This document provides information about aneurysms and peripheral vascular disorders. It defines different types of aneurysms including true aneurysms, false aneurysms, berry aneurysms, and aortic aneurysms. The causes of aneurysms are discussed, including conditions like atherosclerosis, smoking, and genetic factors. Diagnostic tests for aneurysms including CT scans, MRI, and angiograms are outlined. Treatment options for aneurysms include medications to control risk factors, surgical procedures like endovascular coiling and stent grafting, and rehabilitation after brain injury from rupture. Complications from ruptured aneurysms like re-bleeding and hydrocephalus are also noted.
An aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. Aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst, spilling blood in the area surrounding the blood vessel. The disease can occur in the aorta, in a blood vessel in the brain, or in a peripheral blood vessel.
Cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body. The disease can also cause abnormal heart rhythms.
Neha diwan presentation on aortic aneurysmNEHAADIWAN
An aortic dissection is a serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body's main artery (aorta).Aortic rupture is when all the layers of the aorta wall tear, causing blood to leak out from the aorta often due to a large aortic aneurysm that bursts. This will stop blood being pumped around the body and is life threatening. Ideally an aortic aneurysm will be repaired before a rupture can occur.
An aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. Aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst, spilling blood in the area surrounding the blood vessel. The disease can occur in the aorta, in a blood vessel in the brain, or in a peripheral blood vessel.
Cardiomyopathy, or heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body. The disease can also cause abnormal heart rhythms.
Neha diwan presentation on aortic aneurysmNEHAADIWAN
An aortic dissection is a serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body's main artery (aorta).Aortic rupture is when all the layers of the aorta wall tear, causing blood to leak out from the aorta often due to a large aortic aneurysm that bursts. This will stop blood being pumped around the body and is life threatening. Ideally an aortic aneurysm will be repaired before a rupture can occur.
An aneurysm is an enlargement of the artery. it is divided into 3type according to action, more pathology, etc. the treatment of this is commonly surgery some of the procedures also help full for the aneurysm like shutting procedure. the prevention n of this is avoid smoking, exercise...
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
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Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING
ABHANPUR (C.G)
TOPIC- Aneurism and peripherial vascular
disorders
PRESENTED BY –
OM VERMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
2.
3. DEFINITION
An aneurysms is a localized sac or dilation
formed at a weak points in the wall of the
artery.
According to lippin cott
Aneurysms is define as an excessive localized
swelling of the wall of an artery.
According to Lewis
4. - An aneurysm refers to a weakening of an
artery wall that creates a bulge, or
distention, of the artery. The most
significant aneurysms affect the arteries
supplying the brain and the heart. An
aortic aneurysm affects the body's main
artery. The rupture of an aneurysm causes
internal bleeding.
According to Brunner & Suddarth's
5. An aneurysm is a
permanent, localized,
abnormal dilation of a
blood vessel
Occurring due to
congenital or acquired
weakening or
destruction of the
vessel wall.
According to
Thomas Luckmann
6. Aneurysms are classified by three ways i.e
1).Depending upon the composition of wall.
2).Depending upon the shape.
3).Depending upon pathogenic mechanisms
7. Depending upon composition of vessel wall there are 2 types of
aneurysm i.e
1). TRUE ANEURYSM
when all the 3 normal layers of the blood vessel are
involved.
2). FALSE ANEURYSM –actually a pulsating hematoma the clot and
connective tissue are outside the arterial wall.
When only fibrous layer of the wall is involved and the
rest of the layers are damaged due to trauma.
8. There are 5 types i.e
1).spherical having spherical outpouching.
2).Fusiform -having spindle shape dilatation symmetric, spindle
shape expansion of entire circumference of involved vessel.
.
3).saccular aneurysm – a bulbous protrusion of one side of atrial
wall.
3)..Dissecting –it is a hematoma that splits the layer of atrial wall.
4).Racemose - having mass of intercommunicating small arteries
and veins.
10. Aneurysms can occur when the the structure and function of the connective tissue
within vascular wall is compromised, and it occurs in the following conditions
i.e.
1)Marfan syndrome.
2)Loeys_Dietz syndrome.
3)Ehler_Danlos syndrome.
4) Vitamin C deficiency
5)Increased MMP matrix metallo- proteinase
production by macrophages in vasculitis. inflammation in blood vessels
6)Ischemia of the media by athersclerotic
thickness of the intima and systemic
hypertension.
7)Direct trauma to the vessel.
11. More common in men
Frequency increases after 50 years of age.
Most common in abdominal aorta especially other sites
include thoracic aorta, iliac arteries,
Clinical features include,
1.rupture
2.Obstruction
3.Embolism
4.Abdominal mass
12. More common in men after the age of 50 years.
The predominant site of involvement is thoracic
aorta.
Syphilitic aortitis is inflammation of the aorta
associated with the tertiary stage of
syphilis infection. SA begins as inflammation of
the outermost layer of the blood vessel, including
the blood vessels that supply the aorta itself with
blood, the vasa vasorum.
(The vasa vasorum is a network of small blood
vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels,
such as elastic arteries (e.g., the aorta)
13. 1. Respiratory difficulties.
