Flying and gliding have evolved separately many times across animals. The document discusses various examples of flying and gliding animals, grouped by invertebrates (insects, spiders, squid), fish (flying fish, halfbeaks), amphibians (flying frogs), reptiles (draco lizards, gliding geckos, gliding snakes), and mammals (flying phalangers, flying squirrels, flying lemurs, possible limited gliding in sifakas and cats). Many canopy-dwelling rainforest animals have evolved gliding abilities to aid in navigating between trees.
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc.
Parental care is any behavior pattern in which a parent invests time or energy in feeding and protecting its offspring.
Parental care is a form of altruism since this type of behaviour involves increasing the fitness of the offspring at the expense of the parents.
The evolution of parental care is beneficial as it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness.
Parental care is evolved in those organism which produce limited no. of eggs to ensure the continuity of their race.
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc.
Parental care is any behavior pattern in which a parent invests time or energy in feeding and protecting its offspring.
Parental care is a form of altruism since this type of behaviour involves increasing the fitness of the offspring at the expense of the parents.
The evolution of parental care is beneficial as it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness.
Parental care is evolved in those organism which produce limited no. of eggs to ensure the continuity of their race.
Introduction
Ostracoderms (shell-skinned) are of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates.
They appeared in the Cambrian, about 510 million years ago, and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian, about 377 million years ago. They were quite abundant during the upper Silurian and Devonian periods. Most of fossils of Ostracodermi were preserved in the bottom sediments of freshwater streams.
However, the opinion is sharply divided as to whether their habitat was freshwater or marine.
The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms.
The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s.
The ostracoderms resembled the present day cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) in many respects and together with them constitute a special group of jawless vertebrates, the Agnatha.
Characteristics: They use gills exclusively for respiration but not for feeding . Earlier chordates with gills used them for both respiration and feeding. Ostracoderms had separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. mostly small to medium-sized fishes, protected by a heavy, bony dermal (derived from skin) armor. bottom-dwellers; filter-feeders or grazers. no paired fins, but many with stabilizing paired flaps on either side of head.
(1) Ostracoderms were the first vertebrates.
(2) They were popularly called armoured fishes.
(4) They lived in freshwater.
(5) They were bottom dwellers.
(6) Their body was fish-like and did not exceed 30 cm in size.
(7) Paired fins were absent.
(8) Median and caudal fins were present.
(9) The caudal fin was of heterocercal type.
(10) The head and thorax were covered by heavy armour of bones. It protected ostracoderms from the giant scorpion like arthropods, eurypterids.
(11) Bony skull was well developed.
(12) Mouth was mostly present on the ventral side.
(13) They were having large number of gill slits.
(14) The nervous system had 10 pairs of cranial nerves.
(15) The head had a pair of lateral eyes, and a median pineal eye.
(16) They were filter feeders, feeding like a vacuum cleaner.
(17) The endoskeleton was either bony or cartilaginous.
a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.
Why do animals need to breathe?
Breathing is important to organisms because cells require energy (oxygen) to move, reproduce and function. Breath also expels carbon dioxide, which is a by-product of cellular processes within the bodies of animals.
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food and this takes place inside the cells of the body.
The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen (of air) into cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food, and then eliminating the waste products (carbon dioxide and water) from the body.
Respiration is essential for life because it provides energy for carrying out all the life processes which are necessary to keep the organisms alive.
The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri- Phosphate) molecules in the cells of the body and used by the organism as when required.
KEY POINTS
Life started in an anaerobic environment in the so called ‘primodial broth’ (a mixture of organic molecules.
Subsequently, oxygen strangely enough became an crucial factor for aerobic metabolism especially in the higher life forms.
The rise of an oxygenic environment was an important event in the diversification of life.
It evoked a dramatic shift from inefficient to sophisticated oxygen dependent oxidizing ecosystems.
Anaerobic fermentation, the metabolic process that prevailed for the first about 2 billion years of the evolution of life, was a very inefficient way of extracting energy from organic molecules. Ex: A molecule of glucose, e.g., produces only two molecules of ATP (≈ 15 kCal) compared with 36 ATP molecules (≈ 263 kCal) in oxygenic respiration.
Aerobic metabolism must have developed at a critical point when the partial pressure of oxygen rose from an initial level to one adequately high to drive it passively across the cell membrane.
