An anti-you would look exactly the same as you, but be composed of antimatter instead of matter. All the atoms that make up your body - in your skin, organs, blood, etc. - would have antimatter counterparts, like anti-carbon, anti-oxygen, etc. Your anti-you would have all the same physical characteristics as you, like appearance, size, etc., but if you touched, violent annihilation would occur as your matter and their antimatter atoms collided and were destroyed in flashes of energy. From a distance, an anti-you could be your perfect mirror image twin, but made of the "opposite stuff" from the Universe.
Antimatter is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to matter.
Antimatter is composed of antiparticle, i.e. particles with identical mass and spin as those of ordinary particles, but with opposite charge and magnetic properties.
Antimatter is composed of antiparticles that have the same mass but opposite charge as normal matter particles. For example, a positron is the antiparticle of the electron. When antimatter comes into contact with normal matter, they annihilate each other and release a large amount of energy. While antimatter holds promise for medical imaging technologies like PET scans, it remains extremely difficult and costly to produce and contain due to the high energies and precision required.
1) Antimatter is composed of antiparticles that annihilate with normal matter, releasing a burst of energy.
2) In 1928, Dirac developed his equation which predicted antimatter in the form of positrons. The existence of positrons was confirmed experimentally in 1932.
3) Today it is known that every particle has an antiparticle. When matter and antimatter annihilate, their mass is converted to energy at a rate of 9x1016 J/kg, giving antimatter the highest energy density of all known substances.
Antimatter is composed of antiparticles that have the same mass and spin as normal particles but opposite charge. It is the mirror image of normal matter. Paul Dirac predicted antimatter such as the positron through his relativistic equation. Antimatter exists in small amounts in our environment produced through processes in the sun but annihilates quickly upon contact with normal matter. While antimatter could provide enormous energy through annihilation reactions, it is extremely costly to produce and difficult to store in large quantities needed for applications like propulsion.
This document provides an overview of antimatter, including its origin, production, properties, and potential uses. In 3 sentences:
Antimatter is composed of antiparticles that have the same mass as normal particles but opposite properties like charge. It is produced naturally in high-energy environments like near black holes, and can also be artificially created in particle accelerators. While antimatter could theoretically be used as an ultra-dense fuel source, practical applications are limited by the immense difficulty and costs associated with producing and containing enough antimatter.
This document discusses antimatter power generation. It begins by introducing antimatter and its properties, such as positrons and antiprotons having opposite charge from normal matter but the same mass. Large particle accelerators like the LHC can produce antimatter. Antimatter could power spacecraft by annihilating with matter to produce thrust. It could also generate electricity through controlled annihilation reactions. Positron emission tomography uses antimatter annihilation to produce signals to image organs in the body. While antimatter power could be very efficient, antimatter is also discussed as a potential weapon due to the large energy release from matter-antimatter annihilation.
Antimatter is the extension of the concept of the antiparticle to matter.
Antimatter is composed of antiparticle, i.e. particles with identical mass and spin as those of ordinary particles, but with opposite charge and magnetic properties.
Antimatter is composed of antiparticles that have the same mass but opposite charge as normal matter particles. For example, a positron is the antiparticle of the electron. When antimatter comes into contact with normal matter, they annihilate each other and release a large amount of energy. While antimatter holds promise for medical imaging technologies like PET scans, it remains extremely difficult and costly to produce and contain due to the high energies and precision required.
1) Antimatter is composed of antiparticles that annihilate with normal matter, releasing a burst of energy.
2) In 1928, Dirac developed his equation which predicted antimatter in the form of positrons. The existence of positrons was confirmed experimentally in 1932.
3) Today it is known that every particle has an antiparticle. When matter and antimatter annihilate, their mass is converted to energy at a rate of 9x1016 J/kg, giving antimatter the highest energy density of all known substances.
Antimatter is composed of antiparticles that have the same mass and spin as normal particles but opposite charge. It is the mirror image of normal matter. Paul Dirac predicted antimatter such as the positron through his relativistic equation. Antimatter exists in small amounts in our environment produced through processes in the sun but annihilates quickly upon contact with normal matter. While antimatter could provide enormous energy through annihilation reactions, it is extremely costly to produce and difficult to store in large quantities needed for applications like propulsion.
This document provides an overview of antimatter, including its origin, production, properties, and potential uses. In 3 sentences:
Antimatter is composed of antiparticles that have the same mass as normal particles but opposite properties like charge. It is produced naturally in high-energy environments like near black holes, and can also be artificially created in particle accelerators. While antimatter could theoretically be used as an ultra-dense fuel source, practical applications are limited by the immense difficulty and costs associated with producing and containing enough antimatter.
This document discusses antimatter power generation. It begins by introducing antimatter and its properties, such as positrons and antiprotons having opposite charge from normal matter but the same mass. Large particle accelerators like the LHC can produce antimatter. Antimatter could power spacecraft by annihilating with matter to produce thrust. It could also generate electricity through controlled annihilation reactions. Positron emission tomography uses antimatter annihilation to produce signals to image organs in the body. While antimatter power could be very efficient, antimatter is also discussed as a potential weapon due to the large energy release from matter-antimatter annihilation.
