This document discusses public speaking and communication. It covers topics like how speech is learned through imitation, the importance of self-concept and how it is influenced by others' reactions, improving self-esteem, the ideal self versus how others see you, self-fulfilling prophecies, the communication process, listening barriers and techniques, and note-taking tips. Significant others who see us positively can help form a positive self-concept, while a negative self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when low expectations influence poor performance. The communication process involves a speaker, message, channel, audience and response, and breakdowns can result from failures in any part of this process.

1. Public Speaking
IRMA YUNITA
DOSEN: SUTRIA RAHAYU S.pd
SEKOLAH TINGGI PERGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
DHARMA BAKTI LUBUK ALUNG
2013

2. Getting Started

3. How Speech Is Learned
You learned how to speak by imitating those around
you. When you said or repeated words correctly, you
were reinforced by words of :
• Praise
• Smiles
• Hugs and other favorable responses.
at some point during this period your speech habits
and your attitude about self were influenced by other
:
e.g : friends of your parent, your own friends, baby
sisters, teacher, role models and the like. If you were
fortunate, the result were good speech habits and
good self concept.

4.  SELF-CONCEPT
• self-concept refers to the perception you have of
yourself if in regard to you physical appearance,
Intelligence, personality, strengths, and
weaknesses. It is the image or picture you have
of yourself.
• you develop an image of yourself not only by
how you view your own behavior, attitudes,
values, and beliefs but also because of the way
others have reacted to you both verbally and
non-verbally.

5. • Once you started school the missages you
received that helped mold your self-concept
came from other as well. Some responses
that were particularly important to you came
from those whom psychologists and
sociologist call “ significant others” – peers
, teachers, counselors and so on.

6.  SIGNIFICANT OTHERS
• Significant others are those people we
respect, whose opinions are particularly
important to us. If significant others see us as
being intelligent, competent, and
caring, chances are we will see ourselves in
the same way.
e.g : - did you arrive at the opinion you have of
yourself as a student ?

7. IMPROVING SELF-CONCEPT
Following are specific suggestions for
improving
your self-concept.
1. Be willing to change
2. Be willing to forgive yourself
3. Set realistic goals
4. Develop your uniqueness
5. Stand up for what you believe
6. View yourself in the proper perspective.

8. THE IDEAL SELF
the ideal self is the kind of person you would
most like to be. This refers to the kind of
qualities or characteristics you would like to
possess, qualities that would make you a
more substantive person.
while you can certainly improve your
personal appearance through exercise,
dieting, appropriate dress, and careful
grooming, it is unrealistic to assume that you
can make yourself into a Hollywood star.

9. THE WAY OTHERS SEE YOU
o Equally as important as the way you see yourself
and the person you’d like to be is your idea of how
others see you.
o responses from others could lead you to form a
rather negative concept of yourself, resulting in low
self-esteem.
o that the reaction of others to us can be interpreted
differently. Sometimes, the same reaction might
enhance the self-esteem of one person, yet lower
the self-esteem of another.
e.g : consider a situation where male offers to fix the
flat tire for a member of the opposite sex.

10.  SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
a self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when a
person’s belief about what is going to happen
influences his or her behavior, making the
expected out came more likely.
e.g: consider the following situations
• you expected to be nervous and do a poor
job on your first speech and you did
• you expected to do poorly on a test and
failed it.

11. • another kind of self-fulfilling prophecy
occurs when we are influenced to believe or
act in certain way because of the opinion of
significant other.
• the self-fulfilling prophecy can also
operate in negative ways.

12.  THE COMMUNICATIVE ACT
• There are elements involved in the speech
communication process: (through which the
message is sent), a audience, and a response.
1. A speakers wishes to communicate an idea.
2. The speaker encodes the idea in a message.
3. The message is sent, through a channel to
an audience.
4. The audience recelves and decodes the
message.
5. The audience responds to the message.

13.  COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWNS
• Communication breakdowns occur because of
some failure in the communication process.
• Communication breakdowns occur at some
point during the speech situation. Perhaps the
speaker has failed to analyze the audience
correctly.
• Usually communication breakdowns can be
traced to one of the five elements in the
communication process: the speaker, message,
channel, audience, or response.

14.  LISTENING
• It is a frustrating thought that while you are
delivering your speech, chances are that less
than 15 percent of your audience will be actively
listening to you.
• There is a consider able difference between
hearing and listening. Hearing is the act of
perceiving, sounds, while listening involves
making sense out of what you have heard.
• Listening is an active process involves both
concentration and thinking.

15.  Following are eight barriers to
concertration in listening:
 External noise
 Internal noise
 Bias toward speaker
 Emotional reaction
 Daydreaming
 Faking attention
 Fatigue
 Improper note taking

16.  WAYS TO IMPROVE LISTENING
• Prepare to listen
• Avoid distractions
• Identify the central idea
• Indentify the main points
• Think along with the speaker
• Take effective notes

17.  NOTE- TAKING TIPS
• Write down only important ideas
a good speech is planned around a central
idea and several main points.
• Write legibly
sometimes note takers write to hurriedly that
when they finish, they can’t read their own
notes.
• Keep up
if you find that you are falling behind in your
note taking, skip a few lines and begin again.

18. • Use your own word
One of the best ways to show that you understand
something is to be able to explain it in your own words.
• Be brief
a common mistake among inexperienced note takers is
the tendency to write down too much
• Don’t erase
rather than wasting time erasing, draw a line through
the mistake and continue.
• Don’t worry about spelling
if you’re not sure about how a word is spelled, wrote it
phonetically. You can check the spelling later when you
expand your notes.

19. • Date your notes
whether you are taking notes on a lecture or
a public speech, you should get into the habit
of dating them.
• Expand your notes
if the notes you are taking are for the
purpose of helping you remember
information or to aid you in studying for an
exam, it is wise expand them as soon after a
lecture as possible.