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Ancient roman
- 1. Sandrine Le Bail AP Art History Ancient Rome
- 6. Official Chronology • April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome
- 7. Official Chronology • April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome • 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings
- 8. Official Chronology • April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome • 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings • 509 B.C.E. - Republic
- 9. Official Chronology • April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome • 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings • 509 B.C.E. - Republic • 396 B.C.E. - Conquest of Veii
- 10. Official Chronology • April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome • 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings • 509 B.C.E. - Republic • 396 B.C.E. - Conquest of Veii • 27 B.C.E. – Empire (Augustus)
- 11. Official Chronology • April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome • 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings • 509 B.C.E. - Republic • 396 B.C.E. - Conquest of Veii • 27 B.C.E. – Empire (Augustus) • 330 C.E. – Constantinople Eastern capital
- 12. Official Chronology • April, 21st 753 B.C.E. – Foundation of Rome • 753- 509 B.C.E. – Rule of the 7 Kings • 509 B.C.E. - Republic • 396 B.C.E. - Conquest of Veii • 27 B.C.E. – Empire (Augustus) • 330 C.E. – Constantinople Eastern capital • 476 C.E. – Fall of Rome
- 14. Religion
- 15. Roman Architecture • Roman Innovations • Domestic Architecture (Houses and Insulae) • Public Architecture
- 17. Arch Voussoir
- 18. Arches
- 19. Barrel Vault
- 20. Centering
- 21. Groin Vault
- 23. Concrete – Opus Caementicium
- 29. Capitals
- 31. Tuscan Doric Ionic Composite Corinthian
- 37. House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii, 300 BCE
- 38. House of the Faun, Pompeii, 2nd century BCE
- 39. House of the Vettii, Pompeii, 2nd century BCE
- 42. Villas
- 43. Hadrian’s villa – Tivoli 123-135 C.E.
- 45. Pecile
- 46. Canopus
- 47. Maritime Theater
- 48. Public Architecture Fora, Basilica, Bath Complexes Amphitheater, Circus Aqueducts, Temples
- 49. Roman Forum (Forum Romanum)
- 51. Imperial Fora
- 53. Basilica
- 54. Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan Appoloro of Damascus (98-117 C.E.)
- 56. Public Baths
- 58. Baths of Caracalla (211- 217 C.E.)
- 60. Frigidarium
- 67. Amphitheater
- 68. Coliseum, Rome (72-80 C.E.)
- 71. Circus Maximus
- 72. Pont du Gard, Nîmes, France, c.16 BCE
- 74. Temples Greek Temple Roman Temple
- 76. Temples Etruscan Temple Roman Temple
- 78. Temples Parthenon Maison Carrée (Nîmes)
- 79. Temples Temple of Veio Maison Carrée (Nîmes)
- 80. Temples Maison Carrée (Nîmes)
- 81. Temples Jefferson’s State Capitol in (Virginia) 1785 Maison Carrée (Nîmes)
- 84. Unites States Capitol, Washington, 1793.
- 85. Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France
- 86. Pantheon, 117 -125 C.E.
