Technology at the angstrom level, and the future of nanotechnology. Introduces the EMI diagram (Energy, Mass, and Information) of angstrom engineering.

1. Angstromology Introduction to Nanotechnology Foothill College

4. Traditional Nanotechnology

6. LEONARD MANDEL (at left) and co-workers at the University of Rochester gather around a parametric down-converter, an unusual crystal that converts any photon striking it into two photons with half as much energy. Mandel's group pioneered the use of the device in tests of quantum mechanics. New experiments - real and imagined - are probing ever more deeply into the surreal quantum realm

7. Nanoscale Paradigm Miniaturization from the top down Moore’s Law 20 th Century Quantum properties from the bottom up Moore’s Law 21 st Century Concept by Hilary Lackritz 1950 – 2000 Era of materials 2000 – 2050 Era of quanta

11. Chemical Reaction CO and O 2 Reacting to Form CO 2 Works in the gas phase but not on a surface!

12. Surface Femtochemistry http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~femtoweb/newfemtos/surffemto/coox.php CO ads + O ads ---- on transition metal surface ----> CO 2 gas Although the reaction cannot be initiated by conventional heating, excitation with a femtosecond pulse triggers the oxidation of CO on a ruthenium surface, leading to the formation of CO 2 .

13. Surface Femtochemistry Sketch illustrating that only desorption occurs when the system is excited thermally, due to the lower energy required for CO-desorption than for O- activation. Under laser excitation, the 1.8 eV barrier for O-activation is overcome by coupling to the hot electrons, so that CO 2 is formed. http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~femtoweb/newfemtos/surffemto/coox.php

14. Potential energy surface for the CO/O/Ru(0001) system, constructed from spectroscopic data, assuming Morse potentials. Lines are the result of preliminary trajectory calculations. Going up, the O-CO distance increases, whereas the Ru-O distance remains constant: CO desorbs. To the right, the O-CO distance decreases (CO approaches oxygen), while O moves away from Ru: CO 2 is formed and moves away from the surface. Thermally, only the pathway up is accessible. Upon femtoseond excitation, regions of the potential energy surface become accessible that are inaccessible under thermal activation: The system is directed into new reactive regions. Surface Femtochemistry http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~femtoweb/newfemtos/surffemto/coox.php

16. Generation 2 PAMAM Dendrimer http://www.dendritech.com/

20. Photochemistry Bio-Nano Energy http://www.geosciences.unl.edu/~dbennett/ In cyclic photophosphorylation electrons from ferredoxin (Fd) are shuttled into the cytochrome b 6 f complex which then pumps protons out of the stroma into the thylakoid lumen. The resulting gradient can be used to drive ATP syntheses by the chloroplast ATP synthase.

21. Protein Capturing Light http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/photon.html Photosynthesis moves EM energy into life through carbon

22. Protein Pumps and Energy http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/

26. Viral Self-Assembly http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVunassignplant.html

27. Bio-Nano Convergence Jonathan Trent NASA - Ames

29. Nuclear Fission

31. Thin Film Deposition http://www.fmf.uni-freiburg.de/projekte/pg_cluster/projekt_cluster/eci/eci_sim_e.html

33. Photoelectric Effect http://hypertextbook.com/physics/modern/photoelectric/

34. Quantum Computing Three trapped 112 Cd + ions exhibit four different normal modes of oscillation in an asymmetric Paul trap http://monroelab2.physics.lsa.umich.edu

38. Nano-Bio-Info Nano Bio Info Self assembly Microarrays, BioMEMS Quantum computing nanoelectronic devices Digital cells DNA computing insilico biology Concept by Robert Cormia

40. Digital Cells – Bio Informatics http://www.ee.princeton.edu/people/Weiss.php Modeling life as an information system

43. Nanoelectronics Flux-qubit systems Mesoscopic quantum systems SEM picture of a "persistent-current qubit" sample. The inner loop which contains three Josephson junctions is the qubit. The outer loop, containing two junctions, is a SQUID which measures the qubit's state. microwave pulses of variable length and amplitude to coherently manipulate the quantum state of the loop. The readout by the Squid was also pulsed and revealed quantum-state oscillations with high fidelity. http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/research/fluxqubit/fluxqubit.html

45. Quantum Tunneling Transistor http://www.aip.org/png/html/tunnel.htm http://www. sandia .gov/media/ quantran .htm

47. Quantum Dots Quantum dots are small devices that contain a tiny droplet of free electrons. They are fabricated in semiconductor materials and have typical dimensions between nanometers to a few microns. The size and shape of these structures and therefore the number of electrons they contain, can be precisely controlled; a quantum dot can have anything from a single electron to a collection of several thousands. The physics of quantum dots shows many parallels with the behavior of naturally occurring quantum systems in atomic and nuclear physics. As in an atom, the energy levels in a quantum dot become quantized due to the confinement of electrons. Unlike atoms however, quantum dots can be easily connected to electrodes and are therefore excellent tools to study atomic-like properties. There is a wealth of interesting phenomena that have been measured in quantum dot structures over the past decade. http://qt.tn.tudelft.nl/research/qdots/

49. Carbon Nanotube Structures

50. Nanotubes / Nanohorns The electrical properties of nanotubes / nanohorns can change, depending on their molecular structure. The "armchair" type has the characteristics of a metal; the "zigzag" type has properties that change depending on the tube diameter—a third have the characteristics of a metal and the rest those of a semiconductor; the "spiral" type has the characteristics of a semiconductor.

51. Nanotube Properties http://nanotech-now.com/nanotube-buckyball-sites.htm

52. Self Assembled Nanostructures?

54. Nanoscale Emergence Billiard balls Fuzzy functions Angstroms (10 -8 cm) Microns / meters Atoms Electrons Quanta Dust Rain Rocks Emergent properties   Quantum properties Concept by Robert Cormia

56. Nanoscale Dimension - EMI Mass Energy Information Forces Self-assembly Quantum states Concept by Robert Cormia