Antimatter rocket propulsion would provide an extremely efficient form of propulsion by harnessing the energy released from annihilating antimatter with normal matter. However, producing and storing antimatter poses major difficulties. If these challenges can be overcome, antimatter could power spacecraft using only small amounts of fuel and achieve high speeds. NASA estimates antimatter propulsion may be possible within a few decades and could enable missions anywhere in the solar system.
The document discusses fundamental particles and forces. It explains that every particle has an antiparticle with opposite charge that acts as a mirror image. The four fundamental forces - gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces - are carried by exchange particles that produce attractive or repulsive forces over different ranges. The strong nuclear force mediated by gluons has the shortest range but is the strongest force binding quarks and nucleons together in the nucleus.
Matter antimatter - an accentuation-attrition modelAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses a model of matter and antimatter interaction where antimatter dissipates matter and vice versa, reaching an equilibrium.
2) It suggests antimatter may be an integral part of electromagnetism and could explain galaxy rotation curves if antimatter constitutes dark matter.
3) However, most scientists believe dark matter is not antimatter since their annihilation would produce bursts of energy not observed.
In fission, the mass of a U-235 nucleus is less after splitting than before, with the missing mass converted to energy. In pair production, a high-energy photon disappears and an electron-positron pair is created, with energy converted to mass. Both involve mass-energy interconversion - fission converts mass to energy while pair production converts energy to mass. Every particle has a rest mass when stationary, and moving particles effectively have more mass due to their kinetic energy. Rest energy is the energy equivalent of a particle's rest mass.
Antimatter is matter that has an opposite charge to normal matter. It can be produced in particle accelerators and stored using electromagnetic fields. Antimatter annihilates with normal matter, producing photons. Positrons, the antimatter counterpart to electrons, are used in PET scans to detect diseases. While theorists believe the universe is made of mostly matter, experiments are searching for evidence of primordial antimatter left over from the Big Bang. The differences between matter and antimatter are their electric charges; otherwise, they behave similarly and are indistinguishable.
This document provides an introduction to particle physics, including:
- A brief history of discoveries of the elementary constituents of matter like protons, neutrons, electrons.
- An overview of the four fundamental forces and how they control particle behavior.
- Explanations of conservation laws, neutrino theory, and early experiments verifying mass-energy equivalence.
- Descriptions of the Standard Model of particle families, forces, the quark model, and antimatter discoveries.
Intriguing Neutrinos: The Deep Secrets of Nature’s Ghosts by Dr Elisabeth Falkonthewight
Lisa Falk's presentation about the Neutrino, one of the fundamental particles which make up the universe - Also, currently, one of the least understood.
Subatomic particles produced by the decay of radioactive elements. They're special for many reasons - They have no charge, are incredibly light, travel at near light speed and travel through most other matter.
Following the introduction to what they are, she detailed the challenges of detecting them (she's been directly involved in these experiments, including time at CERN), and the vast equipment that's used.
Finally she talked about the DUNE project, the next stage in Neutrino detection.
Presented to Cafe Scientifique, Isle of Wight, 11th May 2015.
Ppt djy 2011 2 topic 7 and 13 nuclear reactionsDavid Young
This document provides an overview of atomic and nuclear physics topics 07 and 13, including:
1) Definitions of nuclear transmutations and artificial (induced) transmutations where a target nucleus is bombarded to cause a reaction.
2) Examples of common nuclear reactions and notations used.
3) Explanations of mass defect, binding energy, and binding energy per nucleon which help explain where the "missing mass" goes in nuclear reactions.
4) Descriptions of fusion and fission reactions where binding energy is released by combining or splitting nuclei.
This document discusses nuclear fusion as a source of energy. It provides an overview of fusion, including what it is, the conditions needed to achieve it, and its safety advantages over other energy sources. ITER is introduced as a large-scale international project working to develop fusion as an energy source. Key points covered include how deuterium and tritium are used as fuel, the extremely high temperatures required to fuse atomic nuclei, and how magnetic confinement is used to control the plasma within the reactor.
There are three main types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle (helium nucleus) to reduce proton repulsion. Beta decay occurs when the nucleus emits an electron or positron to balance the neutron to proton ratio. Gamma decay happens when the nucleus releases a high energy photon to fall to a lower energy state. Natural radioactivity involves unstable isotopes decaying through alpha and beta emission until becoming stable lead isotopes, while artificial radioactivity is inducing nuclear reactions through bombardment.
1. Nuclear physics studies the composition and interactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which interact via the strong nuclear force.
2. Nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion, and radioactive decay involve changes in nuclear binding energies and mass defects. Fission releases energy as heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, while fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei into heavier ones.
3. Key concepts include the strong nuclear force, mass defect and binding energy, radioactive decay and half-lives, and the types of radiation involved in different nuclear reactions like fission and fusion.
The document summarizes early atomic theory and the development of the modern atomic model. It discusses early thinkers like Democritus and Aristotle and their ideas. John Dalton proposed early atomic theory including that atoms are indivisible and unchangeable. J.J. Thomson's work led to the discovery of the electron. Rutherford determined atoms have a small, dense nucleus. Chadwick discovered the neutron in the nucleus. The modern atomic model includes protons, neutrons, and electrons. Radioactivity and nuclear reactions are discussed.