Respiration is a complex and highly integrated biomechanical, physiological, and behavioral processes.
The transfer of O2 occurs through a flow of tissue barriers and compartments by diffusion down a partial pressure gradient, which drops to about zero at the mitochondrial level.
Acquisition of molecular oxygen (O2) from the external fluid media (water and air) and the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the same milieu is the primary role of respiration.
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures.
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages. Skin + derivatives= Integument.
It aims to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside.
The integumentary system in chordates includes hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails.
It may serve to water proof, and protect the deeper tissues.
Excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature.
It is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature.
this ppt gives more clear information about origin of chordata. chordates are those organism which retain notochord in their life history atleast once.
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism.
Its name is a hybrid word, originating from the Greek bios for "living" and the Latin lumen "light".
Bioluminescence is a naturally occurring form of chemiluminescence where energy is released by a chemical reaction in the form of light emission. Fireflies, anglerfish, and other creatures produce the chemicals luciferin (a pigment) and luciferase (an enzyme).
Introduction
Ostracoderms (shell-skinned) are of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates.
They appeared in the Cambrian, about 510 million years ago, and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian, about 377 million years ago. They were quite abundant during the upper Silurian and Devonian periods. Most of fossils of Ostracodermi were preserved in the bottom sediments of freshwater streams.
However, the opinion is sharply divided as to whether their habitat was freshwater or marine.
The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms.
The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s.
The ostracoderms resembled the present day cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) in many respects and together with them constitute a special group of jawless vertebrates, the Agnatha.
Characteristics: They use gills exclusively for respiration but not for feeding . Earlier chordates with gills used them for both respiration and feeding. Ostracoderms had separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head, which were permanently open with no protective operculum. mostly small to medium-sized fishes, protected by a heavy, bony dermal (derived from skin) armor. bottom-dwellers; filter-feeders or grazers. no paired fins, but many with stabilizing paired flaps on either side of head.
(1) Ostracoderms were the first vertebrates.
(2) They were popularly called armoured fishes.
(4) They lived in freshwater.
(5) They were bottom dwellers.
(6) Their body was fish-like and did not exceed 30 cm in size.
(7) Paired fins were absent.
(8) Median and caudal fins were present.
(9) The caudal fin was of heterocercal type.
(10) The head and thorax were covered by heavy armour of bones. It protected ostracoderms from the giant scorpion like arthropods, eurypterids.
(11) Bony skull was well developed.
(12) Mouth was mostly present on the ventral side.
(13) They were having large number of gill slits.
(14) The nervous system had 10 pairs of cranial nerves.
(15) The head had a pair of lateral eyes, and a median pineal eye.
(16) They were filter feeders, feeding like a vacuum cleaner.
(17) The endoskeleton was either bony or cartilaginous.
a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that comprises the frogs, toads, newts, and salamanders. They are distinguished by having an aquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed (typically) by a terrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.
Why do animals need to breathe?
Breathing is important to organisms because cells require energy (oxygen) to move, reproduce and function. Breath also expels carbon dioxide, which is a by-product of cellular processes within the bodies of animals.
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food and this takes place inside the cells of the body.
The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen (of air) into cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food, and then eliminating the waste products (carbon dioxide and water) from the body.
Respiration is essential for life because it provides energy for carrying out all the life processes which are necessary to keep the organisms alive.
The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri- Phosphate) molecules in the cells of the body and used by the organism as when required.
KEY POINTS
Life started in an anaerobic environment in the so called ‘primodial broth’ (a mixture of organic molecules.
Subsequently, oxygen strangely enough became an crucial factor for aerobic metabolism especially in the higher life forms.
The rise of an oxygenic environment was an important event in the diversification of life.
It evoked a dramatic shift from inefficient to sophisticated oxygen dependent oxidizing ecosystems.
Anaerobic fermentation, the metabolic process that prevailed for the first about 2 billion years of the evolution of life, was a very inefficient way of extracting energy from organic molecules. Ex: A molecule of glucose, e.g., produces only two molecules of ATP (≈ 15 kCal) compared with 36 ATP molecules (≈ 263 kCal) in oxygenic respiration.
Aerobic metabolism must have developed at a critical point when the partial pressure of oxygen rose from an initial level to one adequately high to drive it passively across the cell membrane.
