Anthropology Zoo Observations

anthropology zoo observations
Daniela Hunt Dr. Eisentraut Anth101 T/TH October 22,2013
Zoo Assignment
For the primate observation project I went to the Santa Barbara zoo to observe and contrast different
types of primates. I observed one species of an old world monkey, which was a gorilla and two
different species of new world monkeys, which were the Bolivian Grey Titi Monkey and also the
Golden Lion Tamerin.
The first type of primate I observed was a Bolivian Grey Titi Monkey which is a type of new world
monkey species found in areas of eastern Bolivia and also can be found in Brazil. The scientific
term for this species is Callicebus donacophilus. These types of monkeys have medium sized body
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I observed a type of Ape known as the Western Lowland Gorilla. The scientific name for a Gorilla is
the Gorilla gorilla. Gorillas are the largest of all living primates and at native to west central Africa.
Gorillas exhibit sexual dimorphism within their species because males are very obviously much
larger than females. The size of the gorillas came across very intimating and gave me an off
impression of what this specie was actually going to be like. While observing the gorillas I noticed
that these creatures are very slow, lethargic primates. Gorillas move quadrupedally by putting
weight down on their arms and knuckles as they walk. They have hands and opposable thumbs, like
humans, and are able to grasp things with a better grip. When Gorillas need to reach above
themselves such as for leaves or branches they are able to stand on both legs while reaching. While
resting Gorillas sit on their bottoms, legs to the side in a similar position that humans do. When
resting I noticed that sometimes Gorillas like to take advantage of the moment by self grooming,
using their hands. Gorillas usually have an herbivore diet but eat occasional insects. Due to their
large body structure it is harder for them move around quickly so they do not need to eat foods that
contain as much nutrients and proteins as smaller,
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Summary/Analysis: Is Language the Key to Human...
The article Is Language the Key to Human Intelligence? , Written by David Premack a professor of
psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, explains how humans have displayed their
intelligence through language, unlike animals whose language, (any) hasn't evolved at all. Premack
uses examples such as grammar and syntax of the human language and explains the uniqueness and
evolution of language over time. He claims humans have humans have six symbols system: "two
that evolved– the genetic code and spoken language– and four that we invented: written language,
Arabic numerals, music notation, and lab notation (a system for coding choreography)". One word
that he puts emphasis time over time is Recursion ("makes it possible for the words ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, imitation and teaching explain that chimpanzee's may watch their mother doing
actions academically (problem–solving) she never gives her young enough feedback or just a simple
look to reinforce his observation. He concludes by explaining that humans have a preexisting
capacity that allows them to represent what they imagine by combining human elements (language)
while, animals clearly do not.
Analysis
The article is structured in an organized matter he explains his experiment in the first section, giving
background history on the subject (language) and gives a brief explanation on his main points. He
later explains his main points each one separately and in his conclusion explains how all of his
arguments together play a significant role in language. The purpose of this article is to prove that
there are more underlying keys that make human unique beside language and recursion. Also, to
prove that humans have preexisting conditions that allow them to speak and understand language.
However, he also investigates why animals do not evolve any language. He conducts this
experiment by testing on tamarin monkeys and discovers that these monkeys do not recombine
mental elements to learn recursive– and non– recursive language. The logic his analysis is clear and
states the points that play a part in the process of language. For example, voluntary control of
sensory– motor systems this explains the preexisting capacity that humans have, which is

Primates Essay
Primates
Since the beginning of time, man has evolved through primate evolution. Each primate has acquired
different characteristics over a period of millions of years. The ecosystem has experienced an
enormous change in this phase. Most major changes have occurred due to the phenomenon of
continental drift. Other such factors are deforestation, natural calamities and, more recently, global
warming. These changes have caused primates to become less arboreal and more and more
terrestrial. In order to survive the pressures of natural selection, terrestrial life and other factors
primates have developed more upright locomotion, changes in body configuration, increase in size
and loss of hair. Over a period of millions of years, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Coquerel's Sifaka are another example from this era. They originated from the forests of
Northwest Madagascar. They eat mostly leaves, flowers and fruits. They are the second largest
lemurs. Sifakas have long legs, which enable them to jump from tree to tree in an upright position.
Another primate belonging to this era is the Galago. They are bushed babies varying from cat to rat
size. The most striking features of the Galago are its huge eyes, long tail and large hind legs. Brain
size is average and their vision and hearing are well adapted to nocturnal insect hunting. Their limbs
enable them to make rapid leaps from branch to branch. They claim territory with there scent
leaving smelly footprints.
The Crowned Lemur, which is also an example of this era, is found in extreme Madagascar. They
eat fruits, flowers and leaves. They stay mainly in trees and are active during the day and at dusk.
The crowns on their heads are furry head caps. Females have a lighter crown then males do.
The second epoch is Eocene (53 m.y.a.). A group of primates called the tarsiers came into existence
in this era. They came from Southeast Asia in the tropical forests. Tarsiers usually leap onto their
preys from lower branches and shrubs. They classify as prosimians and are related to lemurs and
lorises. The similarities are pertaining to their body size, large ears and grooming claws. They have
very long toes and fingers and their fingertips seem to be composed of a rubbery

Characteristics Of The Amazon Rainforest
Its unique environment and biodiversity
The Amazon River Basin is named as one of the 7 wonders of nature. It covers nearly 2,700,000
square miles. There are eight countries that fall within the border of the Amazon River Basin; they
are Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Suriname, and Guiana. The Amazon rainforest
covers 2,100,000 of those miles. To give you a greater sense of the size, the rainforest is about the
size of the United States. It is estimated to have 16,000 tree species and 30 percent of the world's
species found there, and over 90% of the animal species in the Amazon are insects. The Amazon
rainforest is one of Earth's last refuges for jaguars, harpy eagles and pink dolphins, and home to
thousands of birds and butterflies. Tree–dwelling species include southern two–toed sloths, pygmy
marmosets, saddleback and emperor tamarins, and Goeldi's monkeys. (World Wildlife Fund. n.d.)
We do know there are 40,000 plant species, and 3,000 freshwater fish species and more than 370
types of reptiles. But people live there too, it's estimated that 20 million people live in the rainforest.
(World Wildlife Fund. n.d.)
Its importance to humans
The Amazon rainforest, which is also referred to as a "natural sink" is a major warrior in the war on
global warming. While humans are burning fossil fuels and using gas, oil and coal carbon dioxide is
pouring into the atmosphere. Trees naturally absorb carbon dioxide use it for photosynthesis, then
release clean oxygen. (Oskin, B. 2014, March 20) Then you have the Amazon river that meanders
through the rainforest teeming with life and home to some of the biggest fish in the world. It's a
main route of transportation for food and supplies to towns and villages. Twenty percent of the
world's water comes from the Amazon river. (Amazonaid. 2017, August 14)
Examples of how human activities affect the rainforest and how this, in turn, can impact humans
The greatest cause of destruction to the Amazon rainforest is humans. Whether we have good
intentions or not the Amazon is in need of saving. Currently the Amazon River and its banks and
channels are being mined for gold and other precious metals. Extraction methods are seemingly
barbaric, blasting