2. Difficulty in swallowing
3. Persistent cough due to pressure on recurrent
laryngeal nerve.
4. Pain caused by erosion of vertebral bodies.
5. Cardiac disease
6. Rupture
Usually death occurs due to cardiac diseases…….
14. It results from weakening of arterial wall by microbial
infection.
It originates from,
1. Embolization of a septic embolus as a complication
of infective endocarditis.
2. Extention of adjacent suppurative process.
3. Circulating organisms directly infecting the arterial
wall
15. Berry aneurysms are saccular
Or lobulated bulge arising at
the bifurcation of intracranial
arteries.
They are important cause of
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
And infarction .
16. ACCORDING TO JOYCE M. BLACK :
aortic aneurysm is a balloon-like bulge in
the aorta, the large artery that carries blood from
the heart
ACCORDING TO LUCKMEN :
An aortic aneurysm refers to an abnormal, localized
blood vessel wall weakness and bulging or ballooning (dilation)
in a segment of the aorta.
It is common in men of 40_60 yr age
With hypertension and young patients
with Connective tissue abnormalities.
17. PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a blood
circulation disorder that causes the
blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to
narrow, block, or spasm. This can happen in arteries or
veins. PVD typically causes pain and fatigue, often in
legs, and especially during exercise
18. Peripheral vascular
disease (PVD) is a circulation
disorder that affects blood vessels
outside of the heart and brain,
often those that supply the arms
and legs.
20. PERIPHERAL ANEURYSM
An aneurysm can also occur in a peripheral artery. Types of
peripheral aneurysm include:
Popliteal aneurysm: This happens behind the knee. It is
the most common peripheral aneurysm.
Splenic artery aneurysm: This type of aneurysm occurs
near the spleen. Filter of blood and remove old
malformed or damage res blood cells
Mesenteric artery aneurysm: This affects the artery that
transports blood to the intestines.
Femoral artery aneurysm: The femoral artery is in the
groin.
Carotid artery aneurysm: This occurs in the neck.
Visceral aneurysm: This is a bulge of the arteries that
supply blood to the bowel or kidneys.
22. causes
Smoking
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Obesity
Having a family history of heart or vascular disease
Defective gene
Congenital disorder
arthrosclerosis
23. The most common causes of functional
PVD are:
emotional stress
cold temperatures
operating vibrating machinery or tools
drugs
24. SMOKING
smoking may cause the brain's blood
vessels to develop multiple aneurysms, or
weak spots. These weak spots can rupture
and cause bleeding that can lead to
stroke, disability, and death
25. High blood pressure
One potential cause is atherosclerosis,
which weakens and damages the artery
wall. Over time, high blood pressure in
a weakened artery can cause a section to
enlarge and form a bulge —
the aneurysm. Aneurysms can rupture
and causelife-threatening internal
bleeding.
26. High cholesterol level
H.C.L Lead to High blood
pressure; Infection; Plaque
buildup in your arteries ...
27. OBESITY
Obesity. Excess weight, or a
diagnosis of obesity based on body
mass index (BMI), can put pressure
on the heart and the artery walls,
increasing the risk of ananeurysm.
29. DEFECTIVE GENS
A defective gene. Researchers have found that people
who have a defect in one of 3 genes related to aortic
aneurysms have a greater chance of an aortic
dissection in their lifetime.
The FAA1 ( fatty acid activation ) gene
defect can be inherited in an autosomal
dominant fashion and result in aortic
dilatation, aneurysm formation and
dissection. Then lead to aneurysm.
30. CONGENITAL
The causes of aneurysms are
sometimes unknown. Some may be
congenital, meaning a person is
born with them. Aortic disease or
an injury may also cause an
aneurysm.
31. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
percent of aortic aneurysms are
caused by "hardening of the arteries"
(atherosclerosis). ... Over time, this
causes the walls of the aorta to weaken
and become damaged. Elevated blood
pressure through the aorta can
then cause the aortic wall to expand
and bulge.
32. Peripheral Vascular Disease Symptoms
Buttock pain.
Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs.
Burning or aching pain in the feet or toes while resting.
A sore on a leg or a foot that will not heal.
One or both legs or feet feeling cold or changing color (pale,
bluish, dark reddish)
Loss of hair on the legs.
. Impotence is a common problem among men and is
characterized by the consistent inability to sustain an
erection sufficient for sexual intercourse or the inability to
achieve ejaculation, or both. Erectile dysfunction can vary.
34. Common signs and symptoms of a
ruptured aneurysm include:
Sudden, extremely severe headache.
Nausea and vomiting.
Stiff neck.
Blurred or double vision.
Sensitivity to light.
Seizure.
A drooping eyelid.
Loss of consciousness.
36. Aneurysms form for a variety of interacting reasons.
Multiple factors, including factors affecting a blood
vessel wall and the blood through the vessel, contribute.
The pressure of blood within the expanding
aneurysm
may also injure the blood vessels supplying the
artery itself,
further weakening the vessel wall.
Without treatment, these aneurysms will ultimately
progress and rupture
Then lead aneurysms.