Respiration is a complex and highly integrated biomechanical, physiological, and behavioral processes.
The transfer of O2 occurs through a flow of tissue barriers and compartments by diffusion down a partial pressure gradient, which drops to about zero at the mitochondrial level.
Acquisition of molecular oxygen (O2) from the external fluid media (water and air) and the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the same milieu is the primary role of respiration.
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures.
The integumentary system comprises the skin and its appendages. Skin + derivatives= Integument.
It aims to protect the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or damages from outside.
The integumentary system in chordates includes hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails.
It may serve to water proof, and protect the deeper tissues.
Excrete wastes, and regulate body temperature.
It is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature.
this ppt gives more clear information about origin of chordata. chordates are those organism which retain notochord in their life history atleast once.
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism.
Its name is a hybrid word, originating from the Greek bios for "living" and the Latin lumen "light".
Bioluminescence is a naturally occurring form of chemiluminescence where energy is released by a chemical reaction in the form of light emission. Fireflies, anglerfish, and other creatures produce the chemicals luciferin (a pigment) and luciferase (an enzyme).
Reptiles are a class of vertebrates made up mostly of snakes, turtles, lizards, and crocodilians. These animals are most easily recognized by their dry, scaly skin. Almost all reptiles are cold-blooded, and most lay eggs—though some, like the boa constrictor, give birth to live young.
Organisms have different methods of reproduction. To tell the truth, these different reproductive methods are the factors that divide animals into two categories: viviparous and oviparous animals. But more on that in a bit, here's a blog on the many different animals that lay eggs!
Do you want to know about animals that lay eggs?
Nature's way of maintaining the ecological balance on earth is something special. For example, Mother Nature has endowed living animals with the ability to go through the process of labor to directly give birth to their own kind.
Whereas, oviparous animals lay eggs that give birth to young as soon as they hatch.
Now, if you are stuck wondering because nature has allocated different reproductive processes to different animals, then we are just as clueless as you!
However, you can acknowledge the fact that every process created by nature is purposeful. For example, if nature has given birds the ability to lay eggs to produce their offspring, it may be for their own benefit.
The main reason for this is that birds cannot fly while carrying the weight of their young. By laying their eggs in a remote location, they thereby safeguard both themselves and their offspring.
We also understand how interested you are in learning about the ovoid animal species.
So, read on to know more about the complex egg-laying process and a description of the top 13 animals that lay eggs.
Animals That Lay Eggs
If we were to list all oviparous animals, you would get tired of reading the never-ending list!
A large number of prominent species in the animal kingdom are oviparous, including insects, birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish and even some mammals.
So, if you are ready to know about 13 animals that lay eggs, connect with us!
Birds
Birds are the first members of our list of animals that lay eggs. Birds are the most lively and colorful species of the animal kingdom, somewhat related to the ancient family of reptiles, the dinosaurs.
They are a very unique creation of nature because they are the only animals with feathers that are known to exist on Earth. These warm-blooded vertebrates are also known to be closest to reptiles due to the rough shape of their feet.
The largest birds alive today are the North African ostriches, which can reach 9 feet in height and weigh up to 350 pounds. The ostrich egg is the largest of any other bird species.
On the other hand, the smallest extant birds are Cuban native hummingbirds weighing less than 3 grams.
Also, the bird's feathers make them stand out among every other species.
However, having wings does not guarantee a bird's ability to fly. There are several flightless birds, including penguins, kiwis and ostriches, which, although they have wings, cannot fly due to some evolution that took place over the years.
Also, bird eggs have a hard shell that ensures safety and are laid in secluded areas like bird nests, such as a treetop or an abandoned room. The parents fulfill the responsibility of taking care it...
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class ReptaliaiPagador
In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. Flying
animals
Actually all of the animals I am going
to talk about either glide or powered
fight.
2. All about flying animals!?
A number of animals have evolved aerial locomotion,
either by powered flight or by gliding. Flying and gliding
animals have evolved separately many times, without
any single ancestor. Flight has evolved at least four
times, in the insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats.
Gliding has evolved on many more occasions. Usually
the development is to aid canopy animals in getting
from tree to tree, although there are other possibilities.
