological quality of meat and meat products sold in Tripoli, Libya from 2005-2009. The following key points are made:
- Beef burger samples were highly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria like E. coli (74.5%), E. coli O157:H7 (27.1%), S. aureus (28.8%) and Aeromonas (18.6%).
- Fresh sausage samples were contaminated with E.coli O157:H7 (39.3%) and salmonella (2.1%).
- Chicken burger samples had E. coli (10.9%) and E. coli O157:H7 (4.68%).
-
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...Scientific Review
Multi drug-resistant (MDR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are on rise and are becoming a challenge for timely and appropriate treatment. The present study was carried out with an objective to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples and determine their sensitivity. Out of 110 samples collected, 44 were shown to contained S. aureus. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using 10 different and commonly used antibiotics by modified Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion technique. Out of the total isolates (42) tested, only 7.1% were susceptible to all the antibiotics. Multiple resistance was eminent in over 92% with highest occurrence in 4.8% where the entire antibiotics were resisted. Multiple antibiotic resistance indixes (MAR index) indicated that 0.6 index occurred most (23.8%) followed by 0.5 (19.0%). On the other hand, 0.1 and 0.8 indexes were the lowest with 0.0% and 1.0% occurrence respectively. Ciprofloxacin was resisted by most of the organisms (64.3%) while amoxicillin (64.3%) and streptomycin (61.9%) were most efficacious. With over 90% isolate having MAR index ≥ 0.2, the multiple drug resistance by the S. aureus is quite alarming and might suggest inappropriate antibiotic usage by the sampled population. Therefore, the need to strategize the nature of antibiotic treatment against S. aureus and massive campaign on indiscriminate antibiotic use is urgent.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
Doctors Data Inc A Revolution in the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal MicrofloraBonnieReynolds4
Recent research regarding the gastrointestinal microbiome has irrefutably confirmed the fact that the
microbial inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, and their astonishing scope of metabolic activities,
are at the very core of health and numerous disease processes. It is also clear that clinical microbiology
testing should be optimized to address the relative abundance of all bacterial species present in a stool
specimen.
A study of antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases produci...Premier Publishers
This study investigated antibiotic resistance of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated at the University Hospital of Befelatanana in Madagascar. The study found 73 ESBL producing isolates over 6 months, representing 6.3% of total bacteria cultured. The most common ESBL species were Klebsiella spp (34.2%), E. coli (32.9%), and Enterobacter spp (30.1%). All isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and 3rd generation cephalosporins. Resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 0% to over 75%. Patients under
SALMONELLA ARIZOANE: AN UNCOMMON UROPATHOGEN?Nuhu Tanko
Salmonella arizonae is usually an uncommon uropathogen from many studies. But from this study, it was the second most prevalent uropathogen after E.coli.
This study retrospectively analyzed 314 Gram-positive bacterial isolates from patients diagnosed with chronic bacterial prostatitis between 2008-2018. A variety of Gram-positive bacteria were found, with coagulase-negative staphylococci being the most common pathogen isolated in 188 monomicrobial and 126 polymicrobial cases. Treatment resulted in bacterial eradication in 213 cases, though only 135 patients were clinically cured, while 78 showed bacterial elimination but no clinical improvement. Persistent bacterial infection occurred in 70 cases. The study suggests that Gram-positive pathogens can cause prostatic infection, and multidrug resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci and enterococci may pose future public health challenges.
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Semen of Male Patients with Infertility Attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria by Muhammad Ali in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000519.php
Corynebacterium species are commonly found on human skin and are known biofilm producers. While often considered normal flora, they have been linked to various infections. This study analyzed 140 cultures from ear drainage of 77 patients. Corynebacterium species were the second most frequently isolated pathogen after Staphylococcus. They were found alone in 6 patients and co-isolated with other pathogens in 24 additional patients. Infections with Corynebacterium were associated with chronic granular myringitis and hearing aid use. Most isolates showed resistance to topical fluoroquinolones. The results suggest Corynebacterium can be pathogenic in ear infections and contribute to treatment failure due to antibiotic
Efficacy of plant extracts against multi drug resistant escherichia coli from...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the efficacy of plant extracts against multidrug resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) that causes urinary tract infections (UTIs). Urine samples were collected from 40 pregnant women, 20 of which showed significant bacteriuria. Isolated E. coli strains were highly resistant to several antibiotics. Plant extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against these resistant E. coli strains. Results showed the potential of plant extracts as alternative treatments for UTIs caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.
Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen isolated (70.52%) from the urine cultures of 538 patients with urinary tract infections in Surat, India. Antibiotics like ampicillin showed high resistance rates of over 90% among isolated gram-negative pathogens. However, gram-negative pathogens demonstrated the highest sensitivity to amikacin, netromycin, piperacillin/tazobactum and cefoperazone/sulbactum with resistance rates below 5%. The study highlights the increasing antimicrobial resistance seen with commonly used antibiotics and identifies alternative antibiotic options for empirical therapy of urinary tract infections in the region.
Asymptomatic urinary tract infection amongst some Students of Michael Okpara ...Premier Publishers
This work was carried out to determine Asymptomatic Urinary Tract Infection amongst some students of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike and the sensitivity pattern of the isolates from urine. Using aseptic technique, midstream urine were collected from sixty (60) students, urinalysis was carried out on the urine samples and was then cultured on CLED and MacConkey agar using pour plate method. Growth was observed in 26 (87%) of the sample while there was no growth in 4 (13%) of the sample. Out of the 26 (87%) samples with growth, 14 (47%) had significant bacteria growth while 12 (40%) had no significant growth. Incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was higher in females 8 (57%) than males 6 (38%). The organisms isolated were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All the Gram positive isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin and all resistance to Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cloxacillin. The Gram negative isolates were mostly sensitive to Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin and Ofloxacin. Therefore, these drugs could be considered as the first line of drug for the treatment of asymptomatic urinary tract infection.
The document summarizes a study on asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) among antenatal women in India. The study found:
1) The prevalence of ABU was 11.5%, with Escherichia coli being the most common organism isolated.
2) Lower socioeconomic status and education level were significant risk factors for ABU.
3) Nitrofurantoin showed the highest effectiveness against bacterial isolates, with a resistance rate of only 3%.
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...Scientific Review SR
This study investigated the multidrug resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were collected from hospitals and tested for S. aureus, which was isolated from 38.8% of samples, primarily from wound swabs. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found high resistance to ciprofloxacin (64.3%), ampicillin (59.5%), and chloramphenicol (54.8%). Multiple antibiotic resistance was observed in over 92% of isolates. The multiple antibiotic resistance index was highest at 0.6 (23.8%) and 0.5 (19.0%), indicating resistance to multiple drugs. The results demonstrate high multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates from the
The document summarizes a study on antimicrobial resistance patterns of organisms isolated from urine cultures in the Surat region of India. The study found that Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated pathogen, responsible for 70.52% of urinary tract infections. Gram-negative pathogens showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics like ampicillin but were highly sensitive to amikacin, netromycin, piperacillin/tazobactum and cefoperazone/sulbactum. The prevalence of urinary tract infections was significantly higher in women than men.
Bacteriuria in Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Benghazi Acomparative StudyIOSRJPBS
Background: Bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. However, its prevalence is not well known in our community. Objectives: Determine the prevalence and predictors of bacteriuria in women of the Benghazi, Libya as well as the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Methods: Across-sectional study was carried out amongst pregnant and non pregnant women attending many poly clinics in Benghazi. We recruited 120 consenting women (60 pregnant and 60 non pregnant) for the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected using structured questionnaire. Clean catch midstream urine was collected from each participant. Samples were examined biochemically, microscopically and by culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as the presence of 105 bacteria per ml of cultured urine. Identification and susceptibility of isolates was performed using API (BioMerieux, France Company) . Results: Significant bacteriuria was found in the urine of 13.3 % (16) of all women with prevalence of 16.7% in pregnant women. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was detected in 8.3 % (10). The most frequent isolates were Staphylococcus aureus(31.2%),Escherichia coli (25%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (18.9%), and were sensitive to gentamycin (GN) 87.5%, azithromycin (AZM)75%, and the less effective antibiotics were cephalexine (CL) and ampicillin(AMP) Conclusion: Bacteriuria is frequent in women particularly pregnant women suggesting the need for routine screening by urine culture,which would allow early treatment to avoid the complications. In addition, urinary tract infections appears to be multifactorial.
The prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) among Escherichia...Open Access Research Paper
The prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases among 246 clinical isolates from Abia State University teaching Hospital patients was investigated. The isolates were made up of 134 Escherichia coli and 112 Klebsiella species. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the disc diffusion method. ESBL phenotypes were determined by the double disc synergy method using ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and co-amoxiclav. Out of the 246 isolates, 125 (50.8%) were ESBL producers, made up of 62(50.8%) E. coli and 63 (50.4%) Klebsiella isolates. Seventeen (54.8%) of the ESBL producing E. coli isolates were from in-patients while 45 (47.9%) were from out-patients. For the ESBL positive Klebsiella spp., 14 (45.2%) and 49 (52.1%) were from in-patients and out-patients respectively. ESBL producing isolates were also found to be more prevalent among the female patients (72.8%) than among the male patients (27.2%). The isolates also expressed high rates of resistance to other classes of antibiotics tested. However, Amikacin was found to have excellent performance against the urinary isolates tested and therefore is recommended for the treatment of infections caused by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. This study shows high prevalence of ESBL producing E. coli and Klebsiella isolates clinical samples of patients attending the Abia State University Teaching Hospital Aba, Abia State Nigeria.
This study analyzed blood cultures from neonatal intensive care unit patients from 1997 to 2001 in Tripoli Medical Center, Libya. A total of 1431 blood culture sets from 1092 patients were positive for bacterial growth in 801 sets, representing 648 cases of neonatal bacteraemia. The most common causative agents were members of the Enterobacteriaceae family including Serratia, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter species as well as coagulase-negative and positive Staphylococci. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found high levels of resistance among the most frequent pathogens, though resistance to newer antibiotics like aztreonam and imipenem was less common. Resistance in Staphylococcus to anti-stap
This study examined the incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria in 86 pregnant women and 56 non-pregnant women in Iran. Bacteriological and microscopic urine analysis found that 29.1% of pregnant women had asymptomatic bacteriuria compared to 5.4% of non-pregnant women, and 20.9% of pregnant women had pyuria compared to 5.4% of non-pregnant women. The most common bacteria found in pregnant women was Staphylococcus epidermidis (36%). The study concludes that the incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is significantly higher in pregnant women, especially in the first trimester, compared to non-pregnant women. Urine culture is necessary for screening
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus, and their nasa...Open Access Research Paper
The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus carriage among healthy food handlers at the students’ cafeteria at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri Nigeria was investigated. Nasal and throat swab samples were obtained from 54 food handlers, and analysed using standard microbiological methods. A total of 28 (51.9%) food handlers were positive for S. aureus. Twenty one of the food handlers (38.9%) harbor S. aureus in their nostrils, 11 (20.4%) in their throat, while 6(11.1%) harbor it in both their nostrils and throats. The exclusive colonization of the throat (20.4%) of the studied food handlers, demonstrated the importance of the throat as a site of colonization for S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates shows that all the isolated S. aureus were susceptible to nitrofurantoin and cefuroxime, but resistant to penicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimazole. The isolates were also 25%, 28.6% and 35.7% susceptible to ampicillin, amoxycillin and erythromycin, respectively. This study has further shown the need for routine regular screening of food handlers for both nasal and throat carriage of S. aureus so as to detect early and treat carriers in order to protect the general public from staphylococcal food poisoning. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolated from the healthy food handlers is of great public health concern, as it shows a growing problem of antimicrobial resistance in the community. This study thus, recommends an urgent formulation of a national policy on antibiotics by the Nigerian government for regulation and management of antibiotics use.
This document summarizes a study on multidrug resistant organisms and their antibiotic resistance patterns among intensive care unit patients in Surat City, India. The study found that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species were the most common causes of healthcare-associated infections. It also found high resistance of these organisms to cephalosporins but that amikacin and imipenem were the most effective antibiotics. Regular monitoring of resistance patterns was deemed important for guiding empirical treatment of infections in ICU patients.
