Seminar by Dr. Martin Anda - Murdoch University (Western Australia) - at Politecnico di Milano

1. Australia with a Drying Climate -
Sustainable urban water management.
By what means?
Martin Anda
School of Engineering & Information Technology
Murdoch University
Western Australia
11th March, 2015 @ Milan Polytechnic

2. 2
Part 1: Background
Part 2: Research Projects

3. 3
The southwest region of
Western Australia
The focus region of this presentation.
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/change/
I. Smith, S. Power / Journal of Hydrology:
Regional Studies 2 (2014) 84–96

4. 4
Perth – the capital city of WA

5. 5
Rainfall and groundwater decline
• Modelling the decline…
• R. Ali, Don McFarlane, et al. / Journal of
Hydrology 475 (2012) 456–472

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Page 6
Rainfall decline - Reduced Inflows to Dams
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1911
1913
1915
1917
1919
1921
1923
1925
1927
1929
1931
1933
1935
1937
1939
1941
1943
1945
1947
1949
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
TotalAnnual*InflowtoPerthDams**(GL)
Annual Total
1911-1974 av (338 GL)
1975 - 2000 av (177 GL)
2001-05 av (92.4 GL)
2006-10 av (57.7 GL)
Notes: * year is taken as May to April and labelled year is start (winter) of year
** Inflow is simulated based on Perth dams in 2001 i.e. excluding Stirling, Samson & Wokalup
2011/12
(26.7 GL)
16th August 2011

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Page 7

8. 8
Perth’s Water Sources (IWSS)
• 300 Glpa total supply
• 30-50% Groundwater
• 10-40% Surface water (dams)
• 17% Seawater (2007)
• 34% Seawater (2011)
• 50% Seawater (2012)
• The above mix will vary by year,
across each year and across
Perth.
IWSS = Integrated Water Supply
Scheme

9. 9
Wastewater
Perth’s wastewater
catchments, treatment
plants and ocean
outfalls.
9
9
9

10. 10
Perth IWSS water use
• 600 litres/person.day by 1970s
• 400 litres/person.day by 2003 (50% used on gardens)
• 300 litres/person.day now (40% used on gardens)
(USA LA = 350, Italy & Switzerland = 200, London & Singapore = 150, Germany = 120)

11. 11
IWSS Water Supply Demand Gap
to 2060

12. 12
Recycling to industry since 2004
6 Glpa = 2% of total supply (300 Glpa)

13. 13
Seawater desalination since 2006
Now 50% (150Glpa) of total supply

14. 14
Coming 2016:
Groundwater replenishment =
Managed Aquifer Recharge (with wastewater)
Could be up to 20% of total supply.
http://www.watercorporation.com.au/water-supply-and-services/solutions-to-perths-water-supply/groundwater-replenishment

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Part 2
Outline
Alternative urban water management strategies:
• By 3 levels:
1.
Behavioural
change
(example:
H2omesmart)
2.
Improved
efficiency
(example:
WELS)
3.
New
technology
(examples:
satellite
SWRO
plant
&
third
pipe)
• Future research project
• Opportunity for EU Horizon 2020 funding?

16. 16
1.
Behavioural
change
(example:
H2omesmart)
2.
Improved
efficiency
(example:
WELS)
3.
New
technology
(examples:
satellite
SWRO
plant
&
third
pipe)

17. 17
1. Behavioural Change
Perth “H20meSmart” program
Aim: 12% water use reduction in 10,000 households
Methods:
–! Target 18 high use suburbs
–! Database 33,000 O/Os
–! Apply CBSM techniques
–! July 2011 – Aug 2012
–! Invitation to participate, media
–! Meter reading, feedback letters, eco-coaching
–! Waterwise fixtures retrofit for pensioners
Outcomes: Projected savings 9% by 10,949 households.

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1. Behavioural Change
Methods: Community Based Social Marketing
(CBSM)
Typically, 4-6 rounds over 6-12 months

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1. Behavioural Change
CBSM 1: Research
1.! Focus groups, surveys, interviews, etc.
2.! Identify the barriers to change!
3.! Create the correct messages!
4.! Design the locally relevant strategies!