Arguments In Favor Of Animal Testing Around The World
By a raise of hands, how many of you think animals should be used for testing? Around the world,
scientific testing often involves animals. Animal testing is mostly used for medical research. The
most commonly used animals are mice, fish, rabbits, guinea pigs, farm animals, birds, cats, dogs,
and nonhuman primates. According to Ian Murnaghan, animal testing is done in Private facilities,
Government laboratories, Non–Profit facilities, and University laboratories (Murnaghan, 2017). If
you raised your hand, then here are some facts to back up your opinion. Some animals like
chimpanzees and mice are over 95% genetically identical to humans. According to the California
Biomedical Research Association, nearly every medical breakthrough in the last 100 years has
resulted directly from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Animal Testing–ProCon, millions of animals could have died from rabies, feline
leukemia, tetanus, and many more if they were never experimented on. Also, animal
experimentation has allowed us to save endangered species from extinction like the black–footed
ferret, the California condor and the tamarins of Brazil (Animal Testing–ProCon, 2017). All over the
world there are hundreds maybe even thousands of endangered species, but by experimenting on
them we could find ways to save them.
According to Animal Testing– ProCon, since 1966, research animals have been protected by the
Animal Welfare Act (AWA). They provide minimum housing standards like enclosures, temperature,
clean water and food, and more. Inspections by veterinarians are required by the Animal Welfare Act
to maintain animal health (Animal Testing–ProCon, 2017). Animal Testing–ProCon also says that to
use animals for research, it has to be approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Who enforce humane treatment for the research animals (Animal Testing–ProCon,

Golden Lion Tamarin Reintroduction Program Essay
Golden Lion Tamarin Reintroduction Program
Biodiversity may be our most precious gift on this planet. It is amazing to think about how much we
know about our fellow creatures, and even more amazing to realize there is still so much to learn.
From the smallest pollen to the biggest whale, every species has evolved to be a special part of its
ecosystem. It is when we lose sight of the intrinsic value of all this life that we find ourselves
destroying the delicate web and irreparably damaging ourselves as well. We cut down entire jungles
into grazing land, irrigate vast deserts into golf courses, seal up marshes for business offices, dump
toxic waste in the oceans. Since the passage of the Endangered Species Act in 1973, many animal
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Less than 8,000 square miles of their original 400,000 square mile habitat remains intact and only
200 GLTs were surviving in the wild in 1983 when conservation biologist Dr. Jim Dietz began his
studies in Brazil.
Preservation efforts have focused on the Poco das Antas ("pool of tapirs") Biological Reserve, run
by Brazil's Institute for the Environment and Renewable Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio
Ambiete–– IBMA). The reserve is a 13,000 acre patch of forest, swamp and grassland that is the
largest stretch of untouched forest within the tamarins' range. Poco das Antas was home to as few as
75 individuals before efforts began in 1974; now there are 350 (www.endangered...). Also a new
haven for the wild tamarin population is Fazenda Uniao, a 5,900 acre reserve run by Brazil's
formerly government–run railroad company, which has received 23 tamarins from depleted forest
areas since 1991 (Cohn 28).
Zoos are by no means adequate replacement for the natural habitat of any species. But they often
contribute knowledge, staff members, and money to conservation efforts. And, besides education,
they provide controlled breeding ground to maintain a dwindling population at the highest possible
genetic diversity until such time as they can be returned to the wild. In 1973, U.S. zoos housed only
70 GLTs; now there are 480 in 140 zoos around the world (Kierulff 101), many of whom are
approaching reintroduction. Since 1985, 141 have

Animal Experimentation : The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
There have been massive debates and arguments on whether or not researches on animals should be
banned. Animal testing is one of the most critical factors to advance human knowledge. It has been
conducted for many centuries and has contributed to many medical discoveries. On one hand, there
are many individuals who question the validity and procedures involved. On the other hand,
opponents of prohibiting animal testing claim that these practices foster several advantages. For
these reasons, this topic is considered a highly controversial issue these days. Most scientist express
that animal experimentation is a process for a worthy cause and need to continue being practiced for
the correct evolution of our humanity. It involves many advantages, including finding cures for
deadly diseases, exploring new treatments, and ensuring the lives of humans and animals as well.
Allowing studies in non–human species has contributed to many cures and treatment around the
world. Many human lives have been saved as a result of these studies. According to the California
Biomedical Research Association, "The majority of the medical breakthroughs that have happened
in the last 100 years were direct results from animal research and experimentation."(
www.washingtonpost.com/Nation/Science News) It has played a part in many major medical
advances, including the development of antibiotics, vaccines, and surgical techniques. According to
McGuire, testing on animals has helped in providing

Conserving Golden Lion Tamarin
Conserving Golden Lion Tamarin The Problem The Golden Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)
also known as Golden Marmoset, is a small New World monkey of the family Callitrichidae. Native
to the Atlantic coastal forests of Brazil, the Golden Lion Tamarin is an endangered species with an
estimated wild population of "more than 1,000 individuals" and a captive population maintained at
approximately 490 individuals. Most of the wild population is confined to the Poço das Antas
Biological Reserve, a protected area of swampy forests in the state of Rio de Janeiro. It is an
important bastion of the Golden Lion Tamarin, as only 2% of forests in the monkey's original range
remains. Furthermore, its existing habitat has been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many People think it is cruel to keep animals in captivity because they are not free as in the wild
and are often not comfortable with their new surroundings. Animals bred in captivity can quickly
become less fit for survival in the wild, research suggests. "US scientists found steelhead trout
reared in hatcheries were much less good at reproducing than wild fish." An evidence shows that
animals kept in captivity behaves differently than those in the wild. "The lions were so unused to the
world outside their cages that they were frightened of grass and too nervous to drink water from
pools in their enclosure." If this is the case the outcome of the reintroduction may not result as a
great success. Captive breeding in some part of the world is poor. The handling, husbandry and
keeping conditions are frequently poor and nutritional deficiencies and injuries are common. Some
breeding facilities use the cubs to draw paying volunteers. Others claim that cubs were orphaned and
for an amount of money you can adopt a cub. Reintroduction may cause some problems for
surviving wild populations and ecosystem if not planned properly. It may affect the local ecosystem
and may as well threaten the local population. Animals in captivity are in close contact with other
animals and exposed to diseases against which they are not immune. They may be infected and after
reintroduction

Primate Observation Paper
A few weeks ago, I spent a lovely Monday afternoon observing two different primates at the Santa
Ana Zoo. I got to the zoo around two in the afternoon, and to my surprise, the zoo was decently
crowded. The Santa Ana Zoo is smaller in comparison to other zoos like the Los Angeles Zoo, but
still had a decent amount of animals there. Covering a small 20 acres of land, I came across two
primates that fit perfectly for the purposes of this course project. I chose to observe an endangered
ape, the white–handed gibbon, and an endangered new world monkey, the golden–headed lion
tamarin.
First off, white–handed gibbons are an endangered species. They can be found in tropical rain
forests of Southern and Southeast Asia. This would include places like ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I grew concerned and wondered if it would ever do anything more active. According to my
observations, the gibbon spent 46% of its time sleeping/resting. In comparison to what I researched,
the primate at the zoo was exhibiting a different pattern than the typical white–handed gibbon.
White–handed gibbons are actually quite active and known for their remarkable ability to swing
from tree to tree. They move through their environments using brachiation and arboreal locomotion.
Their arms are longer than their legs; therefore, they are quick at moving seamlessly through
branches and trees (Gron, 2010). Luckily, after quite some time, I was able to observe this specific
detail on my own at the zoo. The gibbon spent 16% of its time swinging across the branches and
play area set up in its exhibit. I was astonished at its agility and ability to easily swing from one side
of the exhibit to the other.
Although I did not catch the gibbon in the act, they are distinguished by their unique sound. Gibbons
use their vocals to communicate with each other. Lar gibbons communicate in solos and duets,
which are typically loud and long calls. In order to keep intruders out and defend their territory,
normal duets are sung. Male white–headed gibbons sing together at range edges to keep intruders
out and increase their territorial defense (Beaman,