Study of Bacterial Isolates and their Susceptibility Pattern in Chronic Suppu...iosrjce
This study examined bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in 120 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) in Iraq. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most commonly isolated bacteria (37.5%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.83%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.67%). Ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime were the most effective antibiotics, with high resistance to trimethoprim, carbenicillin, lincomycin and erythromycin. Understanding local bacterial causes and antibiotic susceptibility is important for guiding treatment of CSOM.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms in a tertiary care hospital, ...Apollo Hospitals
Antimicrobial resistance to microorganisms is a growing public health concern globally, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to study the incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organisms with their antibiotic sensitivity pattern.
IBacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections and Their Antimicrobial...Dr. Aisha M Elbareg
This document summarizes a study on urinary tract infections conducted in Libya. Urine samples were collected from 250 patients and cultured to isolate bacterial pathogens. Only 25.2% of samples showed significant bacterial growth. The most common isolates were gram-negative bacilli like E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. E. coli was the predominant pathogen. Antibiotic susceptibility testing found that isolates were generally sensitive to aminoglycosides like amikacin and gentamicin but less sensitive to cephalosporins and highly resistant to ampicillin. The study concludes that gram-negative bacteria are the main urinary pathogens and regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility is needed to guide effective
ABSTRACT- Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) is a major threat to human health. It is caused due to various physiological changes of the urinary tract by the activity of microorganisms. Urinary Tract infections has also been a major type of hospital acquired infection. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) are of various types: Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Blood Stream Infection (BSI), and Surgical Site Infection (SSI) and the most common are Urinary Tract (39%) and Respiratory Tract (20-22%) infection. The main aim of this study was to assess various urine samples collected from patients of the ICU of a tertiary care hospital for microbial growth and create a statistical picture on the contribution of UTI to nosocomial infections. Certain governing factors for UTI like presence of pus cells, epithelial cells, and diabetes mellitus were also kept under consideration along with various patient details like age, sex, primary illness and prior antibiotic treatment. The key findings of the study were: the
mean age of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic UTI was 51 years and people from both genders within the age group of 41-60 were equally susceptible. E. coli was the most common causative organism (35.7%) followed by Citrobacter (21.42%) and Klebsiella (14.28%). Other organisms included Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Candida. The rate of UTI was 56.22/1000 days of catheterization. Most of the organisms isolated were found to be multi drug resistant. UTI has been hence concluded to play a major contribution in nosocomial infections which needs to be controlled by integrating proper monitoring of hospital data and surveillance of hospital acquired urinary tract infection.
Key-words- ICU, Urinary Tract Infection, Center for Disease Control, Multi drug resistant, antibiotics, Microorganism
This document summarizes a study on Acinetobacter species isolated from clinical samples at a tertiary care hospital in Odisha, India. The study found that of 8,749 clinical samples tested, 137 (3%) yielded Acinetobacter species. Most isolates were from pus/swab samples (56.9%) and blood (13.1%). Risk factors for infection included older age, hospitalization, longer stays, comorbidities, and invasive procedures. Many isolates were multidrug-resistant (54.7%) or pan-drug resistant (5.8%), showing high resistance to many antibiotics. However, isolates remained sensitive to imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobact
Similar to Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates from the Urinary and Genital Tracts of Antenatal Patients (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
This document discusses the implementation of quality management principles at Zimbabwe Open University's Matabeleland North Regional Centre. It begins with background information on ZOU and the importance of quality management in open and distance learning institutions. The study aimed to determine if quality management and its principles were being implemented at the regional centre. Key findings included that the centre prioritized customer focus and staff involvement. Decisions were made based on data analysis. The regional centre implemented a quality system informed by its policy documents. The document recommends ensuring staffing levels match needs and providing sufficient resources to the regional centre.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates from the Urinary and Genital Tracts of Antenatal Patients
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan -Feb. 2015), PP 15-19
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10131519 www.iosrjournals.org 15 | Page
Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of
Bacterial Isolates from the Urinary and Genital Tracts of
Antenatal Patients
Sylvia. O. Anyadoh-Nwadike 1
, Sylvester. I. Okorondu2
, Ifeanyi .O.C.
