The document discusses various ancient and modern numeral systems, including the tally, Babylonian, Egyptian, Chinese, Roman, and Hindu-Arabic numeral systems. Each system has its unique characteristics and rules for representing numbers, with Roman numerals having specific guidelines for addition and subtraction. The Hindu-Arabic numeral system, which is a decimal place-value system, is the one predominantly used today.

1. What
if?

2. there
were no
numbers?

3. there is
no time?

4. Ancient Numeration
System

5. Primitive Numeration System
Tally Numeral System
The simplest numeral system is called
the tally numeral system.
In this system, strokes (straight lines)
are used to count the objects, and one
single stroke is used for each object.

6. Babylonian Numeration System
The Babylonian numeration
system was developed
between 3000 and 2000 BCE.
It uses only two numerals or
symbols, a one and a ten to
represent numbers

7. Egyptian Numeration System
Around 3000 BC, the
Egyptians had a
hieroglyphs-based
writing system.
Hieroglyphs is a
writing system of
pictures that
represents words and
sounds..

8. Chinese Numeration System
The system uses different
symbols and uses the base
10 system like the
universal practice of the
numeration system being
used at the present time.

10. Roman Numerals
They are an additive (and
subtractive) system in which
letters are used to denote
certain "base" numbers, and
arbitrary numbers are then
denoted using combinations of
symbols

11. Hindu Arabic Numeration System
The Hindu-Arabic numeral
system is a decimal place-
value numeral system.
This is the numeral system
that we are using today.

12. Roman Numerals Rule
Roman numbers follow certain rules, which helps determine how the number is written.
It will also help us in reading or recognizing roman numbers. Let us take a look.
● If a symbol is repeated, its value is added as many times as it occurs. For example,
II=2, XX=20 etc.
● The symbols V, L and D are never repeated.
● A symbol is not repeated more than three times.
● If a smaller symbol is written to the right of a symbol with greater value, then its
value gets added to the value of the greater symbol. For example, VI=5+1=6,
XI=11 and so on.

13. ● If a smaller symbol is written on the left of a symbol with greater value,
then its value is subtracted from the value of the greater symbol. IV= 5-
1=4, IX=9 etc.
● The symbols V, L and D are never written to the left of a symbol of greater
value i.e. V, L and D are never subtracted. The symbol I can be subtracted
from V and X only. The symbol X can be subtracted from L, M, and C
only.
● A symbol cannot be subtracted more than once from a particular symbol of
greater value. In other words, we cannot repeat a symbol on the left side of
a symbol. Eg, 98 is written as XCVIII and not as IIC.