Persuasive Essay On Endangered Animals
Animals Many animals go extinct because people think it's okay to keep hunting them until there are
no more of the population left. But it isn't because if people hunt and kill all the species of that
animal, then there would be none left. No elephants no giraffes or no emperor tamarin monkeys.
Zoo's have tried to take in endangered species, but if there isn't any how would they get them? They
couldn't because it would be too late, people would have already killed them all.
Elephants would travel in herds of families, to form a herd it would be from 8–100 individuals.
There are only two different types of species, the Elephas Maximus and the Loxodonta cyclotis
elephants. The Elephas Maximus were Asian and African savanna elephants. The Loxodonta
cyclotis were African forest elephants. Babies would hold onto their moms tails because they would
be trained to do so. People thought it was cute to see that so trainers would train the elephants to do
that. Wild elephants don't walk in that formation or in any order (Bradford). Elephants have got to
be the biggest living land animal in the world. Blue whales weigh a ton more, but also they are the
largest living water animals.
Emperor Tamarin Monkeys are found in the forest of South America and live in groups from
between 2–8 monkeys. They were named after their mustaches, which was thought to resemble
German emperor Wilhelm ll. Due to their small size they are able to move from branch to branch
very quickly. Their prey includes fruit, insects, and rodents. They also have predators which are,
hawks, snakes and wild cats. They have a small body size they are all mostly between 7in.–12in.
Their tails are very long and thin, and most of the time they live to be between 8–15 years. Most of
all they are very playful animals ("A–Z Animals"). They are very tame, playful, and loving animals.
When they are in an area they love to be petted by humans and they would play around with
whoever it is. They are usually in groups of 15 others. The best thing is if you get one as a pet as a
baby you would have to put them in diapers to potty train them just like an actual baby.
Giraffes are the tallest living animal, and they travel in herds of 3–15 animals. They have their long

My Very Detailed Trip to the Wildlife Zoo in Arizona Essay
My family and I went on a road trip to Phoenix, Arizona in late October. This is going to be a little
description of what went on during this trip and all the different things I saw. Most of this will be
about my trip to the Wildlife world zoo since that was the biggest thing that happened during the
trip. The first thing I should mention, Since of course it was the first thing we saw, Is the amazing
scenery on the way up here. We passed through parts of Oklahoma, Texas, And New Mexico that
I've never seen before – Although going to all three places previously! Since it was late in October
when the road trip was taking place it was quite chilly all the way until we hit Phoenix – But the
scenery was great, As I mentioned before. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I'm going to name and give a brief description of a few notable animals from the Aquarium first.
One of the most strange and different animals I saw there was an Axolotl, A Mexican Salamander
that lives in the water although they aren't fish, But amphibians. The Axolotl is classed as critically
endangered due to the fact that they were sold in Mexico as food and the polluted water. The Axolotl
is a really special animal and very different from others due to the fact that it can regenerate its own
limbs and their rarity. Another really strange animal is the Blind Cavefish, A fish that is born with
eyes but as they age skin grows over their eyes, Making them blind. They are warm water fish that
like the deep and dark caves of Central America. Although they can't see, They can sense light and
swim away from it, Naturally preferring the dark. I think this fish really suites its name and they are
very interesting to watch. Poisonous Dart frog: Tiny bright coloured frogs that seemed very active.
These frogs like moist, humid places, Including the tropical parts of Central and South America.
Many species of these frogs are endangered, And overall they are some pretty cool little frogs with a
huge sting! The Stonefish is another remarkable fish that I saw. They are the most poisonous fish
known, Having 13 venomous spines on its back that can be released into prey if

Squirrel Tamarin : A New World Monkey
Species Name: Saguinus imperator sciurus
Common Name: Squirrel Tamarin
Range Distribution: The Saguinus imperator sciurus is a recently found subspecies of the emperor
tamarin, which is a New World monkey. It has only been seen in the temperate climate forests at
higher altitude (8200–11500 inches) in the southern section of Andes in Argentina.
Physical features: Like emperor tamarin, the Saguinus imperator sciurus is a small primate, but the
Saguinus imperator sciurus is slightly larger. An adult Saguinus imperator sciurus can reach 11–12
inches, with a bushy tail of 15 to 17 inches. Its weight mostly falls into the range between 22–28 oz.
The name Saguinus imperator sciurus refers to the animal's resemblance to a squirrel, due to its
small–sized slender body, a bushy long tail, and brown–grey colored fur. The Saguinus imperator
sciurus's back and limbs are covered in brown–grey thick soft fur, but its abdominal area is usually
brownish–orange with black speckles on the chest. Similar to emperor tamarin, the Saguinus
imperator sciurus has curly white mustache, but it tends to be thinner like whiskers. On its face it
has two dark brown forward–facing eyes, and a short nose. However, like most New World
monkeys, the Saguinus imperator sciurus is also color–blind. The animal has claws on its toes and
fingers, expect for its great toes which have nails instead. Apart from that, The physical feature
differences including body sizes between the two sex are not

Mating Systems In Primate Mating System
Introduction Males and females differ considerably in how much they each invest in order to make
offspring and a result of this, they approach mating with different methods. Researchers and
scientists learn and examine these varying mating systems to explain how males and females pair
up. A mating system explains the techniques males and females use to pair up when selecting a
mate. It is important to begin by reviewing and understanding the reproductive strategies among
primates. The major types of mating systems found in primates are monogamy and polygamy.
Monogamy is a practice of mating in which one male pairs with one female. Polygamy also known
as bisexual, is a pattern of mating in which a male mates with more than one female and a female
mates with more than one male (Wong , 2010). Polygamy is then clarified into polygyny and
polyandry. Polygyny is when one male mates with multiple females. Polyandry is when one female
mates with multiple males. Recognizing the diversity of mating systems will help in understanding
the interactive relationship of sexual size dimorphism and behavior in primates. Addressing the
various mating systems of primates and its relation to sexual size dimorphism and behavior
contributes to understanding evolutionary processes and patterns. The different methods of mating
are significant to study because they demonstrate the outcomes of natural selection on mate choice.
These varying mating methods also aide in understanding the origin of

Rain Forest Biome
I.S.24 Jaad Shahout 616 6/12/10 Rain forest Biome The average rain fall a rain forest receives is 50
to 260 inches yearly (125–660 centimeters). Rain forest belongs in a wet climate. Its temperature
does not go higher than 93 degrees (34 degrees Celsius) or drop below 68 degrees (20 degrees
Celsius). The rain forests average humidity is 77%–88%. Almost all rain forests are near the equator.
Half of all plant and animal species are in the rain forest. Tropical rain forests produce 40% of
earth's oxygen. ¼ of all plants in the rain forest creates medicine. 100–300 species are in the rain
forest mostly in South America. That would be 2 and ½ acre (1 Hectare). Rain forest Plants There
are more than 10 different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also these animals can't be found in deserts tundra's. They use lots of energy for walking or running
for at least 2 miles in the forest. These animals can cost thousands of dollars or even hundreds of
thousands of dollars. No one knows. Human Influences Some human influences are that they
destroy lands of rainforest and can hunt and kill animals from polluting the air or polluting water.
This is a problem to the rainforest biome. Also humans cut down acres of trees and this is a horrible
thing to do because they don't know what they are doing to the rainforest. Rainforest

