This document outlines a course on nanotechnology in mechanical engineering. It will cover topics like nano-structured materials, nanoparticles and nanofluids, nanodevices and sensors, and their applications. The course consists of lectures, group activities, and videos. Lectures will address key issues in the field, including nano-mechanics, nano-scale heat and fluid transfer, experimental techniques, and modeling. Length and time scales in sciences are also discussed, from the quantum to the macro level.
Explain principle of single nanoparticle devices using carbon nanoele.pdfarchanadesignfashion
Explain principle of single nanoparticle devices using carbon nanoelectronics examples.
Solution
Answer :
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one
dimension) between 1 and 1000nanometres (109 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual
definition of nanoscale).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging
advances in materials metrologyand synthesis which have been developed in support of
microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical,
electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both
current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to
the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being
developed today to make complete, high performance products.
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 109, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon
bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range0.12–0.15 nm,
and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular
life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. By convention,
nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the
National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms
(hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm diameter) since
nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. The upper limit is more or less
arbitrary but is around the size that phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become
apparent and can be made use of in the nano device.[16] These new phenomena make
nanotechnology distinct from devices which are merely miniaturised versions of an equivalent
macroscopicdevice; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of
microtechnology.
Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a
diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that
inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively.
Some of these candidates include: hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one-
dimensionalnanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics. Recent silicon CMOS
technology generations, such as the 22 nanometernode, are already within this regime.
Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates
are significantly different from traditional transistors..
Nanotechnology Presentation For Electronic Industrytabirsir
Nanoelectronics aims to process, transmit, and store information using properties of matter at the nanoscale that are different from macroscale properties. Relevant length scales are a few nanometers for molecules acting as transistors or memory, and up to 999 nm for quantum dots using electron spin. While microelectronics uses gate sizes as small as 50 nm, it does not qualify as nanoelectronics as it does not exploit new physical properties related to reduced size.
Paul Ahern - Overview of Micro & Nano TransducersPaul Ahern
Abstract— The aim of this paper is to present a review of current transducer technology, fabrication methods and materials pertinent to the nanotechnology and MEMS era. We begin with an introduction to the concept of a transducer and the historical context, and then review some specific application classes of transducers where nanotechnology has already, or has the possibility in the future, to have an impact on the transducer device market. This review highlights the advantages of these MEMS approaches to promote new transducer types, especially those related to nanotechnology, and possible future research directions are discussed.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology including nanocells, carbon nanotubes, and molecular electronics. Nanocells are self-assembled networks of metallic particles that act as programmable switches. Carbon nanotubes are rolled sheets of carbon that can be semiconductors or metals and are strong candidates for nanowires. Potential applications highlighted include using carbon nanotubes for transistors, fuel cells, and simulation. Other applications discussed are nanobridge devices, nanoscale transistors, components for quantum computers, nanophotonic devices, and nanobiochips for drug discovery.
Technology at the angstrom level, and the future of nanotechnology. Introduces the EMI diagram (Energy, Mass, and Information) of angstrom engineering.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Explain principle of single nanoparticle devices using carbon nanoele.pdfarchanadesignfashion
Explain principle of single nanoparticle devices using carbon nanoelectronics examples.
Solution
Answer :
Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one
dimension) between 1 and 1000nanometres (109 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm (the usual
definition of nanoscale).
Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, leveraging
advances in materials metrologyand synthesis which have been developed in support of
microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical,
electronic, or mechanical properties.
Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both
current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to
the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being
developed today to make complete, high performance products.
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 109, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon
bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range0.12–0.15 nm,
and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular
life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. By convention,
nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the
National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms
(hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm diameter) since
nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. The upper limit is more or less
arbitrary but is around the size that phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become
apparent and can be made use of in the nano device.[16] These new phenomena make
nanotechnology distinct from devices which are merely miniaturised versions of an equivalent
macroscopicdevice; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of
microtechnology.
Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a
diverse set of devices and materials, with the common characteristic that they are so small that
inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied extensively.
Some of these candidates include: hybrid molecular/semiconductor electronics, one-
dimensionalnanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics. Recent silicon CMOS
technology generations, such as the 22 nanometernode, are already within this regime.
Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates
are significantly different from traditional transistors..
Nanotechnology Presentation For Electronic Industrytabirsir
Nanoelectronics aims to process, transmit, and store information using properties of matter at the nanoscale that are different from macroscale properties. Relevant length scales are a few nanometers for molecules acting as transistors or memory, and up to 999 nm for quantum dots using electron spin. While microelectronics uses gate sizes as small as 50 nm, it does not qualify as nanoelectronics as it does not exploit new physical properties related to reduced size.
Paul Ahern - Overview of Micro & Nano TransducersPaul Ahern
Abstract— The aim of this paper is to present a review of current transducer technology, fabrication methods and materials pertinent to the nanotechnology and MEMS era. We begin with an introduction to the concept of a transducer and the historical context, and then review some specific application classes of transducers where nanotechnology has already, or has the possibility in the future, to have an impact on the transducer device market. This review highlights the advantages of these MEMS approaches to promote new transducer types, especially those related to nanotechnology, and possible future research directions are discussed.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology including nanocells, carbon nanotubes, and molecular electronics. Nanocells are self-assembled networks of metallic particles that act as programmable switches. Carbon nanotubes are rolled sheets of carbon that can be semiconductors or metals and are strong candidates for nanowires. Potential applications highlighted include using carbon nanotubes for transistors, fuel cells, and simulation. Other applications discussed are nanobridge devices, nanoscale transistors, components for quantum computers, nanophotonic devices, and nanobiochips for drug discovery.