Here is a semi-log plot of the data with an exponential trendline:
The equation of the trendline is:
y = 12456e-0.4693x
Taking the natural log of both sides:
ln(y) = ln(12456) - 0.4693x
The slope is -0.4693
Using the equation:
t1/2 = 0.693/λ
λ = 0.4693
t1/2 = 0.693/0.4693 = 1.5
Therefore, the half-life of the isotope is 1.5 intervals, or 1.5 x 30 s = 45 seconds.
Nuclear physics is the study of atomic nuclei and their components. It includes properties of the nucleus, particles within it like protons and neutrons, and their interactions. Key topics covered are radioactivity, nuclear reactions like fission and fusion, and practical applications. Fission is the splitting of large nuclei into smaller ones and is used in nuclear reactors to generate controlled energy. Fusion is the combining of small nuclei into larger ones and produces even more energy but is difficult to control.
The document summarizes the history and key discoveries related to radioactivity and nuclear physics. It discusses how Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896, leading the Curies to isolate the elements polonium and radium. It then covers atomic structure, the different types of radioactive decay, units of radioactivity, decay processes, and nuclear reactions including fission and fusion.
Assuming that during the “big bang” matter and anti-matter pair production and
annihilation governed the first phase before the expansion and cool down of the
universe, we would expect to find a universe consisting of both matter and anti-matter
uniformly spread apart throughout space.
That is obviously not the case as we can observe today and we expect to find some
new kind of anti-symmetry between matter and anti-matter.
In this paper we will show a paradox that leads to the conclusion that anti-matter must
have "anti-gravity". Based on this conclusion we claim that matter and anti-matter
preserve two new conservation laws: 1. Conservation of gravity, 2. Conservation of
time.
Based on these new conservation laws we predict that anti-matter is uniformly spread,
as anti-atoms or anti-elementary particles, throughout space and it’s one of the main
reasons for space expansion.
We strongly believe that future tests on the influence of anti-matter on gravity and
time will prove this theory.
This document is a project report submitted by Priyanka Verma and Smriti Singh for their Bachelor of Science degree in physics. It discusses elementary particles, including their characteristics, classification, conservation laws, and examples like electrons, positrons, protons, neutrons, pions, and kaons. The report includes certificates of completion from their college principal and physics professors.
The document summarizes key concepts about radioactivity and nuclear decay from a textbook chapter. It describes the three main types of nuclear radiation: alpha particles which are emitted during alpha decay and consist of two protons and two neutrons; beta particles which are electrons emitted during beta decay when a neutron decays to a proton; and gamma radiation which is electromagnetic waves. It explains how these emissions can change one element into another through nuclear transmutation.
This document discusses electrostatics and charging methods. It begins by reviewing atomic structure and defining electric charge. It then explains that oppositely charged particles attract while like charges repel. The three main charging methods are conduction, induction, and triboelectricity (friction). Conduction involves direct contact, induction charges objects without contact by polarization, and triboelectricity occurs when two dissimilar insulators are rubbed and exchange electrons. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these electrostatic principles.
Antimatter rocket propulsion would provide an extremely efficient form of propulsion by harnessing the energy released from annihilating antimatter with normal matter. However, producing and storing antimatter poses major difficulties. If these challenges can be overcome, antimatter could power spacecraft using only small amounts of fuel and achieve high speeds. NASA estimates antimatter propulsion may be possible within a few decades and could enable missions anywhere in the solar system.
The document discusses fundamental particles and forces. It explains that every particle has an antiparticle with opposite charge that acts as a mirror image. The four fundamental forces - gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear, and strong nuclear forces - are carried by exchange particles that produce attractive or repulsive forces over different ranges. The strong nuclear force mediated by gluons has the shortest range but is the strongest force binding quarks and nucleons together in the nucleus.
Matter antimatter - an accentuation-attrition modelAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses a model of matter and antimatter interaction where antimatter dissipates matter and vice versa, reaching an equilibrium.
2) It suggests antimatter may be an integral part of electromagnetism and could explain galaxy rotation curves if antimatter constitutes dark matter.
3) However, most scientists believe dark matter is not antimatter since their annihilation would produce bursts of energy not observed.
In fission, the mass of a U-235 nucleus is less after splitting than before, with the missing mass converted to energy. In pair production, a high-energy photon disappears and an electron-positron pair is created, with energy converted to mass. Both involve mass-energy interconversion - fission converts mass to energy while pair production converts energy to mass. Every particle has a rest mass when stationary, and moving particles effectively have more mass due to their kinetic energy. Rest energy is the energy equivalent of a particle's rest mass.
Antimatter is matter that has an opposite charge to normal matter. It can be produced in particle accelerators and stored using electromagnetic fields. Antimatter annihilates with normal matter, producing photons. Positrons, the antimatter counterpart to electrons, are used in PET scans to detect diseases. While theorists believe the universe is made of mostly matter, experiments are searching for evidence of primordial antimatter left over from the Big Bang. The differences between matter and antimatter are their electric charges; otherwise, they behave similarly and are indistinguishable.