Pros And Cons Of Animals In Entertainment
Christian Dominguez–Pineda
Mr. Young
Zoology
11 December, 2017
Animals in entertainment
Animals in entertainment environments has been a controversial topic for years. The thought of
taking an animal out of their environment and into a zoo captive is very upsetting to some people;
others see animal captivity as a need to study and see the animals up–close in an environment, to
entertain our minds of the animals in our planet.
The animals that are brought into zoos or other entertainment places for animal viewings have been
taken from their families and natural habitat which is the most important thing to an animal. The
sudden change of habitat can have a very bad effect on an animal, "some animals develop a
condition called zoochosis. The animal is seen swaying back in forth in a state of oblivion." Not
only is this developed as they enter into a new habitat but it can also be caused by the certain
antidepressants like Prozac. Animals living in their habitat do not get to choose who they mate with,
they are simply given a partner to mate with. Most of the births by the animals are offspring and can
be legally sold to other zoos. The practice of artificially inseminated animals can often lead to
offspring's, miscarriages, death at birth or rejection of their young.
Another focus of cons in entertainment is circuses. The animals are subject to do tricks for the
audience's entertainment. The animals are kept in small cages and travel all over the place for
performances. Most of the techniques in circuses to train an animal involves whipping, beating,
hurting an animal to behave and perform tricks. Because of this behavior towards the animals, the
environment at a circus is generally very sketchy. You never know when a lion can be tired of
performing and decide to go on a rampage in a circus towards the audience. Circuses carry a variety
of animals from lions, tigers, monkeys, to even elephants. The purpose of a circus is to entertain,
there is no learning involved in the audience's experience. Audiences still support circuses and their
many horrific behaviors towards the animals because they like to see what the animals can do. Most
of the audience is not very aware of what happens to an animal in the

What Is Humane Zoos Good For Animals
Argumentative Essay: Humane Zoos are Good for Animals Many people would describe visiting a
zoo as a fun yet educational experience as zoos offer an opportunity to not only gain knowledge on
several exotic species but also to see and even interact with them. In fact, a survey conducted by the
World Association of Zoos and Aquariums showed that annually more than 700 million people visit
zoos and aquariums worldwide (Gusset and Dick 566–69). The existence of zoos can be traced back
to 15th century B.C. in Egypt where the first public zoo was established by Queen Hatshepsut
(Kaunda and Kasigwa). Prior to the establishment of the first documented public zoo, few Egyptian
rulers had already owned private menageries to show their wealth and based ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Species such as the Arabian Oryx, Golden Lion Tamarin, Red Wolf, and the Freshwater Mussel are
only a few of the several species that zoos have successfully protected from extinction. Critics argue
that zoos should focus more on the underlying causes of extinction such as habitat destruction,
poaching, and the exotic animal trade opposed to captive breeding. However, the idea of saving
endangered species does not entirely rely on what zoos should pay more attention to because
humane zoos are already encouraging natural habitat preservation and at the same time, are
continuing to accomplish safe captive breeding and successful specie reintroduction. In the United
States, captive breeding is typically done at selected zoos that are accredited by the Association of
Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and these zoos follow the Species Survival Plan (SSP), a plan
developed by the AZA in 1981. The purpose of the Species Survival Plan is to manage rare animal
populations, increase genetic diversity and promote demographic stability (Dunlap and Kellert).
They way in which accredited zoos and aquariums captive breed endangered species, proves that
humane zoos truly care about all species and not just species favored by zoo visitors as critics

Pros And Cons Of The Null Hypothesis
The Null Hypothesis is the thought that "all vertebrates (with the exception of humans) are of equal
intelligence" (Pearce, 2008). The Null Hypothesis was proposed by Macphail (1982) and has since
been widely debated; we will break these debates into six categories for further examination.
Associative Learning
Associative learning is the capability of animals to learn associations between two stimuli or a
behavior and a stimuli. Associations can be made via classical conditioning or operant conditioning.
One of the biggest arguments against the Null Hypothesis is that the experiments done have been
confined to a species but not done in a cross–species design. This could mean that while one species
may learn an association through classical conditioning it may not be able to learn it through operant
conditioning or vice versa. As far as studies to date show, all vertebrae species are capable of
forming associations however further research is needed to prove if all vertebrae species possess the
same processes in forming associations.
Memory
There is evidence of memory differences across species. Some species have shown that their short–
term memory surpasses that of other species but there is no clear evidence if is it a result of different
processing mechanisms of memory. There is evidence that evolution may play a role ... Show more
Imitation was used to demonstrate that only some vertebrae species have demonstrated the ability to
imitate an action to achieve a goal. We cannot be sure that the species that have not demonstrated
the ability to imitate are not able to however as there are many reasons that could sway their
performance. The animal may not find the reward to be worth the action or it could be form an
experimental design flaw. Regardless future research will need to be done to further assess the
ability of all vertebrae species ability of social

Animal Testing Should Continue
There are many valid reasons why we should continue testing on animals. The life of a human is
ultimately more valuable than that of an animal. Without animal research, there would not be the
medication as we know it today. Animal testing has enabled science to progress and find treatments
for viruses, produce antibiotics for some of the deadly disease, infections as well as preventatives in
a form of developing vaccines to cure diseases. Moreover, the factor of moral obligations entreat the
facts that there are excessive structures with laws in place to protect the animal from being abuse
and mistreated, as all animal testing proposals must be approved by an Institutional Animal Care and
Use Committee. According to animal testing ProCon, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within few months of the vaccine being introduced there has been a rapid decrease of infections by
70 percent. (www.indiana.edu) Therefore, animal experiments are a vital role in the research of
medication.
The topic has ethical and moral aspects, as animals are genetically like us, thru can substitute for
testing substances. In addition, in 1965 the local and state laws of the guideline in animal
experiment were structured by the federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) to instructing a strict
minimum housing standard for the research animal including access to clean food and water,
enclosure size, temperature and others. The AWA is closely inspected by the veterinarians. (animal–
testing.procon.org) According to the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, the University
of Maryland Baltimore Country believes that the responsibility of laboratory is essential in animal
research to prevent and develop treatment of human and animal disease, "We affirm the moral
obligation of our scientists to carry out this research on behalf of mankind and animals. Millions of
Americans are alive today, and live healthier and more productive lives because our nation's health
care professionals are able to employ safe and effective treatments including vaccines, surgical
procedures, drug therapies and other valuable therapeutic methods developed with animal
research.". (www.umbc.edu) These advancements in the field of animal

