The document discusses the anatomy and function of the ear. It describes the ear's role in hearing and balance. Sound waves enter the ear canal and cause the eardrum and three small bones to vibrate, transmitting sound through the cochlea where fluid causes hair cells to stimulate the auditory nerve. The cochlea also contains receptors for balance and equilibrium. Static equilibrium tells the brain about head position using maculae receptors, while dynamic equilibrium detects rotations using semicircular canals. Motion sickness can result from conflicts between visual and inner ear signals. Deafness can be conductive, from external ear issues, or sensorineural, affecting inner ear structures.
olfactory system and functioning, pathway of olfaction, neural tract involved in olfaction , endocrine pathway of olfaction, cells and neurons involved in olfaction
olfactory system and functioning, pathway of olfaction, neural tract involved in olfaction , endocrine pathway of olfaction, cells and neurons involved in olfaction
cerebrum, sulci and gyri of cerebrum, lobes of cerebrum, frontal lobe , parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, sulci and gyri presnet in each lobes, and the functional areas , of cerebrum, brodmann areas of cerebrum, borders and surfaces of cerebrum, insula,
The presentation is a summary of the bones of head and neck showing the main bones n its relations and a short applied aspect of the skull bones. It depicts a gross anatomy of the skull bones which includes the bones forming calvaria or brain box and also the facial skeleton.
cerebrum, sulci and gyri of cerebrum, lobes of cerebrum, frontal lobe , parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe, sulci and gyri presnet in each lobes, and the functional areas , of cerebrum, brodmann areas of cerebrum, borders and surfaces of cerebrum, insula,
The presentation is a summary of the bones of head and neck showing the main bones n its relations and a short applied aspect of the skull bones. It depicts a gross anatomy of the skull bones which includes the bones forming calvaria or brain box and also the facial skeleton.
Anatomy 1-The anatomy and physiology of human earFatima Aftab
how human ear enables us to produce sound waves and how we actually interpret them.I got a grade hope students will be clarifying their basic concepts related to anatomy of the human ear.
The Ear:
• It is the organ that detects sound.
• It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position.
• Part of the auditory system.
• Transforms sound waves (air pressure) into electrical impulses in the brain
Outer Ear:
• Includes:
• The pinna or auricle (the fleshy visible outer ear)
• The ear canal
• The outer layer of the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Middle Ear:
• An air-filled cavity behind the tympanic membrane, includes three bones (ossicles):
• The malleus; or hammer
• Incus; or anvil
• Stapes; or stirrup
• Connects to the throat via the Eustachian tube
Inner Ear:
• Responsible for sound detection and balance
• it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:
• The cochlea, dedicated to hearing
• The vestibular system, dedicated to balance
o The Cochlea: Auditory portion of the inner ear
o Spiral-shaped coil
o Inside the bony labyrinth
o Filled with a watery liquid
o As the fluid moves, the Organ of Corti moves
o Organ of Corti: the structure that transduces pressure waves to action potentials
o Specific fibers resonate to sound frequencies and cause Hair Cells to move, which send signals through the Cochlear Nerve onto the brain
o Louder Sounds cause more Hair Cells to move
o Our Brains interpret all this raw data
Balance (Vestibular System):
• Balance is controlled through signals to the brain from your eyes, the inner ear, and the sensory systems of the body (such as the skin, muscles, and joints).
• This balance system is also known as the vestibular system.
• In the inner ear, the balance system consists of three canals (semicircular canals)
• Semicircular shape
• contain fluid
• “sensors” that detect rotational movement of the head.
• Each canals lies at a different angle and is situated at a right angle to each other.
• deal with different movement: up-and-down, side-to-side, and tilting from one side to the other.
• All contain sensory hair cells that are activated by movement of inner ear fluid (endolymph).
• As the head moves, hair cells in the semicircular canals send nerve impulses to the brain by way of the acoustic nerve.
• The nerve impulses are processed in the brain to help us know where we are in space or if we are moving.
• Located near the semicircular canals are the utricle and the saccule.
• The ends of the semicircular canals connect with the utricle,
• the utricle connects with the saccule.
• The semicircular canals provide information about movement of the head.
• The sensory hair cells of the utricle and saccule provide information to the brain about head position when it is not moving.
• The utricle is sensitive to change in horizontal motion
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
THE POWER POINT PRESENTATION OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR (SENSE OF HEARING) IS JUST TO EQUIP READERS WITH SOME BASIC UNDERSTANDING ON THE ORGAN.
HOW IT OPERATES AND CONNECTED TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ORDER TO PERCEIVE SOUND AND AID IN BALANCE.
Inner ear is a complex structure of human body.
It is situated in the petrous temporal bone.
It contains the structures associated with hearing and balance mechanisms.
The vestibule and semicircular canals are associated with balance and the cochlea is associated with hearing .
I have tried my best to make it simple in my presentation.
The surgical importance of the ear lies in addressing various conditions affecting hearing, balance, and overall ear health. Otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat specialists) often perform surgical procedures to treat a range of ear-related issues. Understanding the surgical importance of the ear is essential for otolaryngologists and surgeons specializing in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) procedures. These surgeries aim to treat various ear conditions, improve hearing, and enhance overall ear health.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. (1) Ear Design
• Ear is a well designed funnel:
– Sound waves spiral down into auditory canal.
– Sound Waves smack against ear drum (tympanic
membrane).
• Sound Path:
1.Inside ear
2.Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum)
3.Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup (3 Bones)
4.Oval Window of Cochlea
5.Fluid within Cochlea
6.Cochlear Nerve and Brain
3.
4.
5. (2) Cochlea
• Cochlea = Snail like structure in inner Ear.
• Contains receptors for balance and
equilibrium.
• Contains receptors for pitch and frequency.
6.
7.
8. (3) Equilibrium & Balance
• Your ears keep track of your body’s
position.
• Equilibrium receptors lie within the cochlea
(they are called the Vestibular Apparati).
• 2 Types of Equilibrium:
– Static
– Dynamic
9. (4) Static Equilibrium
• Static = Tells brain the basic position of
head.
– Up, Down, Left, Right, Forward, Back
• Uses Receptors called the Macuale:
– On top of maculae lies the otolithic membrane
(gel-like membrane)
– When Head Moves Otoliths Move!
– Movement of otoliths places pressure on
maculae, sending message through vestibular
nerve to brain.
10.
11. (5) Dynamic Equilibrium
• Dynamic = Tells brain the more detailed
positioning and movement of the head.
– Rotations and Angles
• Uses the Semicircular Canals of Cochlea:
– Contain channels called Crista Ampullari.
– Crista Ampullari contain receptor cells,
endolymph fluid and a capula cap.
– When head turns, fluid pushes against capula
cap, stimulating receptors, and sending
message to brain.
12.
13. (6) Motion Sickness
• The result of an inefficient dynamic
equilibrium…
– Receptors either too sensitive or too slow at
sending messages
• Cause:
– Too many visual messages
– Too many inner ear messages
– Visual conflicts with Inner Ear
• Unique to each individual
14. (7) Deafness
• Deaf = Any hearing loss
• Types:
– Conduction
– Sensorineural
16. (9) Sensorineural Deafness
• Damage to actual parts of ears:
– Receptor Cells
– Cochlea
– Vestibular Nerve
• Can be hereditary, damage from
disease/virus, damage from loud noises
• Often permanent