37. DIAGNOSITIC
Stress testing shows how heart works during
physical stress (exercise) and how healthy heart
is. A standard exercise stress test uses an ECG
(electrocardiogram) electrodes are taped to your
chest to detect your heart's rhythm. A nurse or
technician will watch your heart beat on a monitor
while you exercise. to monitor changes in your
heart's electrical activity. Imagingstress tests take
pictures of blood flow artery of heart.
38. computed tomography
angiography scan (also called a CTA
scan) – a diagnostic imaging procedure that
uses a combination of x-rays and computer
technology to produce cross-sectional images
(often called slices), both horizontally and
vertically, of the body. A CT scan shows
detailed images of any part of the body,
including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs.
CT scans are more detailed than standard x-
rays.
39. magnetic resonance imaging
and angiography (MRI/MRA) – a
diagnostic procedure that uses a
combination of large magnets,
radiofrequencies, and a computer
to produce detailed images of
organs and structures within the
body.
40. arteriogram (angiogram) – an
x-ray image of the blood vessels used to
evaluate various conditions, such as
aneurysm, stenosis (narrowing of the
blood vessel), or blockages. A dye
(contrast) will be injected through a
thin flexible tube placed in an artery.
This dye will make the blood vessels
visible on the x-ray.
42. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
TO identification of causative agents
Eating a healthy diet containing low in saturated fat and
cholesterol are also good options for protein. Low-fat dairy
products are also beneficial.
Regular exercise, especially cardio, can encourage healthy
blood circulation and blood flow through the heart,
arteries, and other blood vessels.
If you smoke tobacco products, now is the time to quit.
Eliminating tobacco can decrease your risk for an
aneurysm.
You should also see your doctor for annual checkups.
43. PHARMACOLOGICAL
MANAGEMENT
Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen
(Tylenol, others), may be used to treat
headache pain. Calcium channel blockers
prevent calcium from entering cells of the
blood vessel walls.
45. Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), may be used
to treat headache pain.
Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering cells of the
blood vessel walls. These medications may lessen the erratic narrowing
of blood vessels (vasospasm) that may be a complication of a ruptured
aneurysm.
One of these medications, nimodipine (Nymalize, Nimotop), has been
shown to reduce the risk of delayed brain injury caused by insufficient
blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm.
Interventions to prevent stroke from insufficient blood
flow include intravenous injections of a drug called a vasopressor,
which elevates blood pressure to overcome the resistance of narrowed
blood vessels.
An alternative intervention to prevent stroke is angioplasty. In this
procedure, a surgeon uses a catheter to inflate a tiny balloon that
expands a narrowed blood vessel in the brain. A drug known as a
vasodilator also may be used to expand blood vessels in the affected
area.
46. Anti-seizure medications may be used to treat
seizures related to a ruptured aneurysm. These
medications include levetiracetam (Keppra),
phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek, others), valproic acid
(Depakene) and others. Their use has been debated
by several experts, and is generally subject to
caregiver discretion, based on the medical needs of
each patient.
Rehabilitative therapy. Damage to the brain from a
subarachnoid hemorrhage may result in the need for
physical, speech and occupational therapy to relearn
skills.
48. Ventricular or lumbar draining catheters and shunt
surgery can lessen pressure on the brain from excess
cerebrospinal fluid (hydrocephalus) associated with a
ruptured aneurysm. A catheter may be placed in the
spaces filled with fluid inside of the brain (ventricles) or
surrounding your brain and spinal cord to drain the
excess fluid into an external bag.
Sometimes it may then be necessary to introduce a shunt
system — which consists of a flexible silicone rubber
tube (shunt) and a valve — that creates a drainage
channel starting in your brain and ending in your
abdominal cavity.
49. endovascular coiling
Endovascular coiling is a minimally
invasive technique, which means an
incision in the skull is not required to
treat the brain aneurysm. Rather, a
catheter is used to reach the aneurysm in
the brain. During endovascular coiling,
a catheter is passed through the groin up
into the artery containing the aneurysm.
50. Endovascular surgery
is performed inside your aorta using
thin, long tubes called catheters to
place a stent surrounded with a fabric
liner to reinforce the weak spots. You
may be eligible for endovascular stent
grafting if your aneurysm has not
ruptured and the aneurysm is 5
centimeters or more in size.
51. COMPLICATION
If the pressure becomes too elevated,
the blood and oxygen supply to the
brain may be disrupted to the point
that loss of consciousness or even
death may occur.Complications that
can develop after the rupture of
an aneurysm include: Re-bleeding.
An aneurysm that has ruptured or
leaked is at risk of bleeding again.
52. Re-bleeding. An aneurysm that has ruptured or leaked is at
risk of bleeding again. ...
Vasospasm. After a brain aneurysm ruptures, blood vessels in
your brain may narrow erratically (vasospasm). ...
Hydrocephalus. .. Hydrocephalus is a condition in which
an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the
brain. This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull.
Older people may have headaches, double vision, poor balance,
urinary incontinence, personality changes, or mental
impairment..
Hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is a low sodium
concentration in the blood