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special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
special sense organs (anatomy and physiology) - a brief discussion Pallab Nath
brief discussion on special senses, Basic level class for technicians. topics discussed include eyes and vision, nose and sense of smell, tongue and sense of taste and ears and hearing
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system, consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in human.
and the knowledge of this system give details view regarding respiratory system and its abnormality
THE POWER POINT PRESENTATION OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR (SENSE OF HEARING) IS JUST TO EQUIP READERS WITH SOME BASIC UNDERSTANDING ON THE ORGAN.
HOW IT OPERATES AND CONNECTED TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ORDER TO PERCEIVE SOUND AND AID IN BALANCE.
The ear is the organ of hearing and, in mammals, balance. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of the pinna and the ear canal.
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system, consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in human.
and the knowledge of this system give details view regarding respiratory system and its abnormality
THE POWER POINT PRESENTATION OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR (SENSE OF HEARING) IS JUST TO EQUIP READERS WITH SOME BASIC UNDERSTANDING ON THE ORGAN.
HOW IT OPERATES AND CONNECTED TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ORDER TO PERCEIVE SOUND AND AID IN BALANCE.
The Ear:
• It is the organ that detects sound.
• It not only receives sound, but also aids in balance and body position.
• Part of the auditory system.
• Transforms sound waves (air pressure) into electrical impulses in the brain
Outer Ear:
• Includes:
• The pinna or auricle (the fleshy visible outer ear)
• The ear canal
• The outer layer of the tympanic membrane (ear drum)
Middle Ear:
• An air-filled cavity behind the tympanic membrane, includes three bones (ossicles):
• The malleus; or hammer
• Incus; or anvil
• Stapes; or stirrup
• Connects to the throat via the Eustachian tube
Inner Ear:
• Responsible for sound detection and balance
• it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the skull with a system of passages comprising two main functional parts:
• The cochlea, dedicated to hearing
• The vestibular system, dedicated to balance
o The Cochlea: Auditory portion of the inner ear
o Spiral-shaped coil
o Inside the bony labyrinth
o Filled with a watery liquid
o As the fluid moves, the Organ of Corti moves
o Organ of Corti: the structure that transduces pressure waves to action potentials
o Specific fibers resonate to sound frequencies and cause Hair Cells to move, which send signals through the Cochlear Nerve onto the brain
o Louder Sounds cause more Hair Cells to move
o Our Brains interpret all this raw data
Balance (Vestibular System):
• Balance is controlled through signals to the brain from your eyes, the inner ear, and the sensory systems of the body (such as the skin, muscles, and joints).
• This balance system is also known as the vestibular system.
• In the inner ear, the balance system consists of three canals (semicircular canals)
• Semicircular shape
• contain fluid
• “sensors” that detect rotational movement of the head.
• Each canals lies at a different angle and is situated at a right angle to each other.
• deal with different movement: up-and-down, side-to-side, and tilting from one side to the other.
• All contain sensory hair cells that are activated by movement of inner ear fluid (endolymph).
• As the head moves, hair cells in the semicircular canals send nerve impulses to the brain by way of the acoustic nerve.
• The nerve impulses are processed in the brain to help us know where we are in space or if we are moving.
• Located near the semicircular canals are the utricle and the saccule.
• The ends of the semicircular canals connect with the utricle,
• the utricle connects with the saccule.
• The semicircular canals provide information about movement of the head.
• The sensory hair cells of the utricle and saccule provide information to the brain about head position when it is not moving.
• The utricle is sensitive to change in horizontal motion
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
Human ear, organ of hearing and equilibrium that detects and analyzes sound by transduction (or the conversion of sound waves into electrochemical impulses) and maintains the sense of balance (equilibrium).
Hearing and vestibular system - simple basicsAdamBilski2
Basic physiology of hearing and vestibular system. Good for a short understanding of how it works. EDIT - SLIDE 10 is a repeated slide, shouldn't be there
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1. Topic:-Anatomy of the Ear
Presented to:-Dr.Kashef Shaban
Presented By:-Fatima Hussain
ID:-BAF1702031
Course:-Human Anatomy-1
1
2. 2
• The External Ear
• Consists of: –
• Auricle (pinna)
• Made of elastic cartilage
• Helix (rim)
• Lobule (ear lobe)
• External auditory canal
• Lies within temporal bone & connects to ear drum (tympanic membrane)
• Contains ceruminous glands which secrete ear wax
• Tympanic membrane
• Epithelial & simple cuboidal
• Changes acoustic energy into mechanical energy
• Perforated eardrum = tear
3. The Middle Ear
Auditory Ossicles (smallest bones in body)
.Malleus
Attaches to ear drum
Articulates with incus
• Incus
Articulates with stapes
• Stapes (stirrup)
Footplate of stapes fits into oval window
• Opening to Eustachian tube
3
4. • Protection by Two Tiny Muscles:-
4
Tensor Tympani
Attaches to Malleus to
increase tension on ear
drum.
Stapedius
Smallest skeletal muscle
prevent damage to inner
ear.
Dampens large vibrations
of stapes to protect oval
window.
5. • Auditory Tube (Eustachian tube)
Is a route for pathogens to travel from nose and
throat to ear causing Otitis Media
During swallowing and yawning it opens to equal
pressure in middle ear.
5
6. The Inner Ear (Labyrinth)
• Bony labyrinth –
• Contains perilymph
• Semicircular canals
Anterior, posterior, and lateral
Lie right angles to each other
• Vestibule
• Oval portion
• Cochlea
• Looks like a snail
• Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
• Membranous labyrinth
• Contains endolymph.
6
7. • The Cochlea:-
• Divided into 3 channels –
• Cochlear duct (scala media) -Contains the
Organ of Corti .
• Scala vestibuli -Ends at the oval window
• Scala tympani-contains pillar cells and
supporting cells.
7
8. Organ of Corti
• Organ of Corti. The organ of Corti is the sensitive element in the
inner ear and can be thought of as the body's microphone.
• It is situated on the basilar membrane in one of the three
compartments of the Cochlea.
• It contains four rows of hair cells which protrude from its
surface.
• The end organ of hearing
• Contains stereocilia & receptor hair cells
• Tectorial and Basilar Membranes
• Cochlear fluids
• Fluid movement causes deflection of
nerve endings
• Nerve impulses (electrical energy)
are generated and sent to the brain.
8
9. Summary of How We Hear
• Acoustic energy, in the form of sound waves, is
channeled into the ear canal by the pinna.
• Sound waves hit the tympanic membrane and cause
it to vibrate, like a drum, changing it into mechanical
energy.
• The malleus, which is attached to the tympanic
membrane, starts the ossicles into motion.
9
10. • The stapes moves in and out of the oval window of
the cochlea creating a fluid motion, or hydraulic
energy.
• The fluid movement causes membranes in the Organ
of Corti to shear against the hair cells.
• This creates an electrical signal which is sent up the
Auditory Nerve (cochlear nerve) to the brain.
• The brain interprets it as sound!
10
11. Conclusion
The ear is a very complicated device.
hearing is a delicate and complex phenomenon.
The healthy human ear can hear
frequencies ranging from 20Hz to 20,000 Hz.
The average person can hear sounds
down to about 0 dB, the level of
rustling leaves.
Some people with very good hearing
can hear sounds down to -15 db.
This should put into perspective
the common saying that the ears are the
ultimate judge in music production..
11
12. • Ears are always working. Your ears never stop
hearing even while you're asleep.
• Ears help with balance. Your ears are essential for
you to maintain your balance.
• Ears self-clean.
• Ears have the smallest bones in the body. ...
• Earlobes are constantly growing.
12