This document provides an introduction to particle physics, including:
- A brief history of discoveries of the elementary constituents of matter like protons, neutrons, electrons.
- An overview of the four fundamental forces and how they control particle behavior.
- Explanations of conservation laws, neutrino theory, and early experiments verifying mass-energy equivalence.
- Descriptions of the Standard Model of particle families, forces, the quark model, and antimatter discoveries.
Intriguing Neutrinos: The Deep Secrets of Nature’s Ghosts by Dr Elisabeth Falkonthewight
Lisa Falk's presentation about the Neutrino, one of the fundamental particles which make up the universe - Also, currently, one of the least understood.
Subatomic particles produced by the decay of radioactive elements. They're special for many reasons - They have no charge, are incredibly light, travel at near light speed and travel through most other matter.
Following the introduction to what they are, she detailed the challenges of detecting them (she's been directly involved in these experiments, including time at CERN), and the vast equipment that's used.
Finally she talked about the DUNE project, the next stage in Neutrino detection.
Presented to Cafe Scientifique, Isle of Wight, 11th May 2015.
Ppt djy 2011 2 topic 7 and 13 nuclear reactionsDavid Young
This document provides an overview of atomic and nuclear physics topics 07 and 13, including:
1) Definitions of nuclear transmutations and artificial (induced) transmutations where a target nucleus is bombarded to cause a reaction.
2) Examples of common nuclear reactions and notations used.
3) Explanations of mass defect, binding energy, and binding energy per nucleon which help explain where the "missing mass" goes in nuclear reactions.
4) Descriptions of fusion and fission reactions where binding energy is released by combining or splitting nuclei.
This document discusses nuclear fusion as a source of energy. It provides an overview of fusion, including what it is, the conditions needed to achieve it, and its safety advantages over other energy sources. ITER is introduced as a large-scale international project working to develop fusion as an energy source. Key points covered include how deuterium and tritium are used as fuel, the extremely high temperatures required to fuse atomic nuclei, and how magnetic confinement is used to control the plasma within the reactor.
There are three main types of radioactive decay: alpha, beta, and gamma decay. Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus ejects an alpha particle (helium nucleus) to reduce proton repulsion. Beta decay occurs when the nucleus emits an electron or positron to balance the neutron to proton ratio. Gamma decay happens when the nucleus releases a high energy photon to fall to a lower energy state. Natural radioactivity involves unstable isotopes decaying through alpha and beta emission until becoming stable lead isotopes, while artificial radioactivity is inducing nuclear reactions through bombardment.
1. Nuclear physics studies the composition and interactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons, which interact via the strong nuclear force.
2. Nuclear reactions such as fission, fusion, and radioactive decay involve changes in nuclear binding energies and mass defects. Fission releases energy as heavy nuclei split into lighter nuclei, while fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei into heavier ones.
3. Key concepts include the strong nuclear force, mass defect and binding energy, radioactive decay and half-lives, and the types of radiation involved in different nuclear reactions like fission and fusion.
The document summarizes early atomic theory and the development of the modern atomic model. It discusses early thinkers like Democritus and Aristotle and their ideas. John Dalton proposed early atomic theory including that atoms are indivisible and unchangeable. J.J. Thomson's work led to the discovery of the electron. Rutherford determined atoms have a small, dense nucleus. Chadwick discovered the neutron in the nucleus. The modern atomic model includes protons, neutrons, and electrons. Radioactivity and nuclear reactions are discussed.
Here is a semi-log plot of the data with an exponential trendline:
The equation of the trendline is:
y = 12456e-0.4693x
Taking the natural log of both sides:
ln(y) = ln(12456) - 0.4693x
The slope is -0.4693
Using the equation:
t1/2 = 0.693/λ
λ = 0.4693
t1/2 = 0.693/0.4693 = 1.5
Therefore, the half-life of the isotope is 1.5 intervals, or 1.5 x 30 s = 45 seconds.
Nuclear physics is the study of atomic nuclei and their components. It includes properties of the nucleus, particles within it like protons and neutrons, and their interactions. Key topics covered are radioactivity, nuclear reactions like fission and fusion, and practical applications. Fission is the splitting of large nuclei into smaller ones and is used in nuclear reactors to generate controlled energy. Fusion is the combining of small nuclei into larger ones and produces even more energy but is difficult to control.
The document summarizes the history and key discoveries related to radioactivity and nuclear physics. It discusses how Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium in 1896, leading the Curies to isolate the elements polonium and radium. It then covers atomic structure, the different types of radioactive decay, units of radioactivity, decay processes, and nuclear reactions including fission and fusion.
Assuming that during the “big bang” matter and anti-matter pair production and
annihilation governed the first phase before the expansion and cool down of the
universe, we would expect to find a universe consisting of both matter and anti-matter
uniformly spread apart throughout space.
That is obviously not the case as we can observe today and we expect to find some
new kind of anti-symmetry between matter and anti-matter.
In this paper we will show a paradox that leads to the conclusion that anti-matter must
have "anti-gravity". Based on this conclusion we claim that matter and anti-matter
preserve two new conservation laws: 1. Conservation of gravity, 2. Conservation of
time.