Obiajuru3
, Peter O. Nwadike4
, F.O Nwaokorie5
and John .O. Akerele 6
1
Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State Nigeria
2
Department of Microbiology, School of Science, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State Nigeria
3
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Imo State University, Owerri
4
KNCV Nigeria, Central Area, Abuja, FCT Nigeria
5
Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Nigeria Institute for Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
6
Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Edo State Nigeria
Abstract: The study compared the prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial isolates from the urinary and
genital tracts of pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in Imo State. Urine and High vaginal swab (HVS)
samples were collected from across the three geopolitical zones of Imo State (Owerri, Orlu and Okigwe).
Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri, Imo State University Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH) Orlu and General
Hospital Okigwe (GHO) were used as focal points. A total of 1197 samples were obtained from women and
used. Infection was significantly more with the urine samples than the HVS samples (P < 0.05) while
polymicrobial growth was more observed with the HVS samples. Escherichia coli was the predominantly
isolated organism (38.3%) from the urine samples while Staphylococcus aureus (29.1%) was the predominant
bacterial isolates in HVS. Other commonly isolated bacterial species include; Enterococcus faecalis and
Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Bacteriodes were solely isolated
from urine while Lactobacillus was solely isolated from HVS. Overall antibiogram showed ciprofloxacin to be
the most effective antibiotic followed by nalidixic acid and pefloxac in for both specimens. Generally, multi-
drug resistance was more in urine isolates (55.7%) than vaginal isolates (53.6%) with many showing the same
resistance patterns. The rate of multi/drug resistance in both samples is high (>50%) and worrisome. These call
for routine HVS as well as urine culture to be carried out on all antenatal women to ensure holistic antenatal
care/management.
Keywords: Prevalence, Antibiogram, Urinary tract, Genital tract, Pregnant Women.
I. Introduction
Ante-natal patients are pregnant women who attend the clinic to ascertain their good health and those
of their fetuses from time to time. They may not necessarily be presenting any ailment (Anyadoh et al., 2010).
However, urogenital tract infections (mostly bacteriuria, vaginitis, cystitis and pyelonephritis) are frequently
encountered medical complications of pregnancy (Onuh et al., 2006). Although the majority of infections in
pregnancy maybe asymptomatic, studies have revealed that they pose high risk of low birth weight, preterm
labour, hypertension, maternal anemia, thrombosis, still birth and abortion (Zinner, 1992; Akerele and
Okonofua, 2002; Onuh et al., 2006). Serious infections such as pyelonephritis could cause significant maternal
and fetal morbidity and mortality (Lucas and Cunningham, 1994; Akerele et al., 2001).
The structure and function of the urinary tract undergo a lot of changes during pregnancy. Blood-
volume expansion is accompanied by increase in glomerular filtration rate and urinary output (Gilstrap and
Ramin, 2001). These, predispose to microbial infection. The vagina of the pregnant women is richly provided
with glycogen and moisture (Homeier, 2004) which favour Candidal and bacterial growth. The microbes present
may not be pathogenic except in situations where their numbers outgrow competing microorganisms or where
there is an abrasion. Frequent hospital visitations (antenatal visits) may also expose the pregnant women to
contact with microorganisms especially those associated with nosocomial infections.
Antibiotic resistant microbes pose serious threats to both mother and foetus as treatment becomes more
difficult with safe antibiotics. The development of anti-microbial resistance in many bacterial species constitutes
one of the most serious problems in the control of infectious disease (Neu, 1992; Osuala et al., 2005; Todar,
2009). Antibiotic resistance in bacteria may be an inherent trait of an organism or it may be acquired by means
of mutation in its own DNA or acquisition of resistance-conferring DNA from another source (Russel, 1994;
Todar, 2009). Constant exposure of clinical bacterial isolates to hospital environment results to acquisition of
resistance to numerous antibiotics by various mechanisms (Anyadoh et al., 2010).
2. Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates from the…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10131519 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
Much emphasis have been laid on urinary tract infections recently with quite little attention being
given to genital tract infections especially during pregnancy, this work therefore sought to compare prevalence
and antibiogram of bacterial isolates between the urinary and genital tracts of pregnant women with a view to
proposing a holistic antenatal care.
II. Materials And Methods
Study location: This study was carried out in Imo State Nigeria. Antenatal clinics of Government owned
hospitals located in the three zones of the State were used as focal points. The Hospitals include: Federal
Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri, Imo State Teaching Hospital (IMSUTH) Orlu and General Hospital (GH)
Okigwe.
Study subjects: Pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in the focal points were recruited for the study
following ethical permission from the Ethics committees of the respective hospitals and signing of informed
consent forms by the subjects. In all, 625 pregnant women were recruited and used as study subjects.
Specimen collection and preparation: Urine and high vaginal swab (HVS) specimens were collected from the
women. Mid-stream urine specimens were then collected by the subjects into wide capped sterile specimen
containers while HVS were collected by Obstetricians using cuscos’ specula. The specimens were carried to the
laboratories of the respective hospitals within 25 mins of collection for microbiological analysis.
Isolation and characterization of microbes: Isolation of microorganisms was done using standard materials
and microbiological cultural methods; Streaking on solid agar media (Nutrient, blood and Chocolate) as
described by Cheesbrough (2000). This was done aseptically and in duplicates. Incubation was done for 24 hrs
at 37o
C. Isolates were characterized/identified using Gram Staining and other standard biochemical methods as
described by Cheesbrough (2000).
Antibiotic susceptibility/sensitivity testing: Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) medium and commercial multidisc
sensitivity discs were used for the susceptibility test following the method described by [5]. The multidisc
contained the following antibiotics; augmentin® (AUG) 30 μg, ceftriazone (CRO) 30 µg, nitrofurantoin (NIT)
200 μg, gentamicin (GEN) 10 μg, cotrimoxazole (COT) 25 μg, ofloxacin (OFL) 5 μg, amoxicillin (AMX) 25 μg,
ciprofloxacin (CPX) 10 μg, tetracycline (TET) 30 μg and pefloxacin (PFL) 5 μg. Single discs containing
nalidixic acid (NAL) 30 µg were also added alongside the multidisc.
Zones of inhibition were used to extrapolate the level of susceptibility of the isolates to the test antibiotics.
Result presentation and analysis: Results are presented using Charts, tables and analyzed using chi square (χ2
)
statistical test, percentages and averages.
III. Results
A total of 619 urine samples and 578 HVS respectively were collected from the subjects out of which,
296 and 232 respectively had microbial growth giving a prevalence rate of 47.8% and 40.1% respectively. Out
of the positive cultures, a total of 241(81.4%) and 182(78.4%) yielded single microbial isolates while 55(18.6%)
and 50(21.6%) yielded polymicrobial growth for urine and HVS respectively. Table 1 shows prevalence of
individual microbial species isolated from both specimens while Tables 2 and 3 show the antibiogram of
bacterial isolates from Urine and HVS respectively. Tables 4 and 5 show the prevalence of multi-drug resistant
isolates from both specimens respectively.
Table 1: Prevalence of various isolates from Urine and HVS of pregnant women in Imo State
Organism URINE HVS TOTAL
Freq. of
occurrence
%age
prevalence
Freq. of
occurrence
%age
prevalence
Freq. of
occurrence
%age
prevalence
E. coli 132 38.3 50 16.7 182 28.3
S. aureus 121 35.1 87 29.1 208 32.3
Kl. pneumoniae 11 3.2 - - 11 1.7
Ent. faecalis 15 4.4 14 4.7 29 3.7
S. epidermidis 27 7.8 27 9.0 54 8.4
Bacteroides 05 1.4 - - 05 0.8
P. mirabilis 05 1.4 - - 05 0.8
Lactobacillus species - - 03 1.0 03 0.5
C. albicans 29 8.4 118 39.5 147 22.8
Total 345 100 299 100 644 100
3. Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates from the…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10131519 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
Table 2: Antibiogram of bacteria isolates from urine of pregnant women in Imo State.