Gliding, in particular, has evolved
among rainforest animals, especially in the rainforests
in Asia (most especially Borneo)
3. Invertebrates:
Arthropods
Gliding ants (gliding). The flightless workers of these
insects have secondarily gained some capacity to move
through the air. Gliding has evolved independently in a
number of arboreal ant species from the groups
Cephalotini, Pseudomyrmecinae, and Formicinae(mostly
Camponotus). All arboreal dolichoderines and non-
cephalotine myrmicines except Daceton armigerum do
not glide. Living in the rainforest canopy like many other
gliders, gliding ants use their gliding to return to the
trunk of the tree they live on should they fall or be
knocked off a branch.
4. Continuation
Gliding was first discovered for Cephalotes
atreus in the Peruvian rainforest. Cephalotes
atreus can make 180 degree turns, and locate
the trunk using visual cues, succeeding in
landing 80% of the time.[8] Unique among
gliding animals, Cephalotini and
Pseudomyrmecinae ants glide abdomen first, the
Forminicae however glide in the more
conventional head first manner.[9] The following
page has some good videos of gliding ants. [1]
5. Oh! Then how about spiders!!!
Spiders (parachuting). The young of some
species of spiders travel through the air by
using silk draglines to catch the wind, as
may some smaller species of adult spider,
such themoney spider family. This
behavior is commonly known as
"ballooning". Ballooning spiders make up
part of the aeroplankton.
6. And last one of all Molluscs
Flying squid (gliding). Several oceanic squids, such as
the Pacific flying squid, will leap out of the water to
escape predators, an adaptation similar to that of
flying fish.[10] Smaller squids will fly in shoals, and have
been observed to cover distances as long as 50 meters.
Small fins towards the back of the mantle do not
produce much lift, but do help stabilize the motion of
flight. They exit the water by expelling water out of their
funnel, indeed some squid have been observed to
continue jetting water while airborne possibly providing
thrust even after leaving the water. This may make
flying squid the only animals with jet-propelled aerial
locomotion.
Where the trees are tall and widely spaced
7. Now lets go to Vertebrates:
Fish
There are over 50 species of flying fish belonging to the
family Exocoetidae The largest flying fish can reach
lengths of 45 cm, but most species measure less than
30 cm in length. They can be divided into two-winged
varieties and four-winged varieties. Before the fish
leaves the water it increases its speed to around 30
body lengths per second and as it breaks the surface
and is freed from the drag of the water it can be
traveling at around 60 km/h.The glides are usually up to
30–50 metres in length, but some have been observed
soaring for hundreds of metres using the updraft on the
leading edges of waves. The fish can also make a series
of glides, each time dipping the tail into the water to
produce forward thrust. The longest recorded series of
glides, with the fish only periodically dipping its tail in
the water, was for 45 seconds .
8. More Fish!!!
Halfbeaks (gliding). A group related to the Exocoetidae, one or two
hemirhamphid species possess enlarged pectoral fins and show true
gliding flight rather than simple leaps.
Freshwater butterfly fish (possibly gliding). It can move through the
air several times the length of its body. While it does this, the fish
flaps its large pectoral fins, giving it its common name.
However, it is debated whether the freshwater butterfly fish can
truly glide, Saidel et al. (2004) argue that it cannot.
Freshwater hatchet fish (possibly flying). There are 9 species of
freshwater hatchet fish split among 3 genera. Freshwater
hatchetfish have an extremely large sternal region that is fitted with
a large amount of muscle that allows it to flap its pectoral fins. They
can move in a straight line over a few meters to escape predators
9. Now on to Amphibians
Rhacophoridae flying frogs. Gliding has evolved
independently in two families of tree frogs, the
Old World Rhacophoridae and the New World Hylidae.
Within each lineage there are a range of gliding abilities
from non-gliding, to parachuting, to full gliding.. For
example, the Malayan flying frog glides using the
membranes between the toes of its limbs, and small
membranes located at the heel, the base of the leg, and
the forearm. Some of the frogs are quite accomplished
gliders, for example, the Chinese gliding frog
Polypedates dennysi can maneuver in the air, making
two kinds of turn, either rolling into the turn or yawing
into the turn (a crabbed turn). Hylidae flying frogs.The
other frog family that contains gliders.