Based on these new conservation laws we predict that anti-matter is uniformly spread,
as anti-atoms or anti-elementary particles, throughout space and it’s one of the main
reasons for space expansion.
We strongly believe that future tests on the influence of anti-matter on gravity and
time will prove this theory.
This document is a project report submitted by Priyanka Verma and Smriti Singh for their Bachelor of Science degree in physics. It discusses elementary particles, including their characteristics, classification, conservation laws, and examples like electrons, positrons, protons, neutrons, pions, and kaons. The report includes certificates of completion from their college principal and physics professors.
The document summarizes key concepts about radioactivity and nuclear decay from a textbook chapter. It describes the three main types of nuclear radiation: alpha particles which are emitted during alpha decay and consist of two protons and two neutrons; beta particles which are electrons emitted during beta decay when a neutron decays to a proton; and gamma radiation which is electromagnetic waves. It explains how these emissions can change one element into another through nuclear transmutation.
This document discusses electrostatics and charging methods. It begins by reviewing atomic structure and defining electric charge. It then explains that oppositely charged particles attract while like charges repel. The three main charging methods are conduction, induction, and triboelectricity (friction). Conduction involves direct contact, induction charges objects without contact by polarization, and triboelectricity occurs when two dissimilar insulators are rubbed and exchange electrons. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these electrostatic principles.
The document discusses the classification and properties of fundamental particles. It explains that particles can be classified into three main categories: hadrons, which are made up of quarks; leptons, which are elementary particles not made of smaller particles; and quarks, which combine to form hadrons. The document also discusses the properties of quarks, including their relative charge, baryon number, and strangeness. It provides examples of how conservation laws, such as charge conservation, must be satisfied in particle interactions and decays.
Electrons, protons, and neutrons are the main subatomic particles that make up atoms. Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus, while protons have a positive charge in the nucleus. Neutrons have no charge. Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. When an object gains or loses electrons through friction or contact with another object, it becomes positively or negatively charged respectively, as gaining or losing electrons leaves the object with an excess or deficit of protons. Charging by contact occurs when a charged object transfers charge to a neutral object they touch.
1. Electrostatic forces are caused by the attraction and repulsion of electric charges, such as when objects are rubbed together.
2. Atoms become charged when they gain or lose electrons, forming ions. The structure of the atom is such that electrons orbit a small, dense nucleus at relatively large distances.
3. Charged objects interact through electric fields and can attract or repel one another depending on whether their charges are opposite or the same. Applications of electrostatic forces include photocopiers, spray painting, and identifying atoms through spectroscopy.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom and are generally negatively charged. Protons are positively charged and combine with electrons and neutrons to form atoms. Neutrons have no charge and determine the isotope of an element. Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons, which are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. When an element gains protons, it acquires a positive charge, while gaining electrons gives a negative charge. Charging by contact occurs when a charged object transfers some of its charge to a neutral object they touch. Induction charging can also occur without direct contact when a charged object polarizes a nearby neutral object.
The document summarizes elementary particles and their properties. It provides a classification of particles into leptons, mesons, and baryons. For each type of particle, it lists their name, symbol, charge, spin, and rest energy. It discusses particles and their antiparticles, and how conservation laws like parity, charge conjugation, time reversal, and combined CPT invariance apply to interactions between particles.
This document provides an overview of forces and motion. It discusses the four fundamental forces - strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, and gravitational. It explains how static electricity is caused by an imbalance of electrons on objects. Experiments are described to demonstrate the attraction and repulsion of charged objects. The document also covers electromagnetism, generators, motors, gravity, and Newton's laws of motion. Key concepts include like charges repelling and opposite charges attracting, and that in a vacuum all objects fall at the same rate regardless of mass.
Topic 7.3 - The structure of matter.pptxHashemYamani
This document provides an overview of particle physics and the standard model of particle interactions. It discusses the fundamental particles that make up matter, including quarks, leptons, and force carriers. Quarks combine to form hadrons like protons and neutrons, while leptons include electrons. Particles are classified according to their interactions via the strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces. Conservation laws like charge, baryon number, and lepton number must be obeyed in particle reactions. The Higgs boson is described as giving other particles their mass through interactions with the Higgs field.
Have you ever experienced a crackling sound or witnessed a spark while removing synthetic clothes or a sweater, especially in dry weather? This phenomenon occurs due to the discharge of electric charges accumulated through the rubbing of insulating surfaces. Another example of electric discharge is lightning observed during thunderstorms. These occurrences result from static electricity generation. NCERT Class 12 Physics Notes Chapter 1 on Electric Charges and Fields delves into these phenomena extensively. Electrostatics is the branch of physics that investigates forces, fields, and potentials arising from static charges.
For more information, visit- www.vavaclasses.com
This document provides an introduction to basic electrical and electronics concepts. It discusses how electricity is present in nature and how mankind has harnessed it for use. It then covers atomic structure, defining elements, compounds, and molecules. Models of the atom including Dalton's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's are explained. The document also discusses electrons, protons, neutrons, and their roles. Energy shells and electron quotas are defined. Finally, the document introduces concepts of electric charge, static electricity, and the coulomb unit of charge.
This document discusses various topics in electrostatics including:
1) Electric charge can be positive or negative and like charges repel while unlike charges attract.