Technology at the angstrom level, and the future of nanotechnology. Introduces the EMI diagram (Energy, Mass, and Information) of angstrom engineering.
In the present paper the experimental study of
Nanotechnology involves high cost for Lab set-up and the
experimentation processes were also slow. Attempt has also
been made to discuss the contributions towards the societal
change in the present convergence of Nano-systems and
information technologies. one cannot rely on experimental
nanotechnology alone. As such, the Computer- simulations and
modeling are one of the foundations of computational
nanotechnology. The computer modeling and simulations
were also referred as computational experimentations. The
accuracy of such Computational nano-technology based
experiment generally depends on the accuracy of the following
things: Intermolecular interaction, Numerical models and
Simulation schemes used. The essence of nanotechnology is
therefore size and control because of the diversity of
applications the plural term nanotechnology is preferred by
some nevertheless they all share the common feature of control
at the nanometer scale the latter focusing on the observation
and study of phenomena at the nanometer scale. In this paper,
a brief study of Computer-Simulation techniques as well as
some Experimental result
Nano electrical and electronic devices: advantages - Data storage
and memory - Micro and nanoelectromechanical systems - Lasers,
lighting and displays – Batteries - Fuel cells - Photovoltaic cells -
Electric double layer capacitors - Nanoparticle coatings for
electrical products
What is Nanotechnology? A Technology which will change the world.FlactuateTech
Nanotechnology is a field of research and innovation that involves building 'objects' - frequency, building materials, and devices - on the scale of atoms and molecules. A nanometer is a billionth of a millionth: one ten times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. The diameter of human hair, on average, is about 80,000 nanometers.On such scales, the general rules of physics and chemistry no longer apply. For example, the properties of building materials, such as their color, strength, performance, and performance, can vary greatly between nanoscale and macro. Carbon 'nanotubes' are about 100 times stronger than steel but six times lighter.
Overview on nanotechnology in food applicationsBharathi59577
The document provides an overview of the syllabus for a course on fundamentals and applications of nanotechnology. It is divided into five units that cover basics of nanoscience, synthesis of nanomaterials, properties and characterization, applications in fields like biosensors and agriculture, and applications in energy, environment and health. Key topics include introduction to nanoscience, classification of nanomaterials, physical and chemical synthesis methods, analyzing size, structure and other properties, and uses in areas such as food systems, biosensors, and nanotoxicology. Reference books on nanoscience and nanotechnology are also listed.
This document discusses quantum photonics and its applications. It begins by outlining the importance of quantum photonics in fields like information processing, communication, measurement, and nanotechnology. It then provides an introduction to basic photonics concepts like photons, quantum states, and coherence. The document outlines several applications of quantum photonics in areas like quantum information processing, quantum metrology, quantum teleportation, and quantum cryptography. It also discusses advantages like secure communication and accurate measurements. Future challenges are identified as developing quantum computers, multi-particle teleportation, and a quantum internet. The document concludes by noting that quantum photonics will continue to play a central role in future technologies.
This document discusses quantum photonics and its applications. It begins by outlining the importance of quantum photonics in fields like information processing, communication, measurement, and nanotechnology. It then provides an introduction to basic photonics concepts like photons, quantum states, and coherence. The document outlines several applications of quantum photonics in areas like quantum information processing, quantum metrology, quantum teleportation, and quantum cryptography. It also discusses advantages like secure communication and accurate measurements. Future challenges are identified as developing quantum computers, multi-particle teleportation, and a quantum internet. The document concludes by noting that quantum photonics will continue to play a central role in future technologies.
This document discusses nanocomputing and quantum computing. It covers architectures like quantum dot cellular automata and crossbar switching. It discusses how nanocomputers would work using quantum states and spins. Applications of quantum computing include breaking codes and optimization problems. Challenges include maintaining the fragile quantum states long enough to perform computations. Overall, nanoscale quantum computing could revolutionize computing by massively increasing computing power.
Nanoelectronics refers to using nanotechnology in electronic components by controlling and manipulating matter at the nanoscale. This allows the continued miniaturization of electronic devices in accordance with Moore's Law. Some approaches to nanoelectronics include using nanotubes, nanoparticles, single molecule devices, and other nanofabrication techniques. Potential applications include computers, memory storage, displays, and medical devices that take advantage of quantum effects and novel properties at the nanoscale.
Nano electronics- role of nanosensors, pdf fileRishu Mishra
This document discusses nanosensors and their roles and applications in nanoelectronics. It describes how nanosensors can convey information about nanoparticles and have various medical and other uses. Some key applications of nanosensors discussed are in computers to make processors more powerful, in energy production to create more efficient solar cells, and in medical diagnostics to detect biomolecules in real time. Nanosensors are also discussed as having potential uses in chemical sensing by detecting various gas molecules and in detecting single molecules using nano-cantilevers. The document outlines several approaches for producing nanosensors, including top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly of individual atoms/molecules, and self-assembly of starter molecules.
