The document discusses the reproductive parts of flowers and structures of seeds. It defines a flower as the seed-bearing part of a plant consisting of reproductive organs surrounded by petals and sepals. The androecium is the male part consisting of stamens with filaments and anthers. The gynoecium is the female part consisting of carpels with ovaries, styles and stigmas. Seeds are the units of reproduction and can be monocotyledonous with one cotyledon or dicotyledonous with two cotyledons.

2. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS A FLOWER
• The seed-bearing part of a plant, consisting of reproductive
organs (stamens and carpels) that are typically surrounded
by a brightly coloured corolla (petals) and a green calyx
(sepals).
REPRODUCTIVE PARTS OF FLOWER
• Androecium
• gynoecium

3. ANDROECIUM(MALE REPRODUCTIVE
PART)
• It is composed of stamens.
• Stamen consists of anther , filament and stalk.
Anther
• Usually bilobed and each lobe has two chambers ,the pollen sacs
where pollen grains are produced .
Stamens
• Epipetalous:- attached to petals.
• Epiphyllous:-attached to perianth .eg:lily.
• Monoadelphous:-stamens united to one bunch or bundle.eg:china
rose
• Diadelphous:-stamens united to two or more bundles. Eg:pea.
• Polyadelphous:-stamens united to two or more bundles .eg:citrus .

4. GYNOECIUM(FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE PART)
• It is composed of one or more carpels .
• It consists of three parts stigma ,style ,ovary.
• Ovary is enlarged basal part to which lies the elongated
tube style.
• Ovary bears one or more ovules attached to the placenta .
• Apocarpous:- carpels are free.eg:-lotus and rose
• Syncarpous:-carpels are fused.eg:-mustard and tomato
• Stigma is usually at tip of the style it is receptive surface of
pollen grain.
• Style connects ovary to stigma.

5. PLACENTATION
• Placentation: arrangement of ovules in ovary.
• Placentation are of 6 types:-
• Marginal :-placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture
of ovary and ovules are borne on this ridge forming two
rows eg:pea
• Axile:-ovules attached to placenta in multilocular ovary eg:
rose
• Parietal:-ovule develops on inner wall of ovary.
• Free central:-ovules borne on central axis, septa absent eg
Dianthus
• Basal:-placenta develops at base of ovary, single ovule
attached to it.eg sunflower .

7. FRUIT
• A characteristics feature of flowering plants
• Fruit formed without fertilization of ovary is
parthenocarpic.
• Structure of fruit
• It consists of wall or pericarp which maybe dry or fleshy
• It is differentiated into outer epicarp , middle mesocarp
and the inner mesocarp.

8. SEED
• What is seed??
The unit of reproduction of a flowering plant, capable of
developing into another such plant.
• Structure of seed
• Outer most covering is a seed coat
• Seed coat has two layers the outer testa ,inner tegmen.
• A scar on seed coat through which developing seeds are
attached to fruit is hilum . Small pore above hilium is
micropyle.
• Radicle: the part of a plant embryo that develops into the
primary root.
• Plumule:-the immature shoot or stem of an embryo plant

9. STRUCTURE OF DICOTYLEDONOUS SEED
• Seed coat consists of two cotyledons which contain food material
and are fleshy and embryonal axis .
• Radicle and plumule are present at the end of embryonal axis .
• On basis of food storing tissue seeds are of two types:-
• Endosperm seed: -developing seed in which endosperm is present
and develops as a result of double fertilization.
• Non-endospermous seed :-mature seeds in which endosperm is
absent.eg bean , gram and pea

10. STRUCTURE OF MONOCOTYLEDENOUS
SEED
• They are endospermic except orchids which are non-
endospermic.
• Endosperm is bulky and stores food.
• Seed coat is membranous and fused with fruit wall

12. STRUCTURE
• Outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a
proteinous layer call aleurone layer .
• The embryo is small and it is situated in depression at
one end of endosperm.
• Embryo consists of large & shield shaped cotyledon
known as scutellum.
• Embryo consists of short axis with plumule and radicle
• Plumule and radicle are enclosed in shealth called
coleoptile and coleorhiza

13. Summing up
• Flower:-seed bearing part of plant.
• Androecium :-female reproductive whorl of a
flower consists filaments,stalk,anther
• Gyonecium :-male reproductive part consists of
anther style stigma
• Placentation :-arrangements of ovules in ovary. It
is classified into parietal,marginal,axile ,free
central, basal.
• Seed :-unit of reproduction
• Monocotyledonous seed:-consists of one
cotyledon
• Dicotyledonous:-consists of 2 cotyledons