2) Charge is conserved meaning the total amount of charge in a system remains constant during interactions and transformations.
3) The coulomb is the SI unit for electric charge and small amounts are measured in microcoulombs. The elementary charge is the smallest unit of charge possible.
4) Materials can be conductors, insulators or semiconductors depending on how freely charge can flow through them.
The document discusses the atomic model and structure of atoms. It states that atoms are comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with protons and neutrons located in the central nucleus and electrons surrounding it in empty space. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. The sizes of atoms and their components are described, with the nucleus being very small compared to the mostly empty space occupied by electrons. A brief history of atomic models is also provided.
This document discusses electricity and electric charge. It defines the basic properties of electric charge including that there are two types - positive and negative. Like charges repel and opposite charges attract. Charge is conserved and cannot be created or destroyed. The key particles - proton, electron, and neutron - and their charges are identified. Conductors allow charge to move through them while insulators restrict charge movement. Triboelectric series shows how charge transfers during friction. Induction can charge objects without contact by redistributing protons and electrons. Devices like electroscopes and Van de Graaff generators are used to study electric charge.
Electricity is related to the structure and properties of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particle that matter can be divided into, consisting of a nucleus with positively charged protons and neutral neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons in energy levels. The attraction between the positive nucleus and negative electrons holds the atom together in a neutral state. Static electricity and lightning occur when an imbalance of charges develops, such as rubbing objects together to transfer electrons or friction separating charges within storm clouds.
Democritus first proposed the idea of atoms in 460 BC, suggesting that all matter is made up of tiny indivisible spheres called atoms. An atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The nucleus contains nearly all of an atom's mass and is made up of protons and neutrons. Electrons carry a negative charge and orbit the nucleus, while protons have a positive charge. Atoms of the same element have the same number of protons but can vary in the number of neutrons, forming isotopes of that element.
1) Alpha decay involves a large, unstable nucleus emitting an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and decaying into a different nucleus.
2) There are two types of beta decay - beta minus and beta plus. Beta minus occurs when a neutron decays to a proton, electron, and neutrino. Beta plus occurs when a proton decays to a neutron, positron, and electron neutrino.
3) When a particle meets its antiparticle, they annihilate each other and their mass is converted to energy in the form of gamma ray photons.
This document provides an introduction to radioactivity and nuclear physics. It discusses goals of learning about the physics of radioactivity, nuclear reactions, and their applications. It also covers hazards and safety mechanisms. Examples discussed include observing particle trails in a cloud chamber, the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation, and how intensity of radiation follows the inverse square law.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. “Antimatter?—that’s extremely combustible stuff, isn’t it?
‘Angels & Demons’ and ‘Star Trek’ told me so.”
“What about warp-drive for starships—
they use matter-antimatter reactors, don’t they?”
“I read that it could be the fuel source of the future.”
“OK then. Tell us— what IS antimatter?”
“…and where can I get some?”
3. From the film “Angels & Demons” (2009)*
To see the video, click on the picture :
*In the lesson “Operation: Annihilate”, we look at this clip in greater detail. Here it is meant simply as an appetizer.
4. Antimatter has been around in popular culture
long before the release of the film “Angels &
Demons”
(or the 2000 Dan Brown novel on which the film is based).
The following are some examples from the television
series “Star Trek”:
8. Well, that’s what film and television
have been telling us about antimatter.
But what is the reality?
9. Just FOUR particles make up all
of the visible matter in the Universe*…
*For a short tutorial on fundamental particles,
see “What Are The Indivisibles?” in the Background Materials:
10. Just FOUR particles make up all
of the visible matter in the Universe*…
electron neutrino up quark down quark
*For a short tutorial on fundamental particles,
see “What Are The Indivisibles?” in the Background Materials:
11. But, the Universe does have other particles up its sleeve.
For one thing, each of the matter particles has a twin.
No, not an evil twin…
electron neutrino up quark down quark
12. …an ANTIMATTER twin.
electron neutrino up quark down quark
positron anti-neutrino anti-up quark anti-down quark
It is traditional to use a little bar in the symbol for an antimatter particle to distinguish it from the symbol
for its matter twin (the exception is the positron, where we use a ‘+’ instead of the ‘−’ of the electron).
13. Antimatter is not the stuff of science fiction. It exists.
It is the stuff (or rather, the anti-stuff) of science fact.
electron neutrino up quark down quark
positron anti-neutrino anti-up quark anti-down quark
It is traditional to use a little bar in the symbol for an antimatter particle to distinguish it from the symbol
for its matter twin (the exception is the positron, where we use a ‘+’ instead of the ‘−’ of the electron).
16. Matter, Antimatter: What’s the difference?
There is one essential and obvious difference:
A particle of matter that has an ELECTRIC CHARGE
has an antiparticle twin with the exact opposite charge.
If you require information on electric charge as it pertains
to this lesson, see “Will You Be Charging That?”
in the Background Materials:
−1 +1
17. Matter, Antimatter: What’s the difference?
There is one essential and obvious difference:
A particle of matter that has an ELECTRIC CHARGE
has an antiparticle twin with the exact opposite charge.
