The subphylum Hexapoda includes insects and other land arthropods with three pairs of legs and typically two pairs of wings. Hexapoda have three main body sections - the head, thorax, and abdomen. The thorax is divided into three segments, each bearing a pair of legs. More advanced insects like flies use indirect flight muscles that connect the thorax to the wings, allowing up-and-down wing movement through contractions of muscles on the thorax. Requirements for flight include thermoregulation abilities and muscles that can contract rapidly to provide lift, with wing movement powered directly by muscles in some insects like dragonflies.

1. Subphylum Hexapoda
Presented By Kanwal Nisa

2. Hexapoda
The most successful Land Animal
UNIQUENESS
• 3 Pairs of Leg
• 2 Pair of wings
• 1 Pair of antennae
Beetle insect

3. Three Tagmata
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen
Head are not divided but thorax are
divided into different parts
Division of thorax
• Prothorax
• Mesothorax
• Metathorax

4. Speciation of Each Tagma
 Eye ,Antenna /mouth pats and ocelli
 Pairs of leg on each segments
 2 pairs of wings at later sigmets
 2 pair of spiracles
 10 or 11abdominal segments,spiracles
per segments
 Gentical & sensory sturture is called
ceric

5. INSECTS FLIGHTS
 Wings may have evolued form the
rigids,lateral outgrowth of the thorax that
probably protected the legs or spiracles.
 Lateral these fixed lobes could have been
used in gliding form the top of tall plants to
the forest floor.
 The ability of the wings to flap, title and
fold back over the body porbably came
lateral.
Hypothesis on the origin of Flights

6. Requirements of flights
 Thermoregulation abilities
 Relatively high body temperature
 25C or greater,are needed for flights muscles to
contract raplidly enough for flights.

7. Direct /synshronous flights
 Direct flight muscles are found in all insects and are used to control the wing during
flight.
 However, in insects such as dragonflies and cockroaches, direct flight muscles are used
to power flight too.
 The wings pivot up and down around a single pivot point.
 The wings are raised by a contraction of muscles attached to the base of the The wings
are then brought down by a contraction of muscles that attach to the wing outside of the
pivot point.

9. Indirect flight muscles
 Indirect flight muscles are found in more advanced insects such as true flies.
 indirect flight muscles are connected to the upper (tergum) and lower (sternum)
surfaces of the insect thorax.
 A second set of muscles attach to the front and back of the thorax.
 The wings are raised by the muscles attached to the upper and lower surface of the
thorax contracting.
 This brings the top surface of the thorax down and, along with it, the base of the wings.
 The wings are then lowered by a contraction of the muscles attached to the front and
rear of the thorax
 This forces the upper surface of the thorax to raise and the wings pivot downwards.