- 91. coffers Oculus
- 92. Arch of Titus, 80 CE
- 93. Arch of Constantine, 312-315 CE
- 94. Roman Painting 4 Pompeian Styles
- 95. Pompeian Style • Eruption of Vesuvius – 79 CE • Buon Fresco • Small amount of wax to increase the surface shine
- 96. First Pompeian Style (from 2nd century B.C.E)
- 97. First Pompeian Style (from 2nd century B.C.E) Painted regular squares meant to resemble marble facing
- 98. Samnite House, Pompei (2nd century B.C.E)
- 99. Second Pompeian Style (1st century B.C.E)
- 100. Villa Boscoreale, Boscoreale (40-30 B.C.E.) Large mythological Scenes and/or landscapes. Illusionistic
- 101. Villa of Mysteries, Pompei (c.60-50 B.C.E)
- 102. Third Pompeian Style
- 103. Third Pompeian Style Small scenes set in a field of colour and framed by delicate columns of tracery
- 104. Lucretius Fronto’s house, Pompeii,
- 105. 4th Pompeian Style (50-79 BCE)
- 106. 4th Pompeian Style (50-79 BCE) Combined elements from the 3 others
- 107. Casa dei Veitii, Pompeii
- 109. Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, c.65-50 BCE
- 110. Villa della Farnesina, 19 CE, Palazzo Massimo
- 111. Villa della Farnesina, Criptoportico A 19 CE, Palazzo Massimo
- 112. Villa della Farnesina, Cubiculo B, 19 CE, Palazzo Massimo
- 114. Hercules strangling the Serpents, House of Vettii, Pompeii, 63-79 CE
- 115. Foreshortening
- 116. Still life with Peaches, c. 50 CE, ftom Herculanum
- 117. Mummy case of Artemidoros, from Fayum, AD 100-200 Encaustic: colored waxes burned into a wooden surface
- 120. Innovations in Roman Painting • Encaustics • Linear Perspective • Atmospheric Perspective • Foreshortening
- 121. Roman Sculpture Portrait Commemorative reliefs
- 122. Classical Greeks vs Republican Romans Greek Roman
- 123. Classical Greeks vs Republican Romans Greek Roman
- 124. Republican 509 – 27 BCE
- 125. Patrician with two ancestors busts, 1st century BCE
- 126. Head of a Roman patrician, Republican Roman, c.75-50 BCE Veristic sculpture
- 127. Capitoline Brutus, 4th century BCE
- 128. Imperial
- 129. Augustus of Prima Porta, 20 CE
- 133. Augustus from via Labicana
- 135. Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, 164-166 CE
- 136. Ara Pacis, Rome, 13-9 CE
- 139. Tellus Relief, Ara Pacis, 13-9 CE
- 140. Procession, Ara Pacis, 13-9 CE
- 141. Procession, Ara Pacis, 13-9 CE
- 145. Arch of Titus, Roman Forum, 81 CE
- 146. Spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem, Arch of Titus, 81 CE
- 147. Trajan’s column, Rome, 113 CE
- 151. Ar
- 153. Late Imperial
- 154. Late Imperial Sculpture • Lack of individuality • Crowded composition • Proportions are truncated • No contrapposto • Bodies lifeless behind masking draperies
- 155. Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, c.250-260 CE
- 157. Tetrarchs Instituted by Diocletian in 284 CE 4 Emperors in 4 cities • Milan • Trier (Germany) • Thessaloniki (Greece) • Nicomedia (Turkey)
- 158. The Tetrarchs, 300 CE
- 161. Monumental Head of Constantine, from the basilica of Constantine, 313 CE
- 162. Summary • Great builders / New architectural forms • Concrete Revolution (domes, barrel vault and groin vault) • Monumental buildings • Influence of Greek and Etruscan traditions • Painting: perspective and foreshortening • Sculpture: Veristic Portrait during Republican time • Art of Propaganda during Empire • Large Impact on Western Art
Editor's Notes
- 7 Hills Tiber Trade with Etruscans and Greek Legend of the foundation
- Foundation: April 21st 753 B.C.E.