11. Draco lizard
There are 28 species of lizard of the genus Draco,
found in Sri Lanka, India, and Southeast Asia.
They live in trees, feeding on tree ants, but nest
on the forest floor. They can glide for up to 60
m and over this distance they lose only 10 m in
height. Unusually, their patagium is supported
on elongated ribs rather than the more common
situation among gliding vertebrates of having
the patagium attached to the limbs. When
extended, the ribs form a semicircle on either
side the lizard's body and can be folded to the
body like a folding fan.
12. Gliding Lacertids and Ptychozoon
(gliding geckos)
Gliding Lacertids (gliding). There are two species
of gliding lacertid, of the genus Holaspis. Found
in Africa. They have fringed toes and tail sides
and can flatten their bodies for
gliding/parachuting.
There are six species of gliding gecko, of the
genus Ptychozoon, from Southeast Asia. These
lizards have small flaps of skin along their limbs,
torso, tail, and head that catch the air and
enable them to glide.
13. Chrysopelea snake
Five species of snake from Southeast Asia,
Melanesia, and India. The paradise tree snake of
southern Thailand, Malaysia, Borneo, Philippines,
and Sulawesi is the most capable glider of those
snakes studied. It glides by stretching out its
body sideways and opening its ribs so the belly
is concave, and by making lateral slithering
movements. It can remarkably glide up to 100 m
and make 90 degree turns. Follow this link for
videos of gliding snakes.
15. Flying phalangers or wrist-winged
gliders.
Flying phalangers or wrist-winged gliders gliding
possbliy found in Australia, and New Guinea.
The gliding membranes are hardly noticeable
until they jump. On jumping, the animal extends
all four legs and stretches the loose but
muscularly controlled folds of skin. The
subfamily contains seven species. Of the six
species in the genus Petaurus, the Sugar glider
and the Biak Glider are the most common
species.
16. Petauroides volans
The only species of the genus Petauroidae
of the family Pseudocheiridae. This
Marsupial is found in Australia, and was
originally classed with the flying
phalangers, but is now recognized as
separate. Its flying membrane only
extends to the elbow, rather than to the
wrist as in Petaurinae.
17. Feather-tailed possums
This family of Marsupials contains two
genera, each with one species. The
Feather-tail Glider found in Australia is the
size of a very small mouse and is the
smallest mammalian glider. The
Feather-tail Possum is found in
New Guinea, but does not glide. Both
species have a stiff-haired feather-like tail.
18. Flying squirrel
There are 43 species divided between 14 genera of
flying squirrel. Flying squirrels are found almost
worldwide in tropical (Southeast Asia, India, and
Sri Lanka), temperate, and even Arctic environments.
They tend to be nocturnal. When a flying squirrel wishes
to cross to a tree that is further away than the distance
possible by jumping, it extends the cartilage spur on its
elbow or wrist. This opens out the flap of furry skin that
stretches from its wrist to its ankle. It glides spread-
eagle and with its tail fluffed out like a parachute, and
grips the tree with its claws when it lands. Flying
squirrels have been reported to glide over 200 m.
19. Flying lemurs
There are two species of flying lemur. This is
not a lemur, which is a primate, but molecular
evidence suggests that colugos are a
sister group to primates; however, some
mammologists suggest they are a sister group
to bats. Found in Southeast Asia, the colugo is
probably the mammal most adapted for gliding,
with a patagium that is as large as geometrically
possible. They can glide as far as 70 m with
minimal loss of height.
20. Sifaka
Sifaka and possibly some other primates
(possible limited gliding/parachuting) . A number
of primates have been suggested to have
adaptations that allow limited gliding and/or
parachuting: sifakas, indris, galagos and
saki monkeys. Most notably, the sifaka, a type
of lemur, has thick hairs on its forearms that
have been argued to provide drag, and a small
membrane under its arms that has been
suggested to provide lift by having aerofoil
properties.
21. Cats
If they fall, cats spread their bodies to
maximize drag, a very limited form of
parachuting. Cats have an innate '
righting reflex' that allows them to rotate
their bodies so they fall feet first. Some
other animals may show similar very
limited parachuting. There are also
anecdotal accounts of less limited
parachuting, or even semi-gliding, in
palm civets
22. Thank you for listening
for my presentation, I
hope you liked it.
Created by:Habiba
bishery Younes 5gn