Personal Narrative: Moving Lola And Stripe
Meeting: Amy will be planning moving Lola and Stripe but it will depend on them. Nothing for the
other areas. Danyelle will need to leave for a short time tomorrow, so we need to pick up a few
things for her. I went with Debbie for the first part of my morning and went with Amy to clean
Tamarin Complex. I went with Debbie to do morning checks. I saw B/W's before she did. Jasper
was in the middle of two palms and Tatum was bouncing on the shade hammock. Gibbon got paper
bags with pepper and biscuits. There was a dead baby bird on the viewing point. Debbie did not
want to touch the bird and went in search of a glove. Ran into a keeper that was more willing to pick
it up and threw it into the lake for the turtles. Went back to Baboon: Debbie filled the Mandrill pool.
I cleaned the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grab a crate that needed to be fixed. Went to Tamarin Complex to clean and give midday food. I
cleaned the GLT's and prepared the food. I did not know that Amy did not want people in the with
Cotton–Tops. It was a surprise to both of us when I had mentioned it. She had asked Mary to pass on
the information about not letting volunteers and interns in with them. That did not happen. Amy was
trying to get Lola and Stripe to crate train. She was going into the tunnel, but would not stay long
enough to lock them into place. This will take a couple of days before she will be back out on
exhibit. Management wants her to have her babies on exhibit. The Cotton–tops killed another
sparrow. Went to feed the Stingrays and one of the four sharks. It was a lot of fun and I got soaked.
At one point they all ganged up on me and wanted the piece of shrimp that was in my hand. I also
got to see the quarantined Blue–spotted rays. There are three males. The Keeper said she wished that
they had a female for breeding, but they are not going to get one yet. I asked a few questions about
the rays. Do you regulate the

Tamarin Juice Bar Competitors Analysis
Both markets, the food and beverage sector and the bar business, are competitive markets. However,
a venue that combines a juice bar during the day with a cocktail bar during the night is quite unique,
especially in the Jacksonville metropolitan area. Hence, the competitors have to be divided into
Tamarin Juice Bar competitors and Tamarin Cocktail Bar competitors. Direct competition of
Tamarin Juice Bar are other juice and smoothie bars. The density of those places in Jacksonville is
rather low. However, the indirect competition is way larger with basically every restaurant, retail
store, or beverage company that offers juices and smoothies. Due to the indicated recent trends the
amount of those competitors is increasing, as can be seen by

Primate Observation
As an anthropology student, I want to observe primates to challenge my knowledge of them.
Primates are one of the most interesting mammals on earth. They have complex social structures,
moreover; they are often cited as humans closest living relatives. I went to Lincoln zoo with my
assistance (my brother to help me take photos while I observe the primates).
In my research, I observed two separate species of primates in captivity, Western Lowland Gorilla,
and Cotton–Top Tamarin. At the zoo, I formulate an initial question to focus when I observe the
primates. How do primates in a group interact? What is their social interactions and behavior
towards each other?. I also keep in mind that my research is a bit limited, however; they are in line
with the traits expected of them in their natural habitat. There are many primate characteristics that
distinguish themselves from one another. I will be comparing characteristics and behaviors between
Apes and New World Primates. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The weather of my first visit was 48/41᷾⁰ F, cloudy and there was a lot of wind and humidity. I came
around 11:40 am and left at 1:21 pm. My second visit the weather was 37/36⁰ F, it drizzle, was
mostly cloudy and there was a lot of humidity but not a lot windy. All of my observations include a
20 minutes observation of each primate as it cohabitated with other primates and with other
members of its own species. My findings will support the research of Western Lowland Gorilla and
Cotton–Top Tamarin through firsthand

Abiotic Factors Of Tropical Rainforest
Mahayla Griggs
Abiotic Factors
Tropical Rainforest make up a total of 6% of all of earth's land surface. Not surprisingly though, it
produces 40% of all of earth's oxygen. There are 4 levels to the tropical rainforest; emergent, upper
canopy, understory, and forest floor. The rainforest received it's name because of it's self–watering
system. Plants release water into the atmosphere through transpiration. This moisture usually has no
place to go which creates a thick cloud cover over the rainforest causing the humid, hot, atmosphere.
In the the rainforests are large rivers that branch off into smaller rivers that help to provide water for
the entire forest.
Location/ Landscape
Rainforest are located around the equator. Known for their hot humid climates rainforest easily
thrive around the equator without issues.
Ecosystem Services
Tropical rainforest have many ecosystem services that they provide for the earth daily. Because of
the large amounts of plants, tropical rainforest are capable of helping to clean the air of pollutants.
Plants take in the bad air and produce air that is not filled with harmful pollutants. Tropical
rainforests also increase rainfall. The H2O that is released into the air has to go somewhere
eventually. It can not just stay in the cloud that surrounds the forest forever. So, it comes back down
as precipitation. The tropical rainforest allows humans to benefit financially. Humans are constantly
cutting down rainforest to use the lumber to

Caribbean Primate Evolution
Read each question carefully and answer only the question that is asked. Answers for each question
should be 2 pages, typed, Times New Roman, 12 point font, double spaced, with one inch margins.
This document is already formatted correctly. 1. (20 points) Discuss the dispersal scenarios of
platyrrhine origins in the Caribbean islands and Greater Antilles. How do the extinct Caribbean
platyrrhine species relate to extant platyrrhines? There are many dispersal theories for how primates,
such as platyrrhines, found their way into South and North America. Unfortunately, the fossil record
for primates from the Caribbean islands and Greater Antilles is poor compared to the fossil records
of North and South America. The geography of the Caribbean ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This means understanding if the primates take part in inbreeding or if they only breed with those not
related to them, this could also help us to understand how different clans of callitrichids interact with
each other. This research project would need to be multi–faceted. Including lab work looking at the
DNA and ultrasounds of these primates. A closer look at what is actually going on down there (the
uterus) could give the answers we need as to why these primates have adapted in this way.
Unfortunately, tamarins and marmosets are fairly small, and there uteri even smaller making it
difficult to look at them before gestation, and sometimes even before the fetus has formed a beating

Persuasive Essay On Deforestation
Imagine taking a look outside and not see anymore trees. The once thick and abundant forests
completely gone. The beauty of nature completely wiped out. Imagine all the animals we know
today not being around anymore. The animals that we take for granted and don't think twice
about.This is all because of deforestation. Deforestation is the the act of clearing a wide area of
trees. Deforestation comes in many forms, including fires, clear–cutting for agriculture, ranching
and development, unsustainable logging for timber, and degradation due to climate change.(––––)
At the rate at which deforestation is occurring the later generations might never get to experience
and see these luxuries. Some 46–58 thousand square miles of forest are lost each year–equivalent to
48 football fields every minute.(–––) Deforestation also has many other effects on the planet. things
The environmental costs of deforestation can include species extinction, erosion, flooding, reduced
land productivity, desertification, and climate change and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. As
more habitat is destroyed, more species face extinctions.("Deforestation" 3) In today's world,
deforestation is a problem and should be put to an end. Deforestation is a huge problem in to the
regards of how it affects wildlife species' habitats. Deforestation leads to huge amounts of loss in the
habitats of wildlife. As important as forests are both environmentally and economically, many of our
global forests are suffering from deforestation. Between 2000–2010, an average of 13 million
hectares were deforested globally each year. At the rate at which the rainforest is being eliminated
there will be no land left for the animals that live there.Leaving them with nothing and no home.
This will cause the animals to start to become extinct and endangered. Deforestation is huge factor
that leads to the endangerment of wildlife species. An example of this is the Golden Lion Tamarin
Monkey. . There are approximately 800 of these monkeys left in the wild(_____). The home of this
animal is slowly being stripped away as a result of deforestation. If nothing is done about this sooner
or later this animal will be extinct and will no longer exist. Finally,