Table 3: Antibiogram of bacterial isolates from HVS of pregnant women in Imo State
Table 4: Prevalence of MDR Bacteria Isolates in Urine Samples of Pregnant Women in Imo State
Table 5: Prevalence of MDR Bacteria Isolates in HVS Samples of Pregnant Women in Imo state
For this study multidrug resistance (MDR) is described as the capacity of an isolate to be resistant to at
least three groups of the antibiotics tested at their in-use concentrations. There were more MDR isolates from
urine samples (55.4%) than from HVS (53.4%). This difference proved to be statistically significant (at 1df; P <
0.05).
IV. Discussion And Conclusion
From the prevalence results, microbial infections were significantly higher in Urine samples than in
HVS (χ2
= 7.162; P < 0.05) and could be related to the site of collection. However, mixed (polymicrobial)
growth was more in the cases of HVS than within urine samples. Many of the polymicrobial growths of the
4. Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates from the…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10131519 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
HVS samples were found to be a mixture of Candida albicans (C.albicans) with other microorganisms hence the
very high prevalence of Candida albicans (39.5 %) in HVS samples. This corroborates reports that the female
genital tract has diverse microenvironments optimal for growth of different types of aerobic and anaerobic
bacteria as well as C. albicans (Uneke and Alo, 2007). The implication of the occurrence of polybacterial
cultures in this study is that bacterial synergism and antibiotic resistance make the selection of an optimal
antibiotic regimen difficult (Melvin, 1990), especially in the developing countries including Nigeria, where
inadequate health services, inadequate drug supplies, non-adherence to treatment strategies and dubious drug
quality all favour the emergence of microbial resistance.
The overall prevalence of 47.8% for Urine and 40.1% for HVS reported in this study is high though
similar to 48.0% reported by Nworie and Eze (2009) and 45.3% reported by Imade and Eghafona (2010) with
urine samples. The HVS prevalence is similar to the 42.9% reported among HVS of Nigerian women in
Abakaliki by Uneke and Alo (2007). The prevalence however, does not agree with Onyemelukwe et al., (2003)
who reported a prevalence of 12.7%. This difference may be due to the inclusion of both symptomatic and
asymptomatic pregnant women in this study or as a result of differences in geographical location or
socioeconomic status of the pregnant women.
In the entire state, for Urine samples, E. coli was the most prevalent organism followed closely by
Staphylococcus aureus while for HVS samples, Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent bacterial isolate
followed closely by E. coli. (Table 1) corroborating Akerele and Okonofua (2002). Other organisms isolated
have been described as less common causes of genitourinary tract infections (Cheesbrough, 2000;
Onyemelukwe et al., 2003).
The overall antimicrobial susceptibility pattern showed ciprofloxacin to be the most effective antibiotic
showing 88.6% and 87.8% efficacy against the isolates from Urine and HVS samples respectively in the state
(Tables 2 and 3). This was followed by nalidixic acid (88.3% and 86.2% respectively) and pefloxacin (79.4%
and 81.8% respectively). Ofloxacin also showed high antibiotic activity eliciting 72.8% and 76.8% efficacy
against the isolates from the respective samples. There was no significant difference in the susceptibility
patterns showed by these antibiotics for both specimens. These antibiotics will therefore be highly efficacious in
combating infections caused by the isolated bacteria from both specimens.
The susceptibility rate of the isolates to the fluoroquinolones used in this is remarkable and somewhat
consistent between the specimens (Tables 2 and 3). This could be because the fluoroquinolones are newer drugs
with mode of action central on inhibition of the DNA replication which stops the multiplication of the bacteria
cells (Knobler, 2003; Kaplowitz, 2005). The flouroquinolones are also relatively expensive therefore they are
more likely less available for abuse. They may though have some safety issues in pregnancy such as
spontaneous abortion hence are only recommended for life threatening infections in pregnancy.