The SpaceDrive Project - First Results on EMDrive and Mach-Effect ThrustersSérgio Sacani
Propellantless propulsion is believed to be the best option for interstellar travel. However, photon rockets or solar sails have thrusts so low that maybe only nano-scaled spacecraft may reach the next star within our lifetime using very high-power laser beams. Following into the footsteps of earlier breakthrough propulsion programs, we are investigating different concepts based on non-classical/revolutionary propulsion ideas that claim to be at least an order of magnitude more efficient in producing thrust compared to photon rockets. Our intention is to develop an excellent research infrastructure to test new ideas and measure thrusts and/or artefacts with high confidence to determine if a concept works and if it does how to scale it up. At present, we are focusing on two possible revolutionary concepts: The EMDrive and the Mach-Effect Thruster. The first concept uses microwaves in a truncated cone-shaped cavity that is claimed to produce thrust. Although it is not clear on which theoretical basis this can work, several experimental tests have been reported in the literature, which warrants a closer examination. The second concept is believed to generate mass fluctuations in a piezo-crystal stack that creates non-zero time-averaged thrusts. Here we are reporting first results of our improved thrust balance as well as EMDrive and Mach-Effect thruster models. Special attention is given to the investigation and identification of error sources that cause false thrust signals. Our results show that the magnetic interaction from not sufficiently shielded cables or thrusters are a major factor that needs to be taken into account for proper μN thrust measurements for these type of devices.
The document discusses opportunities and challenges in the field of nanotechnology. It describes how nanotechnology involves controlling matter at the nanoscale and exploiting novel properties. The director notes that nanotechnology will likely produce major breakthroughs. Potential benefits are discussed in areas like computing, materials, health, energy, transportation, security and space exploration. Challenges include developing nanotechnology into useful products and ensuring its safe and responsible development.
Computational Nano Technology and Simulation Techniques Applied to Study Silv...IRJET Journal
This document discusses computational nanotechnology methods for simulating silver nano dots. It describes three types of nanotechnologies: wet, dry, and computational. Computational nanotechnology uses computer algorithms and simulations to model nanostructures and devices. The document focuses on using software tools like Quantum Dot Lab and molecular dynamics simulations to model the structure, properties, and dynamics of silver quantum dots at the nanoscale. These computational methods allow for faster, more accurate analysis compared to experimental techniques alone. The simulations provide insights into the charged states, light emission, and movement of atoms in silver nano dots over time.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the molecular level to build tiny devices and materials with novel properties. It could enable targeted cancer treatment using microscopic robots to detect and destroy cancer cells. Various tools like microscopes and manipulators allow working at the nanoscale. Applications include stronger and lighter materials, drug delivery, stain-resistant fabrics, flexible electronics, and cancer detection chips. While promising benefits, risks include environmental and economic disruption if not properly regulated.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as engineering functional systems at the molecular scale from 1-100 nanometers. Key concepts discussed include the history and origins of nanotechnology from Richard Feynman in 1959 to the modern era. Fundamental concepts around nanoscale sizes from 1-100 nm are explained. Generations of nanotechnology development and approaches like top-down and bottom-up assembly are outlined. Applications of nanotechnology in various fields such as IT, medicine, robotics, and electronics are described. The document concludes by discussing future opportunities for nanotechnology in areas like pollution prevention, treatment, and manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and discusses some key applications. It defines MEMS as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements made using microfabrication techniques. MEMS devices can range in size from below one micron to several millimeters. Common functional elements include microsensors, microactuators, and microelectronics. Examples of current MEMS applications discussed include biotechnology, medicine, communications, and inertial sensing.
This document provides information about nanotechnology. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology as the branch of technology dealing with dimensions less than 100 nanometers and the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. It then discusses the introduction and history of nanotechnology, including early concepts in 1959 and the first uses of the term in the 1970s and 1980s. The document outlines many applications of nanotechnology in areas like medicine, electronics, food, fuel cells, and more. It also discusses different approaches to nanotechnology like bottom-up, top-down, functional, biomimetic approaches. Finally, it covers advantages like benefits to electronics, energy, and manufacturing, as well as disadvantages such as possible job losses, effects on markets, and health
Nanotechnology involves engineering functional systems at the molecular scale using techniques and tools to construct items from the bottom up. It uses nanofabrication to manipulate and integrate atoms and is of interest to computer engineers as it enables super-high density microprocessors and memory chips. There are two approaches - top-down uses larger tools like lithography to create smaller devices, while bottom-up relies on molecular recognition and self-assembly of smaller building blocks. Current applications include using carbon nanotubes as transistors for faster and more efficient computers, as well as research into quantum computing using qubits to store and transmit data exponentially faster than silicon.
In recent years , the world of science has started to produce advanced materials and technology in the nano scale, which known as nanotechnology . The use of nanotechnology has become wide spread in all branches of science , so there is an essential need to prepare advanced nanotechnology tools and detection systems contain very recent instruments needed for nanotechnology studies , since the physical , chemical and biological properties of the material at nano scale differ in fundamental and valuable ways from that at normal scale. In this work the different technique in measuring and detection techniques in nanotechnology will be discussed the method of operation and accuracy of each technique will be evaluated, the main applications of each technique in industrial and construction field will be evaluated. The techniques mentioned are Nano indentation technique which evaluate the mechanical properties of the nano-materials such as reduced modulus, stiffness and Hardness. The quantitative and qualitative analysis detection systems such as SEM , AFM, STM and Zeta potential will be evaluated . The analysis and tooling equipments will be also evaluated. At the end of work the main conclusions and recommendation about using nanotechnology detection tools and difference between them are mentioned
Electrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: Metrohmmani thakur
This document provides information and instructions for 10 electrochemistry experiments using a 910 PSTAT mini potentiostat and disposable screen-printed electrodes. The experiments cover topics such as determining standard reduction potentials of metals, studying reversible and quasi-reversible redox systems using cyclic voltammetry, characterizing self-assembled monolayers, and quantifying analytes like vitamin C, mercury, cadmium, lead, and glucose. Detailed procedures, parameters, and evaluation methods are given to guide students through hands-on learning of fundamental electrochemical principles.