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1. Behavioural Change
CBSM 2: Recruitment

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CBSM 3: Reading your meter

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CBSM 4: Data Analysis

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CBSM 5: Feedback Letter
How use
compares
to others
Agreed
actions
Raw data &
water use
calculations
Total savings by H2ome
Smart households

24. 24
CBSM 6: Eco-coaching

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Start again: Read meter

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In future: Smart Meters
• Eliminate manual reading
• Actions can be directly linked to consumption
• Flexibility in level of engagement
• Eco-coaching can be personalized and targeted
• In-house display provides real-time data
• Identify leaks
WATER SAVINGS! 26

27. 27
Conclusions for NW H2omesmart
• Low level of recruitment in Northwest program
due to mining sector & FIFO population, water
consumption charges paid by their employer.

28. 28
Conclusions for NW H2omesmart
• CBSM costs include costs of recruitment and
survey for the retrofit participants.

29. 29
1.
Behavioural
change
(example:
H2omesmart)
2.
Improved
efficiency
(example:
WELS)
3.
New
technology
(examples:
satellite
SWRO
plant
&
third
pipe)

30. 30
2. Improve Appliance Efficiency
•! Indoor house appliances
=&*:%,#,*>%>?#;'4#'%,';*,>?#:'>&)/0#3'.&)/%>?#;*)-%;#.)>;%,/>#
1234)1$/".)2<=5"8=>)3$?"''58@)4=:"%")
•! Outdoor house appliances
@',5%/#),,)0'A*/#,%A.+-'A*/#
@',5%/#),,)0'A*/#.*/;,*--%,>#
B')/:';%,#;'/C>##
@,%7:';%,#,%+>%#
•! Rebates (financial incentives)
•! Offer in parallel with CBSM behaviour change
program

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2. Improve Appliance Efficiency
Greywater Reuse
•! Can reduce garden water irrigation by >30%
•! Can reduce total home water use by >10%

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2. Improve Appliance Efficiency
House water efficiency rating
•! Not implemented yet in Australia
•! Only NABERS water efficiency rating for offices, commercial
buildings
•! UK Code for Sustainable Homes has Water Efficiency Rating
•! Level 6 will require greywater reuse or alternate water source

33. 33
1.
Behavioural
change
(example:
H2omesmart)
2.
Improved
efficiency
(example:
WELS)
3.
New
technology
(examples:
satellite
SWRO
plant
&
third
pipe)

34. 34
3. New Technology
Decentralised Seawater Desalination
•! Add• Add

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3. New Technology
Decentralised Seawater Desalination
Method
• Life cycle inventory: conceptual design, literature, Simapro software.

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3. New Technology
Decentralised Seawater Desalination
Spatial-temporal case study data
(hypothetical case study of Perth
• Existing local government boundaries
were used for defining the demand
zones.
• Desalinated water demand maps
were generated for the case study for
20 years (2015-2035) based on the
suburbs’ current population (ABS),
projected population growth (ABS),
and Perth’s annual water use per
capita of 145 m3 water (Water
Corporation WA, Water Forever:
Towards Climate Resilience, 2009).
• Perth land use maps (Western
Australia Planning Commission) were
employed for selecting plants sites.

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3. New Technology
Decentralised Seawater Desalination
Summary of initial results
• Our findings showed the importance of chemical use and infrastructure
production in desalination plants powered even by renewable sources.
Shahabi, Maedeh P., Adam McHugh, Martin Anda, and Goen Ho. "Environmental life cycle assessment of seawater
reverse osmosis desalination plant powered by renewable energy." Renewable Energy 67 (2014): 53-58.
• Plant with beach well intake results in: up to 30% less environmental impact,
13% lower total costs.
Shahabi, Maedeh P., Adam McHugh, and Goen Ho. "Environmental and economic assessment of beach well intake
versus open intake for seawater reverse osmosis desalination." Desalination 357 (2015): 259-266.
• Site-specific parameters of plant location and size could significantly affect the
environmental impact of SWRO desalination plants.
Shahabi, Maedeh P., Martin Anda, and Goen Ho. "Influence of site-specific parameters on environmental impacts of
desalination." Desalination and Water Treatment ahead-of-print (2014): 1-7.

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3. New Technology
Decentralised Seawater Desalination
Future possibilities for Western Australia
•! Small satellite SWRO desalination plants in Perth
•! Micro SWRO plants are proposed in the small
coastal towns south of Perth.
•! Could be driven by wave energy.

