Introduction to types of Fungal Infections
Classification of Anti Fungal Agents
Chemistry of anti fungal agents
Azole Anti Fungal Agents
Mechanism of Action (MOA)
Structural Activity Relationship (SAR)
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
synthetic antimicrobials having a quinolone structure that are active primarily against gram-negative bacteria, though newer fluorinated compounds also inhibit gram-positive ones.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about Anti-viral drugs drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Dear students, you can watch the Complete chapter of antibiotics in these videos as per PCI syllabus
1)Antibiotics-History & Introduction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdKch...
2)Easy Learning Of Chapter - β-Lactam antibiotics-Cephalosporin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7b5g...
3)Learn Complete Topic -β-Lactam antibiotics(Penicillin) in Medicinal Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXQ3S...
Local Drug Delivery Modalities in Treatment of Periodontitis: A ReviewDr. Anuj S Parihar
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes destruction of
tooth supporting tissues, characterized by multifactorial etiology
with pathogenic bacteria being the primary etiologic agents that
dwells the subgingival area. Local drug delivery system consists of
antimicrobial dosages that produces more constant and prolonged
concentration profiles within the subgingival tissue and provides
better access into the periodontal pockets. It addresses the critical
distress of exposing the patient to adverse effects of systemic
administration. This article reviews the literature and presents
novel trends such as osteoblast activators, growth factors, and
herbal products in the local drug delivery system.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about Anti-viral drugs drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Dear students, you can watch the Complete chapter of antibiotics in these videos as per PCI syllabus
1)Antibiotics-History & Introduction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdKch...
2)Easy Learning Of Chapter - β-Lactam antibiotics-Cephalosporin
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7b5g...
3)Learn Complete Topic -β-Lactam antibiotics(Penicillin) in Medicinal Chemistry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXQ3S...
Local Drug Delivery Modalities in Treatment of Periodontitis: A ReviewDr. Anuj S Parihar
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes destruction of
tooth supporting tissues, characterized by multifactorial etiology
with pathogenic bacteria being the primary etiologic agents that
dwells the subgingival area. Local drug delivery system consists of
antimicrobial dosages that produces more constant and prolonged
concentration profiles within the subgingival tissue and provides
better access into the periodontal pockets. It addresses the critical
distress of exposing the patient to adverse effects of systemic
administration. This article reviews the literature and presents
novel trends such as osteoblast activators, growth factors, and
herbal products in the local drug delivery system.
Curcumin—A Natural Medicament for Root Canal Disinfection: Effects of Irrigat...Dr ATHUL CHANDRA.M
Curcumin—A Natural Medicament for Root Canal Disinfection: Effects of Irrigation, Drug Release, and Photoactivation
Julian M. Sotomil, DMD, MSD,*Eliseu A. M€nchow, DDS, MSc,PhD,†DivyaPankajakshan,PhD,‡Kenneth J. Spolnik, DDS,MSD,§Jessica A.Ferreira, DDS,MSc, PhD,kRichard L. Gregory,PhD,‡and Marco C. Bottino,DDS, MSc, PhDk
JOE � Volume -2, Number -, - 2019
DR.Athul Chandra.M
Iid year postgraduate
Application of Nanotechnology in Natural ProductsMona Ismail
Nanoscience is the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.
The word "Nano" is derived from the Greek word for “Dwarf”. It means a billionth. A nanometer is a billionth of a meter.
Study of Glutathione Peroxidase GPX Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indi...ijtsrd
"Introduction Betel quid BQ chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut Areca catechu , catechu Acacia catechu and slaked lime calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide wrapped in a betel leaf Piper betel .BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as group I human carcinogens . Glutathione peroxidise GPx , one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyze decomposition of ROS. Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral cancer. Methods In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery andE.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital RKMSP , Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV Visible Spectrophotometer SPECORD 50 PLUS at a wavelength of 340nm. Results Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Glutathione peroxidase values are higher in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis. Aniket Adhikari | Madhusnata De ""Study of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21619.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/21619/study-of-glutathione-peroxidase-gpx-activity-among-betel-quid-chewers-of-indian-population/aniket-adhikari"
Local drug delivery is simple to use and may conceivably in the future be delivered by the patients themselves, hence can be used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque removal.
Medicinal Chemistry of Steroidal Harmons
Classification of Steroidal Harmons
Medicinal Uses
Biosynthesis of Steroidal Harmons
Mechanism of action of Steroidal Harmons
Natural and Synthetic derivatives of Steroidal Harmons and their Inhibitors
Prodrug is a pharmacological substance administered in an inactive form.
Once administered, the prodrug is metabolized in vivo into an active drug within the body through metabolic process, such as hydrolysis of an ester form of the drug.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Anti Fungal Agents
Dr. Naga Prashant Koppuravuri, M.Pharm, Ph.D, FAGE.,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
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Dr. Naga Prashant K 2
• Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi
• A fungus is a eukaryote that digests food externally and absorbs nutrients
directly through its cell walls.
• Systemic Mycoses
• Cutaneous Infections (Dermatophytoses)
• Opportunistic Fungal Infections
12. Azole anti fungal agents
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Dr. Naga Prashant K 12
• Azoles—Imidazoles and Triazoles
• Azole antifungal agents are the largest class of antimycotics available today,
with more than 20 drugs on the market
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Dr. Naga Prashant K 17
Azoles inhibit the
oxidative
14-demethylation of
lanosterol blocking
ergosterol synthesis
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Dr. Naga Prashant K 18
MECHANISM OF ACTION
• All the azoles act by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis through
inhibition of the 14a-demethylase, CYP51, discussed earlier under
ergosterol biosynthesis (Site 2).
• The N3 atom is essential for binding to the 14α-demethylase.
• The basic N3 atom of the azole forms a bond with the heme iron of
the CYP450 prosthetic group in the position normally occupied by the
activated oxygen.
• Increased levels of 14α-methyllanosterol, 4,14-dimethylzymosterol,
and 24-metheylene dihydrolanosterol result from this inhibition
weakening the fungal cell membrane leading to a leaky membrane.
20. Topical Agents for Dermatophytoses
• Since these infections tend to be topical, their treatment has been directed to
surface areas of the skin.
• The skin is a formidable barrier to drug penetration, and many of the topical
agents work best if an adjuvant is added that opens the barrier function of
the skin.
• Keratolytic agents such as salicylic acid or other -hydroxy compounds
perform this function reasonably well.
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Griseofulvin
(Grisactin, Gris-PEG, Grifulvin)
Penicillium griseofulvum
Other Antifungal Antibiotics
30. Allylamines and Related Compounds
• The allylamine class of antifungal agents was discovered as a result of
random screening of a chemical inventory for compounds with antifungal
activity.
• Structure–activity studies in the series subsequently led to the discovery of
compounds with enhanced potency and potential oral activity, such as
terbinafine.
• Investigation of the mechanism of action of the allylamines demonstrated
that the compounds interfere with an early step in ergosterol biosynthesis,
namely, the epoxidation of squalene catalyzed by squalene epoxidase.
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