Nitrofurantoin, augmentin®, ceftriazone and gentamicin were moderately effective against the isolates
with susceptibility of isolates slightly above 50%. While there was no significant difference between
susceptibility of isolates from Urine and HVS respectively to augmentin® and ceftriazone, nitrofurantoin
showed significantly higher activity against Urinary isolates than vaginal isolates. This may have some medical
implication in that while nitrofurantoin may be efficacious in treating urinary tract infections (UTIs) it may not
be quite efficacious in vaginal infections. In contrast gentamicin showed significant higher activity (50.3%)
against vaginal isolates as that against urinary isolates (40.8%) hence may be more indicated in treatment of
vaginal infection than UTIs. Generally, amoxicillin and tetracycline showed very low efficacy (< 40%) hence
should not be indicated in treatment of infections by isolates from both specimens. The high resistance ≥ 50.0%
to gentamicin is worrisome as it mostly forms the firstline treatment (being the most common prescription) for
most people with symptoms of staphylococcal infection and has been reported to be used to treat many types of
bacterial infections, particularly those caused by Staphylococcus species and Gram-negative organisms (Moulds
and Jeyasingham, 2010). It is also found to be safe in pregnancy. High resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline
has been documented (Anyadoh et al., 2010; Nworie and Eze, 2010
Our observation here appears to be related to inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents which leads to
selective pressure. This can possibly be explained by the fact that the urine isolates were exposed to consistently
higher urine concentrations of the antimicrobial agents, compared with the systemic lower concentrations to
which the HVS isolates were exposed. Furthermore the urine isolates showed more multidrug resistance
compared with the HVS isolates (55.7% and 53.4% respectively). This may possibly be related to location of
specimen. This difference was though not statistically significant as P>0.05 (χ2
=0.149; df =1).
There was no specific pattern of resistance in both specimens across the State. However, S.aureus from
both specimen interestingly showed the highest multidrug resistance of 60.3% and 60.9% (mean= 60.6%),
followed very closely by Proteus mirabilis showing 60% multidrug resistance and E. coli (56.4%). The high
resistance of Proteus mirabilis is not surprising because the bacterium is a documented recalcitrant organism; its
high resistance has also been reported by Akerele et al., (2001). The resistance of S. aureus is particularly
interesting because it is a common bacterium found within the hospital environment as well as the community
5. Comparative Study of the Prevalence and Antibiogram of Bacterial Isolates from the…
DOI: 10.9790/3008-10131519 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
(Prescott et al., 2005) and has been reported to be quite susceptible to known common antibiotics (Akerele et al.,
2001).. The prevalence of multidrug resistant S. aureus in this study depicts a resistance profile of >50% to
almost half of the antibiotics tested, some of which form the first line treatment for most patients in cases of self
medication. The resistance pattern is however in conformity with previous observations that most isolates of S.
aureus are resistant to a large number of commonly prescribed antibiotics (Olukoya et al., 1995). E.coli, Kl.
pneumoniae and Ent. faecalis also showed a resistance pattern >50%. This contrasts the report of 75% and 74%
sensitivities of E. coli and Klebsiella to antibiotics by Akerele et al., (2001). These clinical isolates are
constantly exposed to the hospital environment where they acquire resistance to numerous antibiotics by various
mechanisms.
Generally, the level of multi-drug resistance shown by these isolates from these mostly asymptomatic
pregnant women is of great concern. The rate at which most antibiotics are losing the battle against resistant
organisms should be of immense concern to the health professionals and calls for effective measures to promote
rational use of antibiotics and thereby prolong ‘life expectancy’ (Onanuga et al., 2005).
Though a high percentage (78.08%) of the women was made up of asymptomatic from questionnaire
analysis, it is worthy of note that asymptomatic infections predisposes to symptomatic infections. Hence, these
infections if not identified early and properly treated may become symptomatic leading to infant mortality /
morbidity (Nicolle et al., 2005).
From the discussions, it is obvious that though there are similarities in the prevalence and antibiogram
of microbial isolates from urine and HVS samples, the differences observed may have some public health
import. These therefore call for frequent and consistent evaluation of the prevalence, aetiologic agents and
predisposing factors of genitourinary tract infections during pregnancy in Nigeria and other developing
countries. Routine HVS as well as urine culture should be carried out on all antenatal women to ensure holistic
antenatal care/management. This will enhance reduction of the devastating effects of microbial infections in
pregnancy on both maternal and foetal health.
References
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