39. 39
1.
Behavioural
change
(example:
H2omesmart)
2.
Improved
efficiency
(example:
WELS)
3.
New
technology
(examples:
satellite
SWRO
plant
&
third
pipe)

40. 40
3. New Technology
Dual Reticulation
(Third Pipe)
Stormwater
recharge option
Sewer mining
option
Design target of over 75% reduction in
drinking water use per household.

41. 41
1.
Behavioural
change
(example:
H2omesmart)
2.
Improved
efficiency
(example:
WELS)
3.
New
technology
(examples:
urban
village)

42. 4242
3. New Technology
The next research project
New urban villages in Perth:
“Activity Centres”
Transit-oriented urban development
•! 17.1. Demonstrated
energy-efficient building
orientation and design.
•! 17.2. Provision for water
saving and re-use of water
in landscaping and
buildings.
•! Strategic metropolitan
centres.
•! Include Cannington.
Transit-oriented urban developmentTransit-oriented urban developmentTransit-oriented urban developmentTransit-oriented urban development
saving and re-use of water

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Canning Strategic Metropolitan Centre

44. 44
Canning City Centre by 2031
Compared to BAU,
desired strategies seek:
• 45% reduction in
greenhouse gases.
• 49% reduction peak
electricity demand.
• 35% reduction in
total water
consumption.

45. 45
Infrastructure Opportunity Areas

46. 46
BAU Infrastructure Planning
• Sites A B C are a
small area within
CCC Structure Plan
= IOAs 2 & 2a.
• Lots B & C owned by
CoC & A by DoH =
8.9 Ha.
• Redevelop as Mixed
Use medium density
precinct.
• Infrastructure
development costs =
$18M est.

47. 47
Infrastructure Modelling Tools
Graphic visualisation tools:
• UMI (precinct & cities environmental performance)
• WEAP (integrated water resources planning)
Energy modelling tools:
• HOMER (standalone and grid connected power)
• TRNSYS (simulates performance of energy system)
• H2RES (water, electricity, heat, hydrogen hourly balancing)
• Bentley sisHYD (district heating and cooling systems)
• Ecotect (buildings thermal performance)
Water modelling tools:
• SIMBA (sewer, WWTP, sludge treatment and rivers)
• Aquacycle (water balance, total urban water cycle)
Performance assessment tool:
• CCAP Tool (KPIs for infrastructure in urban precinct design)

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Early Results: Built Form
4 built form models:
1. Low density development (250 persons)
2. BAU (6 blocks x 7-storey, 750 persons)
3. High density (1500 persons)
4. Solar city (density, built form and services
optimised for the site)

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BAU model

50. 50
High Density model

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Solar City model

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3. New Technology
Activity Centres
Future Work
1. Complete development of numerical modelling tool.
2. Complete development of 3D visualisation tool
(augmented reality immersion).
3. Undertake integration of both.
4. Apply to selected IOAs.
5. Apply to entire CCC case study area 332 Ha.
6. CoC to complete BAU infrastructure upgrade
engineering study across entire area.
7. Compare outcomes of 5 and 6.

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European study tour – water
sensitive urban developments
• GERMANY: The Jenfelder Au neighborhood in HAMBURG WATER
Cycle
http://www.hamburgwatercycle.de/index.php/the-jenfelder-au-
quarter.html
• GERMANY: Roof Water Farm http://www.roofwaterfarm.com/
• GERMANY: Passive house with greywater recycling and energy
recovery
http://www.bmbf.nawam-inis.de/en/inis-projects/networks-3
• SWEDEN: Malmo Augustenborg
http://www.dac.dk/en/dac-cities/sustainable-cities/all-cases/
green-city/augustenborg-green-roofs-and-storm-water-channels/
• ITALY? Can you please advise me about your innovative urban
water projects?

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Research collaboration with
Australia
• European Union/EC 2014-2020 Horizon 2020 -
research and innovation framework program
funding
• Water Innovation: Boosting its value for Europe
• http://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/portal/
desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/2582-
water-1b-2015.html
• “Demonstration/pilot activities of new or
improved innovative water solutions”

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In conclusion
• Perth, Western Australia (south west region)
• Declining rainfall, increasing temperatures due to
Climate Change.
• Water Corporation is developing major new
sources for urban water supply.
• These are large infrastructure projects with high
capital cost, high financing costs.
• Defer high costs by alternative strategies:
Behaviour
change
programs
Improved
appliance
efficiency
New
technologies

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Thank you
• Any questions?