Nanotechnology in Semiconductor Nanostructure.
Presentation on "Quantum Dot", was performed under the Subject "QUANTUM PHENOMENA IN NANOSTRUCTURES" at AIUB. The simulation is done from a website nanoHUB which stands for online simulation for nanotechnology- https://nanohub.org/
Nano electrical and electronic devices: advantages - Data storage
and memory - Micro and nanoelectromechanical systems - Lasers,
lighting and displays – Batteries - Fuel cells - Photovoltaic cells -
Electric double layer capacitors - Nanoparticle coatings for
electrical products
What is Nanotechnology? A Technology which will change the world.FlactuateTech
Nanotechnology is a field of research and innovation that involves building 'objects' - frequency, building materials, and devices - on the scale of atoms and molecules. A nanometer is a billionth of a millionth: one ten times the diameter of a hydrogen atom. The diameter of human hair, on average, is about 80,000 nanometers.On such scales, the general rules of physics and chemistry no longer apply. For example, the properties of building materials, such as their color, strength, performance, and performance, can vary greatly between nanoscale and macro. Carbon 'nanotubes' are about 100 times stronger than steel but six times lighter.
Overview on nanotechnology in food applicationsBharathi59577
The document provides an overview of the syllabus for a course on fundamentals and applications of nanotechnology. It is divided into five units that cover basics of nanoscience, synthesis of nanomaterials, properties and characterization, applications in fields like biosensors and agriculture, and applications in energy, environment and health. Key topics include introduction to nanoscience, classification of nanomaterials, physical and chemical synthesis methods, analyzing size, structure and other properties, and uses in areas such as food systems, biosensors, and nanotoxicology. Reference books on nanoscience and nanotechnology are also listed.
This document discusses quantum photonics and its applications. It begins by outlining the importance of quantum photonics in fields like information processing, communication, measurement, and nanotechnology. It then provides an introduction to basic photonics concepts like photons, quantum states, and coherence. The document outlines several applications of quantum photonics in areas like quantum information processing, quantum metrology, quantum teleportation, and quantum cryptography. It also discusses advantages like secure communication and accurate measurements. Future challenges are identified as developing quantum computers, multi-particle teleportation, and a quantum internet. The document concludes by noting that quantum photonics will continue to play a central role in future technologies.
This document discusses quantum photonics and its applications. It begins by outlining the importance of quantum photonics in fields like information processing, communication, measurement, and nanotechnology. It then provides an introduction to basic photonics concepts like photons, quantum states, and coherence. The document outlines several applications of quantum photonics in areas like quantum information processing, quantum metrology, quantum teleportation, and quantum cryptography. It also discusses advantages like secure communication and accurate measurements. Future challenges are identified as developing quantum computers, multi-particle teleportation, and a quantum internet. The document concludes by noting that quantum photonics will continue to play a central role in future technologies.
This document discusses nanocomputing and quantum computing. It covers architectures like quantum dot cellular automata and crossbar switching. It discusses how nanocomputers would work using quantum states and spins. Applications of quantum computing include breaking codes and optimization problems. Challenges include maintaining the fragile quantum states long enough to perform computations. Overall, nanoscale quantum computing could revolutionize computing by massively increasing computing power.
Nanoelectronics refers to using nanotechnology in electronic components by controlling and manipulating matter at the nanoscale. This allows the continued miniaturization of electronic devices in accordance with Moore's Law. Some approaches to nanoelectronics include using nanotubes, nanoparticles, single molecule devices, and other nanofabrication techniques. Potential applications include computers, memory storage, displays, and medical devices that take advantage of quantum effects and novel properties at the nanoscale.
Nano electronics- role of nanosensors, pdf fileRishu Mishra
This document discusses nanosensors and their roles and applications in nanoelectronics. It describes how nanosensors can convey information about nanoparticles and have various medical and other uses. Some key applications of nanosensors discussed are in computers to make processors more powerful, in energy production to create more efficient solar cells, and in medical diagnostics to detect biomolecules in real time. Nanosensors are also discussed as having potential uses in chemical sensing by detecting various gas molecules and in detecting single molecules using nano-cantilevers. The document outlines several approaches for producing nanosensors, including top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly of individual atoms/molecules, and self-assembly of starter molecules.
The SpaceDrive Project - First Results on EMDrive and Mach-Effect ThrustersSérgio Sacani
Propellantless propulsion is believed to be the best option for interstellar travel. However, photon rockets or solar sails have thrusts so low that maybe only nano-scaled spacecraft may reach the next star within our lifetime using very high-power laser beams. Following into the footsteps of earlier breakthrough propulsion programs, we are investigating different concepts based on non-classical/revolutionary propulsion ideas that claim to be at least an order of magnitude more efficient in producing thrust compared to photon rockets. Our intention is to develop an excellent research infrastructure to test new ideas and measure thrusts and/or artefacts with high confidence to determine if a concept works and if it does how to scale it up. At present, we are focusing on two possible revolutionary concepts: The EMDrive and the Mach-Effect Thruster. The first concept uses microwaves in a truncated cone-shaped cavity that is claimed to produce thrust. Although it is not clear on which theoretical basis this can work, several experimental tests have been reported in the literature, which warrants a closer examination. The second concept is believed to generate mass fluctuations in a piezo-crystal stack that creates non-zero time-averaged thrusts. Here we are reporting first results of our improved thrust balance as well as EMDrive and Mach-Effect thruster models. Special attention is given to the investigation and identification of error sources that cause false thrust signals. Our results show that the magnetic interaction from not sufficiently shielded cables or thrusters are a major factor that needs to be taken into account for proper μN thrust measurements for these type of devices.