For example, if the electron has a charge of −1,
−1 +1
18. Matter, Antimatter: What’s the difference?
There is one essential and obvious difference:
A particle of matter that has an ELECTRIC CHARGE
has an antiparticle twin with the exact opposite charge.
For example, if the electron has a charge of −1,
Electron
Charge: −1
−1 +1
19. Matter, Antimatter: What’s the difference?
There is one essential and obvious difference:
A particle of matter that has an ELECTRIC CHARGE
has an antiparticle twin with the exact opposite charge.
For example, if the electron has a charge of −1,
then its antiparticle, the positron, has a charge of +1.
Electron
Charge: −1
−1 +1
20. Matter, Antimatter: What’s the difference?
There is one essential and obvious difference:
A particle of matter that has an ELECTRIC CHARGE
has an antiparticle twin with the exact opposite charge.
For example, if the electron has a charge of −1,
then its antiparticle, the positron, has a charge of +1.
Electron Positron
Charge: −1 Charge: +1
−1 +1
21. Remember that
protons and neutrons
are made up of particular combinations
of the up and down quarks,
and that these quarks have a fractional charge…
22. PROTON
(p)
+⅔ Composed of:
2 up quarks and
1 down quark
+⅔ −⅓
Total charge:
⅔ + ⅔ − ⅓ = +1
23. NEUTRON
(n)
−⅓ Composed of:
1 up quark and
2 down quarks
+⅔ −⅓
Total charge:
⅔−⅓−⅓ = 0
24. Likewise, particular combinations of the
anti-up and anti-down quarks make up
antiprotons and antineutrons.
Again, the anti-up and anti-down quarks
have the opposite charge of their matter twins…
26. ANTINEUTRON
-
(n):
+⅓ Composed of:
1 anti-up quark and
2 anti-down quarks
−⅔ +⅓
Total charge:
-⅔ + ⅓ + ⅓ = 0
Notice that the antineutron also has zero charge. If a particle has no charge, then its antiparticle has no charge.
27. In a magnetic field, a particle with an electric charge
will be deflected by the same amount as its antiparticle
BUT
in opposite directions:
For example….
28. S
Direction of magnetic field
Deflection of an ELECTRON
in a magnetic field
N
29. S
Direction of magnetic field
Deflection of a POSITRON
in a magnetic field
N
31. How are Matter and Antimatter similar?
As far as we can tell, particles and antiparticles have
IDENTICAL masses.
(The fact that a particle and its antiparticle are deflected
by the same amount in a magnetic field, is an indication to us that
the mass of a particle and its antiparticle are identical).
33. We also BELIEVE, though it has yet to be
PROVED experimentally,
that antimatter behaves IDENTICALLY to matter
under the influence of GRAVITY.
34. Anti-
Matter
matter
For example,
if you were able to drop a
certain amount of
matter and antimatter
in a gravitational field,
we believe that they would
accelerate at precisely the
same rate.
35. Anti-
Matter
matter
For example,
if you were able to drop a
certain amount of
matter and antimatter
in a gravitational field,
we believe that they would
accelerate at precisely the
same rate.
36. For example,
if you were able to drop a
certain amount of
matter and antimatter
in a gravitational field,
we believe that they would
accelerate at precisely the
same rate.
Anti-
Matter
matter
37. In addition to the fundamental antiparticles,
entire anti-atoms are possible.
In fact, human beings have already made one:
38. In addition to the fundamental antiparticles,
entire anti-atoms are possible.
In fact, human beings have already made one:
ANTIHYDROGEN
39. Good old HYDROGEN.
It’s the simplest atom we know.
It consists of 1 proton and 1 electron.
40. Let us picture a hydrogen atom as an electron
orbiting its nucleus, a proton.
41. Let us picture a hydrogen atom as an electron
orbiting its nucleus, a proton.
Hydrogen (H)
42. Let us picture a hydrogen atom as an electron
orbiting its nucleus, a proton. BUT REMEMBER—this
is NOT an accurate depiction! (For one thing, in the
proper scale, our electron would have to be drawn
about 1 kilometer away from the proton).
Hydrogen (H)
43. Let us picture a hydrogen atom as an electron Let us now picture an antihydrogen atom as a
orbiting its nucleus, a proton. BUT REMEMBER—this positron orbiting its nucleus, an antiproton.
is NOT an accurate depiction! (For one thing, in the (The same warnings apply!)
proper scale, our electron would have to be drawn
about 1 kilometer away from the proton).
Hydrogen (H)
44. Let us picture a hydrogen atom as an electron Let us now picture an antihydrogen atom as a
orbiting its nucleus, a proton. BUT REMEMBER—this positron orbiting its nucleus, an antiproton.
is NOT an accurate depiction! (For one thing, in the (The same warnings apply!)
proper scale, our electron would have to be drawn
about 1 kilometer away from the proton).
Anti-
Hydrogen (H)
Hydrogen (H) -
45. At CERN in 1995,
The very first atoms of ANTIHYDROGEN were made.
From an initial production in 1995 of just a few atoms in 3 weeks,
a few million have been produced on a worldwide basis in the
intervening years.*
Although that may seem impressive, remember that it takes about
600,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 antihydrogen atoms
to make just one gram.
