The document summarizes European exploration between the 15th and 17th centuries as they searched for new trade routes to Asia and its spices. The Portuguese first established coastal trading ports in Africa and India to control the spice trade. The Dutch later set up ports around the world using their naval power. English ships began carrying limes to prevent scurvy on long voyages. Spain funded Columbus' voyage west in 1492 hoping to reach Asia, but he landed in the Americas instead. This led to the Columbian Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and people between Europe and the Americas, profoundly impacting global populations. Other conquistadors like Cortes and Pizarro then conquered the Aztec and Inca empires,

1. Age of Exploration

2. I. Search for Spices A port is a city, town, or other place where ships load or unload, or take refuge from storms.

3. African Trade [15c-17c]

4. A. African Ports 1. The Portuguese established coastal ports because they could not get into the African interior due to the jungle, cataracts , and diseases.

5. 1. For most of the 1500s, Portugal controlled the spice trade. B. Indian Ports

6. C. Rise of the Dutch 1. By the late 1500s, the Dutch had powerful ships and used their sea power to set up trading ports around the world. In the mid-1600s, the Dutch established the Cape Town settlement in South Africa. Dutch sailors could repair their ships as they traveled to the East Indies.

8. It took 10 months to reach India; the Portuguese lost half their ships. Many sailors died of scurvy, a disease caused by lack of vitamin C. The English began to include limes on board, which did not spoil quickly; this led to English sailors being called “limeys.” DON’T WRITE

9. Although he lost half his ships, Da Gama returned with Asian spices. The Portuguese had now established a successful all-water trade route to Asia! DON’T WRITE

10. Ferdinand Magellan From 1519 to 1522, Magellan’s crew circumnavigated , or traveled completely around, the world. DON’T WRITE

11. II. Spanish Exploration King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain wanted a share of the spice trade. Isabella also wanted to spread Christianity.

13. C. In 1492, Christopher Columbus convinced the Spanish monarchs to fund his voyage.

14. D. Columbus thought he could find a sea route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. ?

15. E. Columbus loaded up the Nina, the Pinta , and the Santa Maria and took off for Asia on August 3, 1492.

18. F. Columbus reached land on October 12, 1492; he hadn’t reached Asia, but the New World!

19. Thinking he had successfully reached the East Indies, Columbus called the surprised inhabitants who greeted him, los indios. This term translates into “Indian,” a word applied to all native peoples of the Americas. DON’T WRITE

20. In 1507, a German cartographer read reports about the “New World” written by Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian sailor. He labeled the region America; the islands Columbus explored became known as the West Indies. West Indies DON’T WRITE

21. III. The Columbian Exchange A Global Exchange of plants and animals between the Americas and Europe.

23. B. Effects: 1. By the 1700s, foods such as corn, potatoes and beans contributed to population growth worldwide.

24. 2. Disease Europeans carried deadly diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza. The N.A. had no immunity, or resistance .

25. The N.A. population of the Caribbean declined by 90% in the 1500s.

26. Many Indians believed the disasters marked the world’s end. DON’T WRITE Just like Europeans felt during the Black Plague!

27. What similar problems do we have today? DON’T WRITE

28. 3. Slavery- 12 million slaves would travel to the Americas for manual labor.

31. 4. Millions of Europeans would migrate to the New World.

32. European Explorations

33. 1. Hernan Cortes A. He would conquer the Aztecs by 1521 and build Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. IV. Other Conquistadors

35. 2. Francisco Pizarro Pizarro overran the Incans in Peru in 1532. This opened up South America for the Spanish to conquer.

36. V. Reasons for Victory! 1. The Spanish had superior military technology and horses. 2. The Spanish had diseases that weakened the native population.

37. 3. The Spanish won allies by playing rival Indian groups against each other.

38. This has led to a modern era of international trade and global interdependence!