The document discusses opportunities and challenges in the field of nanotechnology. It describes how nanotechnology involves controlling matter at the nanoscale and exploiting novel properties. The director notes that nanotechnology will likely produce major breakthroughs. Potential benefits are discussed in areas like computing, materials, health, energy, transportation, security and space exploration. Challenges include developing nanotechnology into useful products and ensuring its safe and responsible development.
Computational Nano Technology and Simulation Techniques Applied to Study Silv...IRJET Journal
This document discusses computational nanotechnology methods for simulating silver nano dots. It describes three types of nanotechnologies: wet, dry, and computational. Computational nanotechnology uses computer algorithms and simulations to model nanostructures and devices. The document focuses on using software tools like Quantum Dot Lab and molecular dynamics simulations to model the structure, properties, and dynamics of silver quantum dots at the nanoscale. These computational methods allow for faster, more accurate analysis compared to experimental techniques alone. The simulations provide insights into the charged states, light emission, and movement of atoms in silver nano dots over time.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the molecular level to build tiny devices and materials with novel properties. It could enable targeted cancer treatment using microscopic robots to detect and destroy cancer cells. Various tools like microscopes and manipulators allow working at the nanoscale. Applications include stronger and lighter materials, drug delivery, stain-resistant fabrics, flexible electronics, and cancer detection chips. While promising benefits, risks include environmental and economic disruption if not properly regulated.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as engineering functional systems at the molecular scale from 1-100 nanometers. Key concepts discussed include the history and origins of nanotechnology from Richard Feynman in 1959 to the modern era. Fundamental concepts around nanoscale sizes from 1-100 nm are explained. Generations of nanotechnology development and approaches like top-down and bottom-up assembly are outlined. Applications of nanotechnology in various fields such as IT, medicine, robotics, and electronics are described. The document concludes by discussing future opportunities for nanotechnology in areas like pollution prevention, treatment, and manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and discusses some key applications. It defines MEMS as miniaturized mechanical and electro-mechanical elements made using microfabrication techniques. MEMS devices can range in size from below one micron to several millimeters. Common functional elements include microsensors, microactuators, and microelectronics. Examples of current MEMS applications discussed include biotechnology, medicine, communications, and inertial sensing.
This document provides information about nanotechnology. It begins with definitions of nanotechnology as the branch of technology dealing with dimensions less than 100 nanometers and the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. It then discusses the introduction and history of nanotechnology, including early concepts in 1959 and the first uses of the term in the 1970s and 1980s. The document outlines many applications of nanotechnology in areas like medicine, electronics, food, fuel cells, and more. It also discusses different approaches to nanotechnology like bottom-up, top-down, functional, biomimetic approaches. Finally, it covers advantages like benefits to electronics, energy, and manufacturing, as well as disadvantages such as possible job losses, effects on markets, and health
Nanotechnology involves engineering functional systems at the molecular scale using techniques and tools to construct items from the bottom up. It uses nanofabrication to manipulate and integrate atoms and is of interest to computer engineers as it enables super-high density microprocessors and memory chips. There are two approaches - top-down uses larger tools like lithography to create smaller devices, while bottom-up relies on molecular recognition and self-assembly of smaller building blocks. Current applications include using carbon nanotubes as transistors for faster and more efficient computers, as well as research into quantum computing using qubits to store and transmit data exponentially faster than silicon.
In recent years , the world of science has started to produce advanced materials and technology in the nano scale, which known as nanotechnology . The use of nanotechnology has become wide spread in all branches of science , so there is an essential need to prepare advanced nanotechnology tools and detection systems contain very recent instruments needed for nanotechnology studies , since the physical , chemical and biological properties of the material at nano scale differ in fundamental and valuable ways from that at normal scale. In this work the different technique in measuring and detection techniques in nanotechnology will be discussed the method of operation and accuracy of each technique will be evaluated, the main applications of each technique in industrial and construction field will be evaluated. The techniques mentioned are Nano indentation technique which evaluate the mechanical properties of the nano-materials such as reduced modulus, stiffness and Hardness. The quantitative and qualitative analysis detection systems such as SEM , AFM, STM and Zeta potential will be evaluated . The analysis and tooling equipments will be also evaluated. At the end of work the main conclusions and recommendation about using nanotechnology detection tools and difference between them are mentioned
Electrochemistry Calculation User Guide Book: Metrohmmani thakur
This document provides information and instructions for 10 electrochemistry experiments using a 910 PSTAT mini potentiostat and disposable screen-printed electrodes. The experiments cover topics such as determining standard reduction potentials of metals, studying reversible and quasi-reversible redox systems using cyclic voltammetry, characterizing self-assembled monolayers, and quantifying analytes like vitamin C, mercury, cadmium, lead, and glucose. Detailed procedures, parameters, and evaluation methods are given to guide students through hands-on learning of fundamental electrochemical principles.
Nanotechnology in Semiconductor Nanostructure.
Presentation on "Quantum Dot", was performed under the Subject "QUANTUM PHENOMENA IN NANOSTRUCTURES" at AIUB. The simulation is done from a website nanoHUB which stands for online simulation for nanotechnology- https://nanohub.org/
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2. 2
Outline of the Presentation
Lecture
In-class group activities
Video Clips
Homework
3. 3
Course Outline
Lecture - I
Introduction to Nano-
Technology in Engineering
Basic concepts
Length and time scales
Nano-structured materials
- Nanocomposites
- Nanotubes and nanowire
Applications and Examples
Lecture – II
Nano-Mechanics
Nanoscale Thermal
and FlowPhenomena
Experimental
Techniques
Modeling and
Simulation
4. 4
Lecture Topics
We will address some of the key issues of nano-
technology in Mechanical Engineering.