Alexandria Zoological Park Research Paper
Alexandria Zoological Park, Alexandria, Louisiana
The Alexandria Zoological Park, owned by the City of Alexandria and operated by the Division of
Public Works was opened for the first time in 1926. It was first started in Bringhurst Park as a row
of cages. Now this zoo occupies almost 33 acres area having a major animal diversity by the
presence of 500 different animals. It plays an important role for 20 species survival plan. This zoo is
also accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA).
Being a public zoological park, this one has also a good track record for attracting public of
surrounding as well as some distant visitors too. At the time of beginning this zoological park is first
started with original fish pools which are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
African Experience: This habitat is a natural habitat for African lions which was opened by
occupying a small part of the zoological garden was first started in the September of 2003. The
presence of the large rock formations as well as the waterfall attracts visitors a lot. The main animals
which can be seen in this exhibit are dwarf crocodiles and crested porcupines.
2. Zoo's Aldabra and Galapagos tortoises: This exhibit is mainly the habitat of the tortoises which
was opened in the April of 2004.
3. Venom Center: At the time of visiting one can find different types of African snakes in this exhibit
area.
4. Louisiana Habitat: This exhibit is featured with the plants, animals, architecture, industry and
culture of Louisiana and was opened in 1998. There are several species present in the limited area of
this exhibit such as alligator, roseate spoonbill, North American river otter, cougar, black bear,
bobcat, raccoon, red wolf, white–tailed deer. There is an underwater viewing area from where one
can see the species like Turtles, fish, otters, and alligators. For its uniqueness as well as capability to
attract visitors this exhibit got 2 award in earlier period– best public facility" award in 1998 from the
Louisiana Contractors magazine, & a "Significant Achievement" award in 2002 from the

Golden Lion Tamarin Research
Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to biodiversity and Brazil's Atlantic Forest is a
prime example of this. The Atlantic Forest of Brazil provides habitat for a wide variety of endemic
species, but sadly it is one of the most endangered biomes in the world (biotropica). One of the
endemic species of this biome is the Golden Lion Tamarin. A number of different human activities
including deforestation for lumber extraction to agriculture, cattle ranching, and carchoal
production, have drastically minimized the habitat of the Golden Lion Tamarins to small patches
made up primarily of secondary vegetation (Atla Forest). Another factor that has contributed to the
reduction in this species' number was hunting (Atla). It has been estimated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Due to this very small population size, it was concluded that this reduced the probability of long–
term survival by one–third (IUCN). In 1964, Alceo Magnanini and Coimbra–Filho created a list of
the status of several species in Brazil (Yearbook). At this point in time the Golden Lion Tamarin
gained the official status of Endangered (Yearbook). In 1968, Coimbra–Filho presented his research
on the Golden Lion Tamarins at the Third Brazilian Zoology Congress, where the species was
chosen as a symbol of the congress (Chap 1). Fortunately, around 1967 the Brazilian Fauna
Protection Law, along with the Brazilian Official List of Species Threatened with Extinction,
officially prohibited the capture, hunting, purchase, sale, and exportation of any of the threatened
species (Yearbook). A couple years later, the US Rare and Endangered Species Act successively
forbade the acquisition of any lion tamarins by zoos in the United States, which also assisted in
putting an end to the importation of this threatened species (Yearbook). While these were very
positive steps towards the goal of saving these species, this however did nothing to attend to the
problem of habitat

Why Should The Modern Zoo Be Preserved?
Why should the modern zoo be preserved? This is a question that is the center of great debate world
wide. Many believe that the need for and the usefulness of zoos has long since passed. Many others
believe that zoos play a vital role in the understanding and conservation of the animal kingdom.
According to Webster's New World College Dictionary the definition of the word "zoo" or
"zoological park" is this: "a place where wild animals are kept for public showing". Zoos have been
maintained by humans for thousands of years. Carvings that date as far back as 2500 BCE depict the
wealthy as having menageries. There is also evidence in those carvings that expeditions occurred to
collect wild and exotic animals for those menageries. The first modern zoo was built in 1793 in
Paris, France. Again, it was for the wealthy to view the species of animals that were not indigenous
to France. Today, however, the definition of the modern zoo is changing. Many countries are taking
a new look at what a zoo should be. The idea that wild animals are merely kept for public showing
has changed drastically. Zoos are adapting their facilities to meet the needs of the animal kingdom.
There are several, key areas where zoos have taken a hard look at the needs of animals and they
have changed to accommodate those needs. Zoos now play a vital role in the survival of rescued
animals, conservation of endangered species, biological studies of all animals, and zoological parks
provide money for the

Tropical Rainforest Research Paper
There once was a time when rainforests had grown over fourteen percent of the Earth's surface, now
the rainforests manage to cover only six percent. This is due to deforestation. Deforestation of
rainforests occur because of logging, powerplants cutting down and burning trees for electricity and
as well as the paper industry causing its own damage. There are multiple factors for why rainforests
are being destroyed, but the main root of the cause can be linked back to human's havoc and
upbringing of wasting resources. The future is technology, but mankind still will lay waste to their
environments such as rainforests and the oceans. Rainforests and its inhabitants are currently in
danger due to deforestation and human's life choices will only lead them further into subjection
which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rainforests are forested areas with typically high amounts of rainfall which can be found in tropical
areas like South America. The amount of rain that falls is between 175 cm to 200 cm. Within the last
fifty years due to human's destructions, one third of tropical rainforests have been destroyed.
Rainforests are incredibly important to the Earth's ecosystem because of its biodiversity. The amount
of species that live within rainforests take up half of the currently existing plant and animal species
of the world. It also contains a third of the Earth's bird population and ninety percent of
invertebrates. Moreover, rainforests also are a great source of medicines and its components. Around
twenty–five percent of modern medicines come from plants that grow within these rainforests. Not
only do rainforests

The Importance Of Zoos In The Conservation Of Animals
"Zoos and aquariums are some of the best places for you and your family to get connected to nature
and become engaged in conservation action" ("Society"). Zoos are essential in growing public
awareness of nature. Recently, zoos have faced controversies from animal activists. Many believe
animals are restrained of their rights. Furthermore, individuals believe it is wrong to display animals
for entertainment which is unethical and unnecessary. However, such perception is only one of many
aspects. On the contrary, zoos play an irreplaceable role in species conservation. Today, there are
plethora of zoos around the globe. Zoos are beneficial to the world because they are critical to
conservation.
Zoos play an important role in the conservation of animals in the wild, mostly endangered or exotic
species. Zoos provide benefits for these animals in various ways.
"They will not suffer from the threat or stress of predators (and nor will they be killed in a grisly
manner or eaten alive) or the irritation and pain of parasites, injuries and illnesses will be treated,
they won't suffer or die through drought or starvation and indeed will get a varied and high–quality
diet with all the supplements required." (Hone).
Hone points to potential benefits zoos may provide for these animals. By eliminating the risk of
sickness, starvation, and predators endangered and exotic species, not only limited to them but any
animal, are able to thrive. Zoos also play a role in breeding species. "The

