This document provides information on public speaking and communication. It discusses how self-concept, significant others, and self-fulfilling prophecies can impact communication abilities. It also outlines the communicative process, including the speaker, message, channel, audience and response. Listening skills and effective note-taking techniques are explored.

1. PUBLIC SPEAKING
GROUP 1
CHAPTER 1
“ Getting Started “
1. HARI ALAM SHALAT
2. NILAM SARI
3. SRI DIKA SALMA HAYATI
4. SYARIF HIDAYAT
Lecturer : Sutria Rahayu, S.Pd
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT COLLEGE OF TEACHER TRAINING AND
EDUCATION (STKIP) YDB LUBUK ALUNG
2013

2. HOW SPEECH IS LEARNED
If you are like most people. The most important
factor in regard to your ability to communicate is
the image or concept you have of yourself. How
you see yourself is directly related to your ability
to communicate.
SELF-CONCEPT
Self concept refers to the perception you have of
yourself in regard to your physical appearance,
intelligence, personality, strengths, and
weaknesses. It is the image or picture you have of
your self.

3. SIGNIFICANT OTHERS
Significant others are those people we respect,
whose opinions are particularly important to us. If
significant others see us as being intelligent,
competent, and caring, chances are we will see
ourselves in the same way. If we see ourselves as
having positive qualities, our communication will
more likely be positive and relaxed. However, if we
see ourselves as having negative qualities, the
result will probably be negative and result in
strained communication.

4. IMPROVING SELF - CONCEPT
1) Be willing to change. The fact that you are enrolled in a
course in speech indicates that you intend to improve
your ability to communicate.If you do improve, it will
have a positive effect on your self-concept.
2) Be willing to forgive yourself.all of us do “dumb” things
at one time or another. To maintain a goo self-concept,
you must accept the fact that people make mistakes and
try not to make the same mistake twice.
3) Set realistic goals. Don’t expect too much of yourself.
Remember, you’re only human.some people are
constantly ona downer because they set goals for
themselves that they cannot possibly achieve.

5. 4) Develop your uniqueness. No matter
how long the world continues there
will never be another exactly like you.
5) Stand up for what you believe. Don’t
feel you always have to go along with
the crowd.
6) View yourself in the proper
perspective. Include both the real and
ideal selfin your self-concept.

6. THE IDEAL SELF
The ideal self refers to the kind of qualities or
characteristics you would like to possess,qualities
that would make you a more substantive person.
THE WAY OTHERS SEE YOU
Equally as important as the way you see yourself
and the person you’d like to be is your idea of how
others see you. Much of your self-perception
developed as you were growing up.

7. SELF –FULFILLING PROPHECY
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a person’s
belief about what is going to happen influences his
or her behavior, making the expected outcome
more likely. For example, consider the following
situations: you expected to be nervous and do a
poor job on your first speech and you did, or you
expected to do poorly on a test failed it.

8. THE COMMUNICATIVE ACT
A simple speech situation can be summarized as
follows:
1) A speaker wishes to communicate an idea
2) The speaker encodes the idea in a message
3) The message is sent, through a channel to an
audience
4) The audience receives and decodes the message
5) The audience responds to the message

9.  Speaker
The process of communication begins with a speaker who
wishes to communicate an idea or some ideas. The image
that the audience has of the speaker affects the message
 Message
In order to insure that the listener attends to the message
and understands it, the speaker must encode it in
language that is both interesting and clear.
 Channel
Through which a message is transmitted. In the speaking
situation the channel can involve all of the senses through
which each member of the audience receives the
information. Message can be transmitted through
hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, and touching channels.

10.  Audience
Without an audience, communication doesn’t take place.a
person stranded on an island can put a note in a bottle or
stand on the shore screaming for help.
 Response
The success or failure of a communication is determined
by audience response. Therefore, the sucess or failure of a
communication is measured by whether or not those in
the audience are informed, entertained, or persuaded.

11. COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNS
Communication breakdowns occur because of some
failure in the communication process. If you invite a
friend to your house for a Friday night fish fry and she
comes Thursday night, the message you gave her was
either inaccurate or misunderstood.
Consider the following situations and determine
where the breakdowns in communication occured.
1) You fail to hear you instructor announce a quiz for
the next class period because you were daydreaming
2) You miss much of what your new girlfriend’s father
tells you because of his heavy Polish accent

12. 3) You can’t decipher a message on your answering
machine because of telephone static
4) You fail to understand a lecture on computer
literacy because of the technical terminology used
by the speaker
5) Your girlfriend starts crying when you ask her if
she’s gained some weight

13. LISTENING
Listening is an active process involving both
concentration and thinking. Ineffective listening
usually occurs because of a breakdown in one of
these two areas.
External Noise
External noise includes noises both inside and
outside the listening area. Talking, footsteps,
whispering,coughing, and street noise are some of
the things that make it difficult to pay attention to
a speaker.

14. Internal Noise
Internal noise can often be more distracting than a
baby crying. When you are concerned about an
upcoming test, a broken relationship, or a similar
concern, you must redouble your efforts to
concentrate.
 Bias Toward Speaker
If a speaker’s voice appearance or mannerisms
annoy you, listening carefully will become difficult.

15. Emotional reaction
Sometimes a word or phrase can cause a negative
response that can interfere with a listener’s ability
to concentrate.
Daydreaming
Who hasn’t at one time or another drifted off into
a pleasant daydream rather than paying attention?
the tendency to daydream is influenced by two
factors.
1) A listener is able to think at a much faster rate
than a speaker can speak
2) Attention is intermittent. That is, it stops and
starts again at interval.

16.  Faking attention
Faking attention is technique that is usually learned in the
first or second grade. The problem with faking attention is
that it can be a difficult habit to break.
 Fatigue
Listening is an active process, which requires the energy
of the listener. If you are tired from too much studying or
partying the night before, you will find it difficult to
concentrate on what the speaker is saying.
 Improper note taking
Taking notes ineffectively is worse than not taking notes
at all. Students who attempt to write down too much of
what a speaker is saying often wind up missing the point
the speaker is trying to make.The way to avoid this
problem is to develop note-taking skills.

17. WAYS TO IMPROVE LISTENING
1) Prepare to listen
The first thing to do before attending a speech or lecture is to
prepare yourself to listen. You must think about what you
already know about the subject. If your knowledge is limited,
you can go to the library or read textbook to obtain
information.
2) Avoid distractions
Distractions can interfere with concentration and make it
difficult to listen. To limit external distractions, arrive early
enough to get a centrally located seat close to the speaker.
3) Identify the central idea
If the speech or lecture you are listening to has been well
prepared, the central idea should become immediately
apparent.

18. 4) Identify the Main Points
Most effective speeches involve a central idea supported
by a number of main points. The listener’s job is to sort
out these main points from the supporting materials.
5) Think Along With the Speaker
As you are listening, try to reconstruct the organizational
pattern of the speech. Determine if the speaker is
supporting each new idea with a variety of supporting
materials.
6) Take effective notes
Learning to take effective notes is an excellent way to
improve your listening skills. Note taking promotes active
listening and concentration.

19. NOTE-TAKING TIPS
1) Write Down Only Important Ideas
A good speech is planned around a central idea and several
main points. Listen for signal that indicate that main ideas
aare forthcoming.
2) Write legibly
Sometimes note takeers write so hurriedly that when they
finish, they can’t read their own notes. If your notes are
illegible, you are probably writing down too much.
3) Keep up
If you find that you aare falling behind in your note taking,
skip a few lines and begin again. Later, when you expand
your notes, you can fill in the missing information.

20. 4) Use Your Own Words
One of the best ways to show that you understand something
is to be able to explain it in your own words. When you
translate the ideas of another into your own vocabulary, they
will be easier to understand and remember.
5) Be Brief
A common mistake among inexperienced note takers the
tendency to write down too much. Don’t try to write down
everything the speaker says. A set of notes should be a
summary of a speaker’s main ideas
6) Don’t Erase
Rather than wasting time erasing, draw a line through the
mistake and continue. Remember, the notes you are taking are
for your own use. If you want your notes to be neat, you can
rewrite or type them later.

21. 7) Don’t Worry about Spelling
If you’re not sure about how a word is spelled, write it
phonetically. You can check the spelling later when you
expand your notes.
8) Date your notes
Whether you are taking notes on a lecture or a public
speech, you should get into the habit of dating them. This
will enable you to pinpoint a missed lecture or the specific
date of a speech.
9) Expand your notes
If the notes you are taking are for the purpose of helping
you remember information or to aid you in studying for
an exam, it is wise to expand them as soon after a lecture
as possible.