- First settlments on the hills Before greeks
- Legend 7 Kings: Romulus – Numa Pompilius – Tulius Hostilius Ancus Marcius - Tarquinius Priscus – Servius Tullius – Tarquinius Superbus Etruscans Influence – No Roman Art
- Republic: Patricians elected 2 consuls, Senate and assembly for 1 year Very restricted democracy. SPQR Patricians vs Plebeans 494 BCE . Aventine secession – Tribune of the plebs / plebeian tribune (veto on Senate) 367 BCE . Plebeian can be consuls
- Beginning of the expansion of Rome
- Octavian / Augustus became 1st Emperor after a civil war
- Empire split in 2 by Constantine Decline of the Western Empire
- Invasion of the Goths
- Melting pot of cultures and ideas Construction of road to link the empire 146 BCE Absorption of Greece – Cultural model Citizenship is a tool of Romanization 212 Edict of Caracalla – Citizenship to all the free men of the Empire Romanization – Language, gods, laws and culture Only Greeks kept Greek language
- Greek Pantheon with Roman names
- Romans were master builders Road, aqueducts… Efficient
- Could span larger space Wedge shaped stone Already used by Mesopotamian and Etruscans but massive use by Romans
- The wedge-shaped stone is smaller in the bottom and wider at the top Don’t need mortar Aqueducts
- Colosseum Ceiling not in wood anymore Centering
- Not invented by Romans Mortar , Gravel , Rubble and water Heavy But concrete is always hidden Highly flexible and unexpensive
- diamond-shaped bricks of tuff,
- Laterizio
- Opus incertum
- centering
- Review Greeks
- Tuscan – unfluted shaft and base
- Pompei and Herculaneum 79 CE Ostia
- No opening towards outside Stores Lararium . Domestic chapel Exhedra – big room for dinner
- Upper-class houses Importance of the house for work and buissness Display power and wealth Marble /painting lot of colours
- House of the Silver Wedding
- House of the Faun Biggest house of Pompei Mosaic of Alexander the Great
- House of the Vettii
- Middle and Lower class Ostia Up to 5 stories Shops in the street
- Shared bathroom and kitchen Dangerous place
- Wealthy People Connection with fields and agriculture
- Emperor (117-138) Huge complex (bath complexes, theater, temples, library…) Far from the center of Rome Highest quality
- http://vwhl.clas.virginia.edu/villa/canopus.php# No symmetry Awe / To surprise – represent the different places of the Empire Richness and inventivity Lot of inspiration
- For Athens portico
- Canopus – city in Egypt (well known for temple to Serapis) Colonnade with a cornice connecting the top of the columns Canal with columns Round and flattened lines Scultpures
- // Greek agora Market place – Center of the civic life Regularly expanded
- Organic Center of the Roman life from 6th century BCE to 6th CE
- Propaganda function Forum of Caesar (inauguration 46 CE) – Venus Lot of statues / statue of Caesar on a horse in the middle Forum of Augustus (2BC) Temple dedicated to Mars) Statue of August on charriot in the center Temple of Peace by Vespasian (71-75) Victory against Hebrew Foum of Nerva 97 (began by Domitian) dedicated to Minerva Forum of Trajan (107-113) APOLLODORO DI DAMASCO
- Nave Clerestory - light
- Apse Nave Market of Trajan- oral presentation
- I4th BE – 400 bath in Rome 33 BCE Agrippa 62 – Nero 80- Tito Unexpensive (more expensive for women) Free for soldiers and children 105-109 - TRaiano
- Lot of statues and work of art
- Santa Maria degli Angeli Bath of Diocletian
- Penn station, NY (1905-1910) Destroyed in the 60’s for Pennsylvania Plaza and Madison Square Garden
- Clerestory
- For games Nimes
- Description des orders
- 50.000 spectators? Coarelli – from 40.000 to 68.000 When full maybe up to 87.000
- Oral presentation 200.000 spectators
- Ashlar masonry Ashlar = squared stone block Importance of water
- Maison carrée de Nimes Podium / Cella Engaged columns - Pseudoperipteral Free standing columns Pronaos Stairs Peripteral VS pseudoperipteral
- Maison carrée de Nimes Podium Cella Engaged columns Free standing columns Pronaos Stairs
- Maison carrée de Nimes Podium Cella Engaged columns Free standing columns Pronaos Stairs
- United States Capitol (Washington)
- United States Capitol (Washington)
- Corinthian Capital High Podium Front entrance emphased Walls pushed out to meet the engaged columns Interio extanded to the maximum size
- Dedicated to all gods Given by Focas to the pope in 609 BCE Corinthian capital Originally large atrium before and on a high podium Inside 2 statues: Augustus and Agrippa On the pediment: Eagle with crown
- Temple to Adrian and Matidia Column of marcus Aurelius Ara pacis Ustrino and colun of Antoninus Pius
- Convexe floor for drainage Brillantly decored with marble Turned into a church Santa Maria dei Martiri
- Cupola wall very thick (6m.), then thiner and thiner Lighter and Lighter : At the top: Concrete with : travertine / bricks / tufa / volcanic stone volcanic stome Niches for the statues of the gods 30, 40 m.