Primate Acquisition
Decreased interest in olfaction may be related to early work which contrasted varying levels of
olfactory abilities among animals, highlighting primates as deficient in this sense. In Turner's 1891
paper The Convolutions of the Brain, he proposed a classification of Mammalia into three groups 1)
Anasmotics, where the organs of smell are absent and included dolphins and whales, 2)
Macrosmatics, defined by animals with a highly developed sense of smell and included ungulates,
carnivores and most mammals, and 3) Microsmatics where the sense of smell is "feeble" as in
pinnipeds, some whales, and apes and man. This idea of apes and humans, indeed, primates in
general having a poor sense of smell was corroborated by Negus in 1958 and Le ... Show more
The difference is even reflected in the names of the suborders Strepsirrhini, meaning twisted–nose,
and Haplorhini, meaning simple–nose. These suborders represent the major phyletic groups in the
primate order and include the lorises, lemurs, and galagos within the strepsirrhines and tarsiers and
anthropoids (monkeys, apes, and humans) within the haplorhines (Fleagle 2013). There are two
nodes where we see a major divergence in nasal morphology, one in the early Eocene with the
strepsirrhine/haplorine split, and around 35 mya with the platyrrhine/catarrhine branching. Once
again the nomenclature reflects their nasal form with platyrrhine (consisting of new world monkeys,
marmosets, and tamarins) meaning flat–nose, and catarrhine (consisting of old world monkeys,
gibbon, great apes, and humans) referring to their downward facing noses. Descriptions of nasal
morphology often focus on comparisons between these groupings of primates as it aids in a more
complete understanding of when certain traits and phenotypes appear in the evolutionary record of
primates. These taxonomic branchings are based on shared derived characteristics including the
reduction of structural nasal complexity within anthropoids and tarsiers, and differences within the
main and accessory olfactory bulbs between platyrhines and

Argumentative Essay: Should Animal Testing Be Allowed?
Should Animal Testing Be Allowed? " Animal research and testing has played a part in almost every
medical breakthrough of the last century. It has saved hundreds of millions of lives worldwide" Joan
Ryan, a former UK home office minister, claims that without animal testing, diseases wouldn't be
cured, or there wouldn't be any treatments for the disease. Without animal testing certain medicines,
cures, and biomedical engineering wouldn't exist or be as proficient. An estimated 26 million
animals have been used to test medical vaccines for diseases. Scientists also use animals to test the
toxicity of the vaccines. Animal testing may come off as a rather harsh and inhumane form of study
when heard about , but without it, global diseases would be spreading faster and possibly everyone
will be infected. Nearly every Nobel Prize winner in Physiology or Medicine since 1901 relied on
the information based off of animal research. Since animal testing has been used for research
purposes many diseases have been cured and are no longer existent and if not cured then the disease
is close to being cured. First, experiments in which dogs had their pancreases removed led directly
to the discovery of insulin has proven to be critical in saving the lives of diabetics. The polio
vaccine, which was tested on animals, reduced the global disease from 350,000 cases in 1988 to 74
cases in 2015. Animal research has also contributed to advances in understanding and ... Show more
Without animal testing, our society and our human lifestyle that we've grown to love would be non
existent and where would we be? All I ask is for you, the reader, to at least consider the possibilities
that animal testing can do for someone you love, a sister, brother, etc. Already animal testing has
cured many diseases that could've eliminated the world

Evolution to Extinction of Non-Human Primates
Evolution to Extinction of Non–Human Primates During the Eocene epoch, 47,000,000 years ago,
one of our ancestors lived in what is now Germany. She was still young, her baby teeth still intact
and probably less than a year old. This little girl came to a lake's edge for a drink of water; cupping
the water with her hand she slowly drank the water while holding onto a branch with her other hand.
Our ancestor died there when she was overcome by an underground gas bubble that erupted, the
fumes leaving her unconscious; she fell into the water and drowned. Her body slowly drifted to the
bottom of the lake with a myriad of other creatures. The lake where she was buried eventually filled
with mud and algae that turned into oily shale ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She is considered a principle candidate as one of our ancestors. Another find, even older than Lucy,
was a 4.4 million year old female Ardipithecus ramidus, nicknamed Ardi who was found in 1994
(Fossil discovery confirms "Lucy" walked upright). Ida, Lucy and Ardi are all significant links in
understanding evolution. Through this type of fossil discovery, scientists have learned much about
our ancestors. They feel privileged to study them and become attached to the non–human primates
they find; they even give them names. Research studies of living non–human primates have
provided a glimpse into their habitats and offers clues to the nature of this species and how it leads
to humans. At the same time humans over consumption and abuse by the very primates related to
Ida, Lucy and Ardi are forcing non–human primates into extinction today. Because of human
interaction we are destroying our ancestors. Plants and animals on Earth have experienced evolution
and extinction since the beginning of time. It is a natural event. In order to adapt, a species needs to
be able to survive predators, find food, have a living space, live in the right climate and be able to
reproduce. These are all natural processes that influence a species existence. There is another more
serious factor that is not a natural occurrence, but is causing a more rapid

Animal Captivity Research Paper
Do you think that animals should be kept in captivity there whole life's. When people put animals in
zoos or captivity that keeps the animal safe. Although keeping animals in captivity is bad because
they don't get to be themselves, they should keep animals in zoos or captivity because it helps them
not go extinct, it brings happiness to families that go the zoo, and zoos bring in enough money to
build better animal enclosures. Animal extinction is big a threat to some animal species. According
to the text " The Impact of Animal Protection", many nature parks have supervised breeding
programs that allow numbers to increase. Many people think that animals should be able to
repopulate by themselves. Keeping animals protected has proven to be beneficial and increase the
populations of endangered animals. According to the text "The Impact of Animal Protection" these
programs have helped bring several animals – black footed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the text "Do Animals Lose in Zoos?" zoos spend millions of dollars to create bigger
and better animal enclosures in order to to improve the conditions for the animals. Zoos also help to
raise millions of dollars to support conservation projects in Africa and Asia. Nevertheless not all
zoos are the same some organizations like PETA, oppose zoos because the "homes" made for zoo
animals only meet their basic needs. So all the critics won't have reasons to hate on zoos because
they are building better and bigger exhibits. Although keeping animals in captivity is bad because
they don't get to be themselves they should keep animals in zoos or captivity because it helps the
species not go extinct, it brings happiness to families that go to the zoo, and zoos bring in enough
money to build better exhibits. Even though zoos still have negative impacts on animals lives they
should still keep animals in

Persuasive Speech Against Animal Research
Good morning fellow peers and judge; I am Reyna Browne, and this is my partner Jewel Avila.
Since we agree to today's topic regarding animal testing to be obligatory, we are on the affirmative
side with the values of potential and progress. To insure the safety of consumers, animal testing is
the process of testing antibiotics and products on animals. Numerous people can be saved, the
animals can benefit, and there can be cures and further understanding of diseases; for these reasons,
my associate and I strongly believe to affirmatively resolve the resolution of medical testing on
animals is necessary for progress.
Zika, diabetes, and cancer all have one thing in common: they are all illnesses with a few or no
treatments; however, medical testing on animals can essentially give people with deathly illnesses
more time to spend with their families. "Albert Sabin, who developed the Polio vaccine said,
'Without animal research, polio would still be claiming thousands of lives each year.'"
(Understanding Animal Research). Polio is a disease that can disable the body of a person or cause
death, and this can damage their brain and memory. In addition, when scientists test medicine on
animals, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To exemplify, because of new discoveries, there are vaccines for diseases in animals. Imagine this,
millions of families losing their pets because a vaccine could not have been produced; medical
testing on animals prevented this epidemic from happening. In addition to creating vaccines, it can
save endangered animals from extinction. "Animal testing has also been instrumental in saving
endangered species from extinction, including the black–footed ferret, the California condor and the
tamarins of Brazil." (ProCon) Since animal testing has clinically tested vaccines and helped
endangered animals, it has saved millions of lives of