* See the following links to find out more:
http://press.web.cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases1996/PR01.96EAntiHydrogen.html
Antihydrogen Atoms Made At Cern
http://cool-antihydrogen.web.cern.ch/cool-antihydrogen/
46. How far can we go with this?
Could we have other anti-atoms?
How about anticarbon, antinitrogen, antioxygen?
47. How far can we go with this?
Could we have other anti-atoms?
How about anticarbon, antinitrogen, antioxygen?
What about an entire Periodic Anti-Table?
48. How far can we go with this?
Could we have other anti-atoms?
How about anticarbon, antinitrogen, antioxygen?
What about an entire Periodic Anti-Table?
49. How far can we go with this?
Could we have other anti-atoms?
How about anticarbon, antinitrogen, antioxygen?
What about an entire Periodic Anti-Table?
50. How far can we go with this?
Could we have other anti-atoms?
How about anticarbon, antinitrogen, antioxygen?
What about an entire Periodic Anti-Table?
51. THEORETICALLY SPEAKING,
COMBINATIONS OF
POSITRONS, ANTIPROTONS AND ANTINEUTRONS
COULD GENERATE ANTI-VERSIONS OF ALL OF THE ELEMENTS
IN THE PERIODIC TABLE.
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53. Though it may annoy your chemistry teacher,
chemistry is basically the study of
what happens when bunches of atoms come together.
54. Though it may annoy your chemistry teacher,
chemistry is basically the study of
what happens when bunches of atoms come together.
As two hydrogen atoms approach each other,
their nuclei repel (why?).
This repulsion is overcome because
the electron in one atom attracts
the proton in the other atom.
55. Though it may annoy your chemistry teacher,
chemistry is basically the study of
what happens when bunches of atoms come together.
As two hydrogen atoms approach each other,
their nuclei repel (why?).
This repulsion is overcome because
the electron in one atom attracts
the proton in the other atom.
The best configuration is when the atoms are bound together.
We then have a hydrogen molecule.
56. AS AN EXERCISE, REPLAY THE FORMATION OF A HYDROGEN MOLECULE,
ONLY THIS TIME USING ANTIHYDROGEN ATOMS.
WOULD THERE BE ANY DIFFERENCE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF
THE FORCES OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION?
WOULD AN ANTIHYDROGEN MOLECULE BE FORMED?
57. AS AN EXERCISE, REPLAY THE FORMATION OF A HYDROGEN MOLECULE,
ONLY THIS TIME USING ANTIHYDROGEN ATOMS.
WOULD THERE BE ANY DIFFERENCE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF
THE FORCES OF ATTRACTION AND REPULSION?
WOULD AN ANTIHYDROGEN MOLECULE BE FORMED?
(With respect to forces of attraction and repulsion, there is a complete
symmetry between these two cases. Thus, an antihydrogen molecule WOULD be
formed)
59. Can we keep going?
If anti-hydrogen molecules are a theoretical possibility,
AND
the chemistry of antimatter is identical to that of matter…
60. Can we keep going?
If anti-hydrogen molecules are a theoretical possibility,
AND
the chemistry of antimatter is identical to that of matter…
Then how about bigger AND BIGGER anti-molecules?
61. Can we keep going?
If anti-hydrogen molecules are a theoretical possibility,
AND
the chemistry of antimatter is identical to that of matter…
Then how about bigger AND BIGGER anti-molecules?
AS A LITTLE THOUGHT EXPERIMENT,
TAKE THIS LINE OF THINKING AS FAR AS YOU CAN…
WHAT DO YOU COME UP WITH?
62. And what about an Anti-You?
What would your Anti-You look like?
63. And what about an Anti-You?
What would your Anti-You look like?
If we took You
64. And what about an Anti-You?
What would your Anti-You look like?
If we took You
Insert your
photo here
65. And what about an Anti-You?
What would your Anti-You look like?
If we took You
Insert your
photo here
and reversed the charges of all of the particles that make you up
(in other words change your electrons to positrons, your protons to
antiprotons, and your neutrons to antineutrons),
the resulting forces would be the same.
66. And what about an Anti-You?
What would your Anti-You look like?
If we took You
Insert your
photo here
and reversed the charges of all of the particles that make you up
(in other words change your electrons to positrons, your protons to
antiprotons, and your neutrons to antineutrons),
the resulting forces would be the same.
These forces have given you your structure—and so, your appearance.
68. So, Anti-You
would look exactly like
You.
Insert your
photo here
AGAIN
However, if You and your Anti-You were to meet…
69. So, Anti-You
would look exactly like
You.
Insert your
photo here
AGAIN
However, if You and your Anti-You were to meet…
To gain an understanding into what would happen in such an encounter,
go to the lesson “Operation: Annihilate!”.
70. One Final Note:
You will sometimes see an anti-object depicted as
a mirror-image photo-negative of the original object.
For example:
BANANA ANTI-BANANA
In the Extension Lesson “Through The Looking Glass”, we discuss why
antimatter can be thought of as a negative mirror-image of matter. But it
should be understood that bulk antimatter would look identical to bulk
matter. A depiction like the one above is simply used for effect!