Pheromones are chemicals emitted by animals that elicit specific responses in others of the same species. They are released through urine, skin, or feces and detected via smell. There are different types for purposes like mating readiness, danger alerts, or territorial claims. Studies found that pheromones in male mouse urine can regulate female puberty onset and estrous cycles. Pheromones have potential for rodent pest control by attracting them to traps but require identification in many wild species. Predatory cues like alarm pheromones, illumination, or predator odors can also repel rodents by creating fear responses.

2. PHEROMONES
Pheromones are the chemicals which are emitted
by an individual and received by a second
individual of same species, in which they cause a
specific reaction.
These have no effect on non target organisms.
Animals release it through their
-Urine
-Skin
-Feaces
It is detected using smell

3. Pheromones can be released for a variety
of reasons-
 Readiness to mate
 An alert to danger
 Showing the territory
 During ovulation

4. TYPES OF PHEROMONES
RELEASER PHEROMONES induce a rapid
behavioural response in the recepients
mediated through central nervous system.
Example- alarming pheromones, mother-young
interaction
PRIMER PHEROMONES induce a delayed
response to the stimulation mediated through
central nervous system and endocrine system
Example-sex pheromones

5. • In rats and mice, the secretion of
preputial glands is reported to act as sex
attractant.
• Vaginal secretions are also the source of
pheromones responsible for sexual
attractions.

6. 1.Pheromones acting as sex attractants have the
potential to trap the rodents and to suppress
the neophobia and bait shyness.
2. Sex specific volatile compounds have been
identified from scent gland of R. rattus and B.
bengalensis and used to trap them in the
fields.

7. 3. 10%- 20% of male and 30-40% female rats
were trapped with the use of Preputial gland
extract.
4. Compound 1- nitropentane (female urine
compound) when added to poison is found
more effective in increasing the mortality rate
of rats.
5. Mixing of synthetic pheromones with poison
bait increases the mortality rate in R. rattus

8. It is the tendency for female rodents to
terminate their pregnancies following
exposure to the scent of an unfamiliar
male.
Hilda M. Bruce( 1959)

9. The chemical signal which are specific to each
male are learned by females during mating.
Hormone Oxytocin is important in this social
memory process.
Female treated with oxytocin antagonist, unable
to recognize the urinary scent of their mate and will
terminate the pregnancy when exposed to any
male; known or Unknown
The Bruce effect is most common in polygynous
rodents.

10. The onset of puberty and estrous cycle can be
regulated by social stimuli.
If a female mouse is reared only with females,
the puberty and estrous cycle may be delayed.
But the presence of males accelerates the
puberty onset and estrous cyclicity
Pheromones in male mouse urine is
responsible for these effects.
Vandenbergh et al (1972)

11. Pheromones in the urine of rats and mice are
bound with a protein called Major Urinary
Proteins.
DHT -Dihydrothiazole

12. • The time of dissociation of pheromone protein
complex is very long and the protein can store
and slowly release the odourants into the air.
• These proteins play a crucial role in protecting
the pheromones from being rapidly lost by
evaporation and degradation
• Identification and isolation of specific protein
can surely help in using pheromones for
rodent pest management.

13. ADVANTAGES OF PHEROMONES
• Minute quantities of pheromones are enough
to attract and kill large number of rodents
hence they are economical
• They are non pollutant and ecologically
acceptable
• These are labour saving
• These are species specific
• Easy handling

14. DISADVANTAGES
• Pheromones have to be identified in many
wild species
• Sex pheromones can attract only one sex
• Farmers should have the knowledge about the
pheromones
• Quick results cannot be obtained

15. PREDATORY CUES

16. • These are the smell/ odour or vocal sound of
the predators which can create fear in rodents
and can be helpful to repel them from a
particular place.
Predatory cues are of two types
• DIRECT CUES
• INDIRECT CUES

17. Direct cues suggest the immediate presence of
predator. These act as an indicator of a
specific type of predator and include visual,
tactile and auditory cues.

18. 1. SOCIAL OLFACTORY CUES
Alarm pheromones from disturbed, non lithally
injured or dead conspecifics send signal to rest
of the rats about the danger. By getting the
alarm signal, they leave the area.

19. 2. ILLUMINATION
Moonlight influences the nocturnal rodents
foraging behaviour. Potentially, increased light
intensity suppresses rodent activity because
illumination enables better visual activity by
predators and prey movements become more
noticeable.
Farnworth (2015)

20. It has been experimentally demonstrated that
non-commensal wild house mice exhibit
avoidance behaviour in response to artificial
illumination.
We can control the rodents in small scale area
by using artificial light.

21. 3. ODOUR OF PREDATORS
Sulfurous odours present in the urine of
carnivores are identified by the rodents. They
use them to assess the presence of predators.
Perception of predator odours elicit a ‘’fear- of-
predation’’ response in prey animals, which
causes the animal to seek out less threatening
area. This results the repulsion of target
animal from the treatment area.

22. Synthetic predator odours have the considerable
potential as area repellent for controlling the
rodents in commensal and agricultural
situations.

23. Thank you