The document explores the various locomotion methods used by animals in three main environments: air, water, and land. It discusses adaptations in birds, such as wing shapes and body structures for flight, as well as cephalopod locomotion techniques like jet propulsion in water. Additionally, the document highlights the movement mechanisms of arthropods, emphasizing the role of hydraulic systems in their locomotion efficiency.

1.  By: Shaina Riggs, Michael Howard, and Tanner Ryan
LOCOMOTION

2.  Locomotion is used by the majority of animals.
 Three major types of environments that locomotion takes
place in is the air, water, and terrestrial environments.
 This PowerPoint will discuss animals and groups of animals
that move in each one of the environments as well as how
they are able to move.
LOCOMOTION

3.  Hollow air filled bones
 Bone fusion
 Fused thoracic vertebrae
 Tailbone with feathers can change the arrangement of the
feathers thus slow down or help change direction of the flight
 Keeled sternum provides for more surface area for muscle
attachment
 Atrophy of sex organs
 Elimination of teeth and jaw
 Wings and Feathers!
LOCOMOTION IN AIR

4. KINDS OF FLIGHT
• There are several factors that greatly impact the kind of flight a bird will have.
These include: the size and shape of the wing, the angle at which it meets the
oncoming air, how the wings move, as well as the body of the bird.
• There are 4 main types of wings
1. Elliptical (crow)- short, rounded, and have a low aspect ration. Used to evade
predators and navigate through dense vegetation
2. High Speed (falcon) – short pointed wings with rapid wing beats. The falcon
has a record dive speed of 200 mph.
3. High Aspect Ratio (albatross) – Wings are much longer than they are wide.
This flight is used for slow flight such as soaring or gliding. These birds use
different wind speeds at various heights.
4. Soaring Wings with deep slots- Used by many inland birds. The slots at the
end of the winds help to reduce drag and use the energy from air flow.
Shorter wings also aid in take off.

5. HOW WING SHAPE EFFECTS FLIGHT

6. Kingdom: Animalia
•Phylum: Chordata
•Class: Aves
•Order: Apodiformes
•Family: Trochilidae
•Genus: Archilochus
•Species: Archilocus colubris
Special features adapted for flight in hummingbirds
 Larger pectoral muscles and sternum (25%)
 Pectoral muscles containing only red fibers
 Small feet
 Enlarged heart (2.5%)
 Figure 8 wing movement
THE RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD

7.  The Cephalopods which include animals such as the squid,
cuttlefish, and octopus are able to move in a variety of ways
in water.
 The movements include walking on the ocean floor, jet
propulsion and even flying above the ocean for brief periods.
LOCOMOTION IN WATER

8.  The Cephalopods use jet propulsion as their main mode of
locomotion.
 Jet propulsion is achieved by taking in water through the
collar located posteriorly to the head.
 The water passes over the gills and is stored in the mantle
cavity of the Cephalopod.
 The muscles of the mantle are able to contract and push the
water out of the funnel with great pressure. The funnel is
movable and this is what allows the Cephalopod to change its
direction while excreting the water.
 This jet propulsion method of swimming allows the
Cephalopods to reach up to 25 mph which is the fastest
among marine invertebrates.
JET PROPULSION

10.  Squids are able to use their jet propulsion to shoot out of the
water usually when they are threatened.
 Once out of the water the squids use the fins on the side of
their head to stabilize themselves in the air.
 With the momentum of the propulsion and the gliding ability
of the fins the squids are able to glide in the air over 200
feet.
FLYING SQUIDS

11.  Octopi use the powerful suction cups on their tentacles to
attach to surfaces on the bottom of the ocean. This suction
allows them to pull themselves forward in a crawling motion.
 They can also use their tentacles as legs and walk on the
ocean floor.
CRAWLING IN THE OCEAN

12. LOCOMOTION ON LAND
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/ma
ntisshrimp_03

13.  Arthropods contain many species
 Spiders, crabs, centipedes, etc.
ARTHROPODS
http://ww
w.biologyc
orner.com/
bio1/notes
-
arthropods
.html

14.  Muscles attached inside the skeleton.
 Muscles coordinated with the nervous systems.
 The pull of the muscles against the exoskeleton allows the
arthropod to function accordingly.
HOW MOVEMENT IS ACHIEVED
http://arthropodsf.blogspot.
com/2007/04/movement_
01.html

15.  Their skeleton provides local control over movement
 The jointed appendages of the arthropods create an extremely
stable organism
 These jointed appendages act as struts and shock absorbers
 When exploring new rough terrains Humans may employ
robots with arthropod like movement to discover new and
undiscovered terrains
ARTHROPOD SUCCESS
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/ev
olibrary/article//arthropods_intr
o_05

16.  Powerful due to the mechanical instruments in their legs
much like modern day hydraulics
 Accomplished by pressurizing the cephalothorax, this causes
the legs to stretch outward.
 Also the quick changes in pressure allow for spiders to jump
distances much greater than their own body length
SPIDER MOVEMENT

17.  Jumping spiders can leap more than fifty times their own body
length by swiftly boosting blood pressure in their third and
fourth limbs
 Spiders can innately increase and decrease body pressure in
fractions of a second to quickly skitter about.
 Male spider also utilize hydraulics for another function: to
power their genitalia.
 Hydraulics may enhance genital mobility, potentially
improving the lock between male and female spiders during
mating.
SPIDER ABILITIES

18.  http://shapeoflife.org/video/other-topics/arthropod-
locomotion-engineering
 http://arthropodsf.blogspot.com/2007/04/movement_01.htm
l
 http://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2013/02/spiders-
their-amazing-hydraulic-legs-and-genitals.html
 www.earthlife.net/birds/flight.html
 www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/FlightLesson.html
 https://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/A
daptations.html
 www.hsu.edu/pictures.aspx?id=1287
SOURCES

19.  http://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/invertebrates/facts/cephal
opods/locomotion.cfm
 http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/
 http://tolweb.org/accessory/Cephalopod_Jet_Propulsion?acc_
id=2060
 www.rubythroat.org/rthufactsmain.html
 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/66391/bird/49
225/Muscles-and-organs
SOURCES