What Does A Slave, The Atlantic Forest / Amazon?
So, what does a slave, the Atlantic Forest/Amazon, the Great Depression, Wall Street, a parrot, a
burger, and a Dutchman have anything to do with a cup of coffee? Actually, a lot!
Coffee is not native to South America. Coffee was brought by the Portuguese to Brazil. As European
and American demand increased, the need for slaves to work the crops increased. Approximately 1.5
million slaves were imported at the beginning of the 19th century to work the plantations. Coffee
production depended on the slaves. As industrialization grew, this dependence slowed down. By the
1920 's the coffee boom attracted immigrants. The population in Rio de Janeiro grew from 30,000
people to one million inhabitants, increasing the need for housing and agricultural land to work.
In 1929 Wall Street experienced a devastated collapse of the stock market that led to the Great
Depression affecting all countries. Coffee was one of the commodities in question. Regardless,
Brazil still remains the number one producer of coffee in the world.
Netherlands is today the number one consumer of coffee. Dutch people consume more coffee than
anyone else in the world. The rest of the European countries and the U.S. follow the list of the
highest consumers. Besides coffee, Brazil is the second largest producer of beef.
Together, coffee and cattle account for most of the deforestation of the Atlantic Forest and Amazon.
Deforestation for agriculture and cattle, urbanization, human population growth, have resulted

Golden Lion Tamarins Research Paper
Living in the Atlantic Forest, Golden Lion Tamarins are essential for the survival and protection of
their family, and also the existence of their ecosystem. The Golden Lion Tamarin hides under the
dense canopy of the Atlantic Forest. This shelters itself from a wide array of aerial predators. These
primates acquire most of its food and water from plants called epiphytes. An epiphyte is a plant that
grows on another plant, without harming it. Small insects and vertebrates, that inhabit these plants,
are a significant part of the Golden Lion Tamarin's diet. Golden Lion Tamarins are diurnal, meaning
that they are active only during the day. They use tree cavities and nesting holes as their sleeping
quarters. These cozy tree cavities provide them

Biological Anthropology
Biological Anthropology is the study of human biology within the framework of evolution. There
are four subfields of Biological Anthropology; genetics, human variation, paleoanthropology, and
primatology. Primatology is the study of non–human primates and I find it the most interesting of
the four subfields. The study of Primatology focuses on the biological and psychological aspects of
non–human primates. Also it looks at the similarities shared between humans and primates.
Primatologists focus on studying and conducting research on primates in three main ways; field
study, laboratory study, and through captivity. In captivity, they try to replicate natural primate
habitat in a controlled captive setting. This is one of the most ... Show more content on
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Some Intentional responses include direct eye contact, specific sounds and calls, and mounting.
Reproductive strategies are different for both males and females. Male strategies focus on mating as
often as possible while female strategies focus on maximizing resources for herself and her
offspring. Primates are K–selected reproductive animals just like us. K–selected animals tend to
have few offspring at a time but invest a lot into parental care. The mother–infant bond is a strong
thing in K–selected animals. Lastly cultural and cognitive behavior in primates are behaviors that
require planning and the idea of an end result. These are typically learned behaviors such as stone
tool use. Some primates in captivity have been able to show some types of artistic expression too
such as painting. A remarkable behavior that Apes have is their knowledge of their self–image.
When a mirror is placed in front of them they can tell that they are looking at themselves.
Primatology is very important for many reasons but I think most importantly because we can learn a
lot about ourselves from studying primates and their

The Negative Effects Of Animal Testing
Animal testing has been around since 500 BC starting with dissecting animals in ancient greece.
French animal testers believed that animals were "automata" and could not feel pain or emotions.
There was no public objections to animal testing until the 19th century when there was an increase
of adopting domestic pets. Nowadays public opinion is split down the middle on whether or not
animals should be tested on. The animals are generally tested on for cosmetics, health, commercial,
biomedical, space and military purposes. People for animal testing think of it as a way to save
human and animal lives, and that there is no other way to get this good of data. They also believe
that the strict rules prevent any mistreatment of the animals. ... Show more content on
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With only using petri dishes scientists are not able to find all the affects, for example loss in eyesight
can not be tested with only using it on tissue sample(Kara Rogers). Animal testing benefits the
animals themselves too. The American Veterinary Medical Association actually supports animal
testing, in many cases the tests on animals have saved many species from becoming extinct like the
california condor, and the tamarins(American Association).
People opposed to animal testing will say that it is inhumane and cruel. Animals in the tests are said
to be force feed, and forced inhalation, they also are forced to have cosmetics dropped into their
eyes to see the outcome. The US Department of agriculture said that around 97,123 animals in 2010
suffered during testing, and were not given antithetic. We can now test in other ways that do not
include animals, like in vitro testing. We can also use human volunteers, and only use enough that it
does not severely damage them. There are also computer simulations that will show how it affects
the body. Drugs that pass animal testing are not necessarily safe, like in the 1950's a sleeping pill
was shown to cause birth defects even though it had been tested by animals.
Although the opposing side has many intriguing arguments, animal testing is still the most plausible
way to better the general health of the population. In order to better the conditions of the

Non Human Primate Culture
This research paper will discuss the ways in which non–human primates use different sound and
gestures to convey different feeling and emotions toward one another like humans. A primate is "a
mammal of an order that includes the Lemurs, Bushbabies, Tarsiers, Marmosets, Monkeys, Apes,
and Humans" (Oxford). What makes us human are our language, our culture, and our behavior. We
as humans have feelings of joy, sadness, fear, anger, trust, and so much more, but have we ever
stopped to wonder how or if our nonhuman primate relatives have and use these emotions just like
us. These next couple paragraphs will explain and discuss what emotions are felt and how emotions
are conveyed in the nonhuman primate culture. Primates have always been viewed as a species that
communicates by hand signals and other bodily gestures. The view that is now seen is that
"comparative evidence suggests that primates are able, no less than humans, to intellectually
perform and understand impulsive or habitual communicational ... Show more content on
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We gather food, we protect one another, we support and raise the young, and none of this would be
possible without some form of communication. Monkeys in particular "have evolved many ways of
communicating such as visual cues, auditory calls, and even some olfactory signals" (PBS). Visual
calls are obviously unable to be here, therefore it must be seen. The "Emperor Tamarin uses a visual
call by sticking her tongue out at her mate so he knows she wants a break from holding her young"
(PBS). Not all auditory calls are the same, there are various sounds that can be strung to be very
long or can be simple and short. The loudness, the pitch, and the duration of a certain call are all
important aspects of the meaning of the call. The different kinds of calls include "alarm calls,
territorial calls, food calls, personal identification calls, dominance class, and so

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