Some of the topics that will be addressed are
nano-structured materials; nanoparticles and
nanofluids, nanodevices and sensors, and
applications.
5. 5
Major Topics in Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics:
Statics : Deals with forces, Moments,
equilibrium of a stationary body
Dynamics: Deals with body in
motion - velocity, acceleration,
torque, momentum, angular
momentum.
Structure and properties of
material (Including strengths)
Thermodynamics, power
generation, alternate energy
(power plants, solar, wind,
geothermal, engines)
Design of machines and
structures
Dynamics system, sensors
and controls
Robotics
Computer-Aided Design
(CAD/CAM)
Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) and
Finite Element Method
Fabrication and
Manufacturing processes
6. 6
x = 10 mm x = 250 mm x = 500 mm x = 750 mm x = 1000
mm
DC power Supply
(-)
(+)
Cathode
Electrode
Anode
Electrode
Electron flow
Electrolyte membrane
H
e
2
2
H
Bipolar Plates
MEAs
Diesel Engine Simulation Model
Fuel Cell Design
and Development
No slip
condition
Slip Conditions
Flow in micro channel
8. 8
Quantum and Molecular Mechanics
All substances are composed molecules or atoms in
random motion.
For a system consisting of cube of 25-mm on each side
and containing gas with atoms.
To specify the position of each molecule, we need to
three co-ordinates and three component velocities
So, in order to describe the behavior of this system
form atomic view point, we need to deal with at least
equations.
This is quite a computational task even with the most
powerful (massively parallel multiple processors)
computer available today.
There are two approaches to handle this situations:
Microscopic or Macroscopic model
20
10
6
20
10
9. 9
Microscopic Vs Macroscopic
Approach -1: Microscopic viewpoint based on
kinetic theory and statistical mechanics
On the basis of statistical considerations and probability theory,
we deal with average values of all atoms or molecules and in
connection with a model of the atom.
Approach – II Macroscopic view point
Consider gross or average behavior of a number of molecules
that can be handled based on the continuum assumption.
We mainly deal with time averaged influence of many molecules.
These macroscopic or average effects can be perceived by our
senses and measured by instruments.
This leads to our treatment of substance as an infinitely divisible
substance or continuum.
10. 10
Breakdown of Continuum Model
To show the limit of continuum or macroscopic model, let us
consider the concept of density:
Density is defined as the mass
per unit volume and expressed as
Where is the smallest volume for which substance can be
assumed as continuum.
Volume smaller than this will lead to the fact that mass is not
uniformly distributed, but rather concentrated in particles as
molecules, atoms, electrons etc.
Figure shows such variation in density as volume decreases below
the continuum limit.
V
m
lim /
V
V
/
V
V
11. 11
Macroscopic Properties and
Measurement
Pressure
Pressure is defined as the
average normal-component
of force per unit area and
expressed as
Where is the smallest
volume for which substance can
be assumed as continuum.
A
F
P n
/
A
A
lim
/
A
A
F
n
F
P
Pressure
Gauge
Gas
Tank
Pressure
Measurement
For a pressure gauge, it is the
average force (rate of change of
momentum) exerted by the
randomly moving atoms or
molecules over the sensor’s area.
Unit: Pascal (Pa) or 2
m
N
12. 12
Introduction- Nanotechnology
Nanoscale uses “nanometer” as the basic unit of
measurement and it represents a billionth of a
meter or one billionth of a part.
Nanotechnology deals with nanosized particles
and devices
One- nm is about 3 to 5 atoms wide. This is very
tiny when compared normal sizes encounter day-
to-day.
- For example this is 1/1000th the width of human
hair.
13. 13
Any physical substance or device with structural
dimensions below 100 nm is called nanomaterial
or nano-device.
Nanotechnology rests on the technology that
involves fabrication of material, devices and
systems through direct control of matter at
nanometer length scale or less than 100 nm.
14. 14
Nanoparticles can be defined as building blocks of
nanomaterials and nanotechnology.
Nanoparticles include nanotubes, nanofibers, fullerenes,
dendrimers, nanowires and may be made of ceramics,
metal, nonmetal, metal oxide, organic or inorganic.
At this small scale level, the physical, chemical and
biological properties of materials differ significantly from
the fundamental properties at bulk level.
Many forces or effects such inter-molecular forces,
surface tension, electromagnetic, electrostatic, capillary
becomes significantly more dominant than gravity.
Nanomaterial can be physically and chemically
manipulated to alter the properties, and these properties
can be measured using nanoscale sensors and gages.
15. 15
A structure of the size of an atom represents one of the
fundamental limit.
Fabricating or making anything smaller require
manipulation in atomic or molecular level and that is
like changing one chemical form to other.
Scientist and engineers have just started developing new
techniques for making nanostructures.
Nanoscience
Nanofabrication Nanotechnology
The nanoscience is matured.
The age of nanofabrication is
here.
The age of nanotechnology -
that is the practical use of
nanostructure has just started.