- Coffers . Lighten the load Oculus – light and air (9 meters) Moving spotlight
- Field trip
- Oral presentation
- We know Roman Painting thanks to Pompei August Mau (German) Buon fresco Wax - shiny
- Republican time Painted regular squares meant to resemble marble facing
- Republican time Painted regular squares meant to resemble marble facing
- Illusionistic / Trompe l’oeil Large mythological Scenes and/or landscapes. Painted stucco decoration of the 1st style appears beneath in horizontal bands
- Small scene set in a field of colour and framed by delicate columns of tracery
- Small scene set in a field of colour and framed by delicate columns of tracery
- Combined elements of the 3 others Painted marble at the base Large scene – 2nd Delicate little scene Domus Aurea
- Combined elements of the 3 others Painted marble at the base Large scene – 2nd Delicate little scene Domus Aurea
- 2nd style - presentation
- Giulia? Figlia di Augusto
- Giulia? Figlia di Augusto Atmosferical perspective Criptoportico A Naturalism Sketchy Landscape
- Linear perspective Foreshorening Light give the perspective Different from
- Shadow give volume Alkemene and Amphitrion Light of the altar
- Object is shortered and turned deeper into the picture plane to give the effect of receeding in sapce
- Still life Roundness Perspective Glass Light on surfaces
- Encaustic . Colored waxes burned into a wooden surface
- Keep deceased into the memory Definition of busts
- Typical from Republican time Virtue_ wisdom, determination and experience Influence of Hellenistic art
- 1st emperor - idealized Moret han 200 portraits during his 41-year reign // Doryphorus No individuality / military strenght Confusion between man and god Back not carved Orator pose Probably with a sword
- 2 locks right – typical from Augustus
- Return of Roman standards from the Parthians Mother Earth with cornucopia – domination over Earth, prosperity
- Oral presentation
- Comemorate action of individual Celebrate the Pax Augustea Beginning of “true” Roman Art – Greek and Roman tradition mixted
- Open air alta on a podium Greek syle of the sculpture but with Roman subject
- 2 registers Under vine scroll traceries – peace and fertility // Hellenistic Art Mythological subject (shorter side) and procession (longer side)
- Tellus: Mother Earth feeding newborn 4 elements: air (bird) / earth (cow and sheep), fire (dragon), saewater and freshwater (jug) Classical composition Peaceful and fruitful thanks to Augustus Peace
- Members of the imperial family // classical Art Specific event : natural gesture and Importance of children and family – dynastic system Journalistic precision Higher relief than Panathenaic
- Portrait
- Triomphal parade celebrayes the conquer of Judea (70 CE) Deep carving strong shadow Carry off splendors of the temple of Salomon (menorah) Perspective (menorah / arch /Feet) Repetition / movements
- Free standing columns Victory against dacian (Romanian) Rbbonlike narrative frieze Continuous low-relief spiral sculpture 190,50m X 2500 figures
- Low relief / Difficult to see
- Extremely crowded surface with figures piled on top one of another Lack of individuality Confusion Victory of the Romans
- To restore order
- LATE IMPERIAL STYLE: LACK OF INDIVIDUALITY Porphyry – imperial colour Saint Marc, Venice –originally in Costantinople Tetrarchy established by Diocletian in 284: 4 emperors in 4 cities Milan, Trier (Germany), Thessaloniki (Greece) and Nicomedia (Turkey)
- Stylistic change Less realism, more stylized rectangularity No facial distinction Stiff / Lifeless – no contrapposto
- Importance of Costantine . New capital and legalization of Christianity in 313 Head 3 meters Portrait but stylized No realism New style