The document provides an overview of Greek history from 1750 BCE to 133 BCE. It describes Greece's geography of mountain ranges and coastlines that divided it into separate city-states. Early Greek civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans dominated trade in the Aegean Sea. Homer wrote the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. Warfare changed with the use of iron and the phalanx formation. Athens developed as the first democracy while Sparta was a strict military state. The Persian Wars and Peloponnesian War were two major conflicts between Greek city-states and outside forces.

1. Greece 1750 – 133 BCE

2. I. Geography Multi-Flow Map Geography of Greece Short mountain ranges cut up the mainland No important rivers Long, irregular coastline No sense of unity Cultural diversity Encouraged fishing and trade of olive oil, wine, and marble Phoenician alphabet spread Colonized new lands Separate city states Surrounded by sea

3. II. Early Greeks Developed on Crete- an island south of Greece in the Aegean Sea Economy based on TRADE Ruins of the Palace of King Minos at Knossos Around this vase are hoplites (foot soldiers) on dolphins, showing the importance of seas A. Minoan Civilization

5. B. Myceneans Conquered mainland Greece and Crete Dominated Aegean trade (MY SUH NEE UNZ) The mask of Agamemnon comes from a grave that dates from around 1600 BCE. Myceneans sometimes put gold masks over significant peoples’ faces.

6. 1. The Trojan War 1250 BCE War over trade and control of the Bosporus and Dardanelle straits Legend: Trojan prince Paris kidnapped Helen, the wife of a Greek king Greeks left a “Trojan Horse” filled with hidden warriors Trojan brought it in and Greeks burned the city.

8. 2. Homer Homer was a traveling poet He wrote two great Epic poems The Iliad The Odyssey

9. 3. Changes in Warfare Bronze weapons and tools replaced by iron Citizens could afford weapons Phalanx- a massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers

10. Mrs. Agosta’s dad when he was 8 dressed in a traditional Greek uniform.

11. 4. Early Forms of Government Flow Map Monarchy – a king rules Power shifted to noble landowners Aristocracy - landholders rule Oligarchy - small business class rules ATHENS ONLY developed democracy - rule by the people

12. III. The Polis A city-state built on two levels 1. Acropolis- high city - temples 2. Lower city- flatter ground - market, theater, homes

15. A. Athens Started as a limited democracy - only male citizens could vote - Had a Legislature - lawmaking body - Council of 500 Only boys were educated if families could afford it

16. Athens

17. Solon’s reforms - expanded rights to more Athenians Pericles - improved Athens from 460 to 429 BCE Direct democracy- system of government in which citizens directly vote on issues Encouraged the arts Made Athens the cultural center of Greece

18. B. Sparta Military state Government included: 2 kings Council of elders Assembly of all male citizens Sparta

19. At age 7, boys began military training Sickly kids were abandoned Girls were to produce healthy sons, were encouraged to exercise

20. C. Other City States Corinth Delphi

22. IV. Greek Religion Polytheistic Gods and goddesses lived on Mount Olympus Zeus was head of the gods

24. V. Greek Conflicts Greeks felt superior to non-Greeks and called them barbaroi even though they borrowed others’ ideas (Eg. Phoenicians, Egyptians)

25. A. Persian Wars In 490 BCE, Emperor Darius sent ships to Marathon (Greece) to punish Athens for interfering in Asia Minor Asia Minor

26. Persians outnumbered Athenians 2 to 1 Athens won and sent a man back 26.2 miles to Athens He told of the victory then died on the spot

27. In 480 BCE, Darius’ son Xerxes (ZERK SEEZ) wanted revenge Greeks unified to defeat Persians again Delian League (Athenian led alliance with other Greek city-states) was formed

28. B. Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian League led by Sparta War broke out in 431 BCE between Sparta and Athens

29. A plague broke out killing 1/3 of the people including Pericles Even the Persians helped Sparta defeat Athens in 404 BCE