17. 17
Applications
Structural materials
Nano devices and sensors
Coolants and heat spreaders
Lubrication
Engine emission reduction
Fuel cell – nanoporous
electrode/membranes/nanocatalyst
Hydrogen storage medium
Sustainable energy generation - Photovoltaic cells for
power conversion
Biological systems and biomedicine
18. 18
Basic Concepts
Energy Carriers
Phonon: Quantized lattice vibration energy with wave
nature of propagation
- dominant in crystalline material
Free Electrons:
- dominant in metals
Photon: Quantized electromagnetic energy with wave
nature of propagation
- energy carrier of radiative energy
19. 19
Length Scales
Two regimes:
I. Classical microscale size-effect domain – Useful for
microscale heat transfer in micron-size environment.
c
L
m
Where
characteristic device dimension
mean free path length of the substance
)
1
(
O
m
c
L
II. Quantum nanoscale size-effect domain –
More relevant to nanoscale heat transfer
Where
characteristic wave length of the electrons
or phonons
)
1
(
O
c
c
L
c
20. 20
This length scale will provide the guidelines for
analysis method- both theoretical and
experimental methods:
classical microscale domain or nanoscale
size-effect domain.
21. 21
Flow in Nano-channels
The Navier –Stokes (N-S) equation of continuum model fails when the
gradients of macroscopic variables become so steep that the length scale is of
the order of average distance traveled by the molecules between collision.
Knudsen number ( ) is typical parameter used to classify the length scale
and flow regimes:
L
Kn
Kn < 0.01: Continuum approach with traditional Navier-Stokes
and no-slip boundary conditions are valid.
0.01<Kn<0.1: Slip flow regime and N-S with slip boundary
conditions are applicable
0.1<Kn<10: Transition regime – Continuum approach completely
breaks – Molecular Dynamic Simulation
Kn > 10 : Free molecular regime – The collision less Boltzman
equation is applicable.
22. 22
Time Scales
Relaxation time for different collision process:
Relaxation time for phonon-electron
interaction:
Relaxation time for electron-electron
interaction:
Relaxation time for phonon-phonon
interaction:
)
s
11
10
(
O
)
s
13
10
(
O
)
s
13
10
(
O
24. 24
Models for Inter-molecules Force
- Inter-molecular Potential
Model
- Inverse Power Law Model or
Point Centre of Repulsion
Model
- Hard Sphere Model
- Maxwell Model
- Lennard-Jones Potential
Model
Inter-Molecular Distance
Force
Inter-molecular
Potential Model
25. 25
Nanotools
Nanotools are required for manipulation of matter at
nanoscale or atomic level.
Certain devices which manipulate matter at atomic or
molecular level are Scanning-probe microscopes,
atomic force microscopes, atomic layer deposition
devices and nanolithography tools.
Nanolithography means creation of nanoscale structure
by etching or printing.
Nanotools comprises of fabrication techniques, analysis
and metrology instruments, software for
nanotechnology research and development.
Softwares are utilized in nanolithography, 3-D printing,
nanofluidics and chemical vapor deposition.
26. 26
Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials
Nanoparticles:
Nanoparticles are significantly larger than individual
atoms and molecules.
Nanoparticles are not completely governed by either
quantum chemistry or by laws of classical physics.
Nanoparticles have high surface area per unit volume.
When material size is reduced the number of atoms on
the surface increases than number of atoms in the
material itself. This surface structure dominates the
properties related to it.
Nanoparticles are made from chemically stable metals,
metal oxides and carbon in different forms.
27. 27
Carbon -Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are hollow
cylinders made up of carbon atoms.
The diameter of carbon nanotube is
few nanometers and they can be
several millimeters in length.
Carbon nanotubes looks like rolled
tubes of graphite and their walls are
like hexagonal carbon rings and are
formed in large bundles.
Have high surface area per unit
volume
Carbon nanotubes are 100 times
stronger than steel at one-sixth of the
weight.
Carbon nanotubes have the ability to
sustain high temperature ~ 2000 C.
28. 28
There are four types of carbon
nanotube: Single Walled Carbon
Nanotube (SWNT), Multi Walled
Xarbon nanotube (MWNT), Fullerene
and Torus.
SWNTs are made up of single
cylindrical grapheme layer
MWNTs is made up of multiple
Grapheme layers.
SWNT possess important electric
properties which MWNT does not.
SWNT are excellent conductors, so finds
its application in miniaturizing
electronics components.
29. 29
Formed by combining two or more
nanomaterials to achieve better
properties.
Gives the best properties of each
individual nanomaterial.
Show increase in strength, modulus of
elasticity and strain in failure.
Interfacial characteristics, shape,
structure and properties of individual
nanomaterials decide the properties.
Find use in high performance,
lightweight, energy savings and
environmental protection applications
- buildings and structures, automobiles
Nanocomposites
30. 30
Examples of nanocomposites include nanowires
and metal matrix composites.
Classified into multilayered structures and inorganic or
organic composites.
Multilayered structures are formed from self-assembly of
monolayers.
Nanocomposites may provide heterostructures formed from
various inorganic or organic layers, leading to multifunctional
materials.
Nanowires are made up of various materials and find its
application in microelectronics for semiconductor devices.
31. 31
All the properties of nanostructured
are controlled by changes in atomic
structure, in length scales, in sizes
and in alloying components.
Nanostructured materials are
formed by controlling grain sizes and
creating increased surface area per
unit volume.
Decrease in grain size causes
increase in volumetric fraction of
grain boundaries, which leads to
changes in fundamental properties of
materials.
Nanostructured Materials
Different behavior of atoms
at surface has been observed
than atom at interior.
Structural and
compositional differences
between bulk material and
nanomaterial cause change
in properties.
