This document discusses the key aspects of public speaking and communication. It covers topics like how speech is learned, self-concept, listening skills, communication breakdowns, and note-taking tips. The main points are: 1) Speech is learned through imitation from a young age and is influenced by our self-concept and how others see us. 2) Our self-concept, or self-image, impacts our communication abilities and is shaped by significant others' reactions to us. 3) Effective communication involves a speaker, message, channel, audience, and response. Speakers must consider their audience and encode their message clearly.

1. PUBLIC SPEAKING
Angga Putra Perkhasa
11.10.010.745.002
Lecturer:
Sutria Rahayu
English Department

2. CHAPTER 1 : Getting Started
 HOW SPEECH IS LEARNED
 SELF-CONCEPT
 SIGNIFICANT OTHERS
 IMPROVING SELF-CONCEPT
 THE IDEAL SELF
 THE WAY OTHERS SEE YOU
 SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
 THE COMMUNICATIVE ACT
 COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNS
 LISTENING
 WAYS TO IMPROVE
 NOTE-TAKING TIPS

3. HOW SPEECH IS LEARNED
1. You learned how to speak by imitating those around you.
When you said or repeated words correctly, you were
reinforced by words of phrases, smiles, hugs and other
favorable response.
2. At about the age of one you first spoke single words, then
two-word combinations and later short phrases. By the time
you were two, you had a vocabulary of from twenty five to
two hundred words. When you reached four, you spoke in
full sentences, and by the time you entered the first grade,
you had a vocabulary of about eight thousand words and
communicate with four thousand of them.
3. The most important factor in regard to your ability to
communicate is the image or concept you have of yourself.
How you see yourself is directly related to your ability to
communicate.

4. SELF-CONCEPT
1. Self-concept refers to the perception you
have of yourself in regard to your physical
appearance, intelligence, personality,
strengths and weaknesses.
2. You develop an image of your-self not only
by how you view your own behavior,
attitudes, values and beliefs but also
because of the way others have reacted to
you both verbally and non-verbally.

5. SIGNIFICANT OTHER
1. Significant others are those people we respect, whose
opinions are particularly important to us. If significant
others see us as being intelligent, competent and caring,
chances are we will see ourselves in the same way.
Example: did you arrive at the opinion you have of yourself
as a student? Did you teachers praise you because of the
quality of your work, because you answered the questions
correctly, because you turned in the work on time? Or did
they complain about your work, wrong answers, or late
assignments?
2. Be assured, your perception of how others view you has
much to do with the image you have of yourself.
3. If we see ourselves as having positive qualities, our
communication will more likely be positive and relaxed.
However, if we see ourselves as having negative qualities,
the result will probably be negative and result in strained
communication.

6. IMPROVING SELF-CONCEPT
Self-concept has a great deal to do with your ability
to communicate. Following are specific suggestions
for improving your self-concept:
1. Be willing to change
2. Be willing to forgive yourself
3. Set realistic goals
4. Develop your uniqueness
5. Stand up for what you believe
6. View yourself in the proper perspective

7. THE IDEAL SELF
1. The ideal self is the kind of person you
would most like to be. This refers to the
kind of qualities or characteristics you
would like to possess, qualities that would
make you a more substantive person. Keep
in mind it is important to view ideal self
honestly so who you would like to be is
realistic and attainable.
2. For example: you can make yourself into a
winner if you have the ideal self.

8. THE WAY OTHERS SEE YOU
1. For example: “Your parents may have said you weren’t as
talented as your sister or as nice as your brother. A teacher
might have implied that either of them was smarter than
you.” These responses from others could lead you to form a
rather negative concept of yourself, resulting in low self-
esteem. On the other hand, had these significant others
depicted you as the talented brother, the smartest child in
the family, the gifted singer, or the ultimate high school
quarterback, the result would have been a strengthening of
your self-esteem.
2. You perceive how people feel about you by observing their
verbal and nonverbal reactions to you. If you say, “Good
morning” to an interesting member of the opposite sex who
in turn replies, “Good morning,” your ego is reinforced and
your self-esteem loses a point or two.

9. SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
1. For example: you expected to be nervous and do a poor job
on your first speech and you did, or you expected to do
poorly on a test and failed it. Or on the positive side: You
expected to enjoy yourself at the school dance and had a
marvelous time, or you expected to meet some neat people
in your communication class and you were right.
2. In each of these situations, it is quite likely that the outcome
was the result of you behavior. You expected to do a poor
job on your first speech so you prepared halfheartedly and
didn’t bother practicing. You knew you would do poorly on
the test, didn’t study adequately, and failed. On the other
hand, because you thought you’d enjoy the dance you
approached it with enthusiasm and confidence, which made
you fun to talk to and dance with. And because you thought
you’d meet new and interesting people in class your attitude
caused others in class to respond to you positively and
enthusiastically as well.

10. THE COMMUNICATIVE ACT
There are five elements involved in the speech
communication process: a speaker, a message, a
channel (through which the message is sent), an
audience and a response:
1. A speaker wishes to communicate an idea
2. The speaker encodes the idea in a message
3. The message is sent through a channel to an
audience
4. The audience receives and decodes the message
5. The audience responds to the message

11.  Speaker
The image that the audience has of the speaker
affects the message. Those in audience who perceive
a speaker as being a person of competence, integrity,
and goodwill are most likely to believe what the
speaker says
 Message
The speaker must encode it in language that is both
interesting and clear. Emphasis, variety and
descriptive language help make material interesting.
Words that are specific and familiar help to make a
message clear.

12.  Channel
Messages can be transmitted through hearing, seeing,
smelling, tasting and touching channels. A speaker can
choose words that appeal to the audience’s five senses,
can include sensory aids in the message or can add
nonverbal to the message to make it more meaningful.
 Audience
The fact that all communication by a speaker must be
audience centered. Unless a message is encoded with a
specific audience in mind, it is liable to fai
 Response
The fact that in order to be successful when
communicating, the speaker’s purpose to inform, to
entertain, or to persuade-must be achieved. Therefore,
the success or failure of a communication is measured
by whether or not those in the audience are informed,
entertained, or persuaded.

13. COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNS
 You fail to hear your instructor announce a quiz for
the next class period because you were daydreaming
 You miss much of what your new girlfriend’s father
tells you because of his heavy Polish accent
 You can’t decipher a message on your answering
machine because of telephone static
 You fail to understand a lecturer on computer
literacy because of the technical terminology used
by the speaker
 Your girlfriend starts crying when you ask her if
she’s gained some weight.

14. LISTENING
 External noise
 Internal noise
 Bias toward speaker
 Emotional reaction
 Daydreaming
 Faking attention
 Fatigue
 Improper note taking

15. WAYS TO IMPROVE LISTENING
Prepare to listen
Avoid distractions
Identify the central idea
Identify the main points
Think along with the speaker
Take effective notes

16. NOTE-TAKING TIPS
 Write down only important ideas
 Write legibly
 Keep up
 Use your own words
 Be brief
 Don’t erase
 Don’t worry about spelling
 Date your notes
 Expand your notes

17. Thank You For Your
Attention
See You Next Time…