32. 32
The size affected properties are color, thermal conductivity,
mechanical, electrical, magnetic etc.
Nanophase metals show increase in hardness and modulus
of elasticity than bulk metals.
Nanostructured materials are produced in the form of
powders, thin films and in coatings.
Synthesis of nanostructured materials take place by Top –
Down or Bottom- Up method.
- In Top-Down method the bulk solid is decomposed into
nanostructure.
- In Bottom-Up method atoms or molecules are
assembled into bulk solid.
The future of nanostructured materials deal with controlling
characteristics, processing into and from bulk material and
33. 33
Nanofluids
Nanofluids are engineered colloid formed with stable
suspemsions of solid nano-particles in traditional base
liquids.
Base fluids: Water, organic fluids, Glycol, oil, lubricants
and other fluids
Nanoparticle materials:
- Metal Oxides:
- Stable metals: Au, cu
- Carbon: carbon nanotubes (SWNTs, MWNTs),
diamond, graphite, fullerene, Amorphous Carbon
- Polymers : Teflon
3
O
2
Al 2
ZrO 2
SiO 4
O
3
Fe
34. 34
Nanofluid Heat Transfer
Enhancement
Thermal conductivity enhancement
- Reported breakthrough in substantially increase
( 20-30%) in thermal conductivity of fluid by
adding very small amounts (3-4%) of suspended
metallic or metallic oxides or nanotubes.
Increased convective heat transfer
characteristic for heat transfer fluids as
coolant or heating fluid.
-
35. 35
Nanofluids and Nanofludics
Nanofluids have been investigated
- to identify the specific transport mechanism
- to identify critical parameters
- to characterize flow characteristics in macro,
micro and nano-channels
- to quantify heat exchange performance,
- to develop specific production, management
and safety issues, and measurement and
simulation techniques
36. 36
Nano-fluid Applications
Energy conversion and energy storage system
Electronics cooling techniques
Thermal management of fuel cell energy systems
Nuclear reactor coolants
Combustion engine coolants
Super conducting magnets
Biological systems and biomedicine
37. 37
Nano-Biotechnology
When the tools and processes of nanotechnology are
applied towards biosystems, it is called nanobiotechnology.
Due to characteristic length scale and unique properties,
nanomaterials can find its application in biosystems.
Nanocomposite materials can play great role in
development of materials for biocompatible implant.
Nano sensors and nanofluidcs have started playing an
important role in diagnostic tests and drug delivering system
for decease control.
The long term aim of nano-biotechnology is to build tiny
devices with biological tools incorporated into it diagonistic
and treatment..
38. 38
National Nanotechnology Initiative
in Medicine
Improved imaging (See: www.3DImaging.com)
Treatment of Disease
Superior Implant
Drug delivery system and treatment using
Denrimers, Nanoshells, Micro- and Nanofluidics
and Plasmonics
39. 39
-Nano-particles delivers
treatment to targeted area or
targeted tumors
- Release drugs or release
radiation to heat up and destroy
tumors or cancer cells
- In order to improve the
durability and bio-compatibility,
the implant surfaces are modified
with nano-thin film coating
(Carbon nano-particles).
- An artificial knee joint or hip
coated with nanoparticles bonds to
the adjacent bones more tightly.
40. 40
Self Powered Nanodevices and
Nanogenerators
Nanosize devices or machined need nano-size power
generator call nanogenerators without the need of a
battery.
Power requirements of nanodevices or nanosystems are
generally very small
– in the range of nanowatts to microwatts.
Example: Power source for a biosensor
- Such devices may allow us to develop implantable
biosensors that can continuously monitor human’s
blood sugar level
41. 41
Waste energy in the form of vibrations or even the human pulse
could power tiny devices.
Arrays of piezoelectric could capture and transmit that waste energy
to nanodevices
There are many power sources in a human body:
- Mechanical energy, Heat energy, Vibration energy,
Chemical energy
A small fraction of this energy can be converted into electricity to
power nano-bio devices.
Nanogenerators can also be used for other applications
- Autonomous strain sensors for structures such as bridges
- Environmental sensors for detecting toxins
- Energy sensors for nano-robotics
- Microelectromecanical systems (MEMS) or
nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS)
- A pacemaker’s battery could be charged without
requiring any replacement
43. 43
Example: Piezoelectric
Nanogenerator
Piezoelectric Effect
Some crystalline materials generates electrical voltage
when mechanically stressed
A Typical Vibration-based Piezoelectric Transducer
- Uses a two-layered beam with one end fixed
and other end mounted with a mass
- Under the action of the gravity the beam is bent with
upper-layer subjected to tension and lower-layer
subjected to tension.
44. 44
Conversion of Mechanical Energy to Electricity
in a Nanosystem
Tension Compression
Nanowire
Tension Compression
Nanowire
Rectangular electrode
with ridged underside.
Moves side to side in
response to external
motion of the
structure
Array of
nanowires (Zinc
Oxide) with
piezoelectric and
semiconductor
properties
Gravity do not play
any role for motion
in nanoscale.
Nanowire is flexed
by moving a ridged
from side to side.
45. 45
Example: Thermo Electric Nano-generator
Thermoelectric generator relies on the Seebeck Effect
where an electric potential exists at the junction of
two dissimilar metals that are at different temperatures.
The potential difference or the voltage produced is
proportional to the temperature difference.
- Already used in Seiko Thermic Wrist Watch
46. 46
Bio-Nano Generators
Questions:
1. How much and what different kind of energy
does body produce?
2. How this energy source can be utilized to
produce power.
3. What are the technological challenges?