Anatomy & Physiology - Giant Clam & fish

Anatomy & Physiology - Giant Clam & fish

• 1.
  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY GIANT CLAM & FISH
• 2.
  INTRODUCTION: • CLAM isan informal term refers to any molluscan within class Bivalvia • 1st appeared in cambrian age rocks 510 million years ago. • They presently live in both freshwater and marine habitats, and range in adult size from nearly microscopic to the giant clam, which can weigh 200kg (440 lb). Some have life cycles of only one year, while at least one has been discovered that may be over 500 years old. • All clams have two calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinge structure with a flexible ligament, and all are filter feeders.
• 3.
  Bivalvia Sub class: Paleo heterodonta cryptodonataheterodonata Nuculoidea Sub class: pteriomorphia
• 5.
  What is thedifference between mussels, oyster, scallops and clams? • A clam is any of various bivalve mollusks, especially certain edible species. • An oyster is any of several edible, marine, bivalves mollusks of the family Ostreidae, having an irregularly shaped shell, occurring on the bottom of or adhering to rocks or other objects in shallow water. • Mussels are any bivalves mollusk, especially an edible marine bivalve of the family Mytilidae and freshwater Mussels of the family Unionidae. • And scallops are any of the bibalves mollusks of the genus Argopecten (Pecten) and related genera that swim by rapidly clapping the fluted shell valves together. • Clams and scallops can move about in their environment, while mussels and oyster are rooted into wherever they attach their shells.
• 6.
  General Charecteristics • Clamshave symmetrical shells (bivalve) • They can filters their food. • Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles. • Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms.
• 8.
  Distribution and habitat •Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but nit in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones. • Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave washed rocks.
• 9.
  Feeding habit • CLAMSare filter feeders; they feed on plankton and other microscopic sea creatures which are free floating in sea water. A mussels draw water in through its incurrent siphon. The water is then brought into the branchial champers by the actions of the cilia located on the gills for ciliary – mucus feeding. The wastewater exits through the excurrent siphon. The labial palps finally funnel the food into the mouth where digestion begins.
• 10.
  LIFE CYCLE
• 13.
  Craft and gear• Dredges are large, metal – framed baskets that are dredged across the seafloor to collect shellfish like oysters, clams and scallops. In order to lift the catch into the basket, metal teeth dig into the seafloor, which can significantly impact seafloor habitat and bottom – dwelling seafloor habitat and bottom – dwelling species. • Dredgging also results in high levels of bycatch. By restricting dredging areas, bycatch and damage to seafloor life can be reduced.
• 15.
  Conclusion: • There areover 150 edible species. • There are over 15,000 species of clams. • Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shells develops. • The giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years • It takes 3 – 4 years for a clam to mature to market size. • Some clams can produce pearls. One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl. • A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
• 17.
  Classification •Kingdom- Animalia •Phylum- Chordata •SubPhylum- Vertebrata •Classes- Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes
• 18.
  Introduction: • Fish arelargest, most common and most diverse vertebrate group in the world. •Transition of fish out of the water and the invasion of land by amphibians = Evolution
• 19.
  Agnatha – JawlessVertebrate (fish) Jawless fish: Lampreys, Hagfish Most species are prehistoric or extinct 60 Modern species divided into two classes; Class Myxini – the hagfish Class Cephaloaspidomorphi – the lampreys
• 20.
  Types of Agnathans •Hagfish-Ocean scavengers, not much is known about them. •Lamprey- fresh and salt water, they are parasitic and prey on other fish. * Both have cartilagenous skeletons and sucker-like mouths.
• 21.
  Class Agnatha Jawless fishes Ex.Hagfish, lampreys No paired fins Gill holes, no slits or operculum Large sucking mouth with teeth Scavengers As a defense mechanism, secrete slime then tie itself in knots to escape predators Also tie in knots for pulling food off carcasses, and cleaning slime from body
• 23.
  Gnathostomata – Jawed Vertebrates Comprisesroughly of 60, 000 sp 99% of all living vertebrates *Class – Chondrichythyes - Cartilagenous Fish: Shark, Ray. Class – Osteichthyes – bony fish, which has two subclasses; Sarcopterygii – lobe finned fish Actinopterygii – ray finned fish
• 24.
  Chondrichthyes • Sharks areadapted for a predatory lifestyle. • Cartilage skeletons, stiff pectoral fins (speed). • No operculum, must keep moving to breathe. • Have live births. • Special scales feel like sandpaper. • Manta, and Sting Rays- live in shallow water, have mouths located on the underside, are fairly docile, wide flat
• 25.
  Types of Chondrichthyes •Sharks and Rays- have no operculum and must keep moving to breathe. • Have different kinds of scales that feel and look more like sandpaper. • Have skeletons made of cartilage not bones.
• 28.
  Osteichthyes Bony Fish: Salmon, Carp,Tuna Over 20,000 different species
• 29.
  Types of Osteichthyes RayFinned: • Most fish are this type • Fins are supported by bony structures called Rays. • Teleosts are the most advanced form of ray finned fish (symmetrical tails and mobile fins). Lobe Finned: • Fins are long, fleshy, muscular, supported by central core of bones. • Thought to be ancestors of amphibians. • Examples are: Coelacanth, Lungfish
• 34.
  EXTRENAL ANATOMY • Nares:Used for smelling only not breathing
• 35.
  EXTRENAL ANATOMY • MOUTH– consumes food
• 36.
  Fish-mouth types (some) •Large mouth with teeth (e.g. barracuda) • Long snout/small mouth (e.g. butterfly fish) • Protrusible mouth (e.g. slipmouth) • Large mouth (e.g. herrings) • Beak-like mouth (e.g. parrotfish)
• 37.
  Barbels • Sensory organto help track down prey or food.
• 38.
  EXTRENAL ANATOMY • OPPERCULUM:Bony flap that protects the gills from harm, allow water to pass over the gills
• 39.
  FISH SENSES • Eyesight: •Two directions, one eye focusing on an object • independent of the other (human’s eyes can only focus on one object at a time) • Hearing: • No external ear openings, sound travels faster in water than in air. Fish have internal ears with pairs of inner ear bones • called otoliths. Which allows fish to sense sounds in the water. • Otoliths can be used to determine fish age and the heal the Smell: • Locate food and to aid in migrating
• 40.
  • Taste: • Somefish have taste buds located on the outside of the fish’s head and fins in small pores • Lateral Line: Alongside a fish’s body from the operculum to the tail, • senses vibrations or movements in the water. Fish can locate predators and find prey
• 41.
  Vent: Waste and extra waterdischarge, outlet for eggs or milt (sperm) during spawning
• 42.
  Fins Types of fins: Pairedfins: pectoral and pelvic Median fins: dorsal, caudal, anal, & adipose
• 43.
  Fins Main functions: Swimming –increase surface area w/o increasing mass Stabilizers – yaw, stability-dorsal and anal fins - brake, pitch, roll, reverse -pectoral/pelvic thrust with caudal fin Modifications in fins: Defense – spines, enlarge fish Locomotion – modified for crawling, flying, gliding Hunting – lures, sensory organs Respiratory organ – lungfish, supply oxygen to eggs
• 44.
  Fins Soft rays vs.Spines Soft rays: Usually soft and not pointed Segmented Usually branched Bilateral, w/left and right halves Spines: Usually hard and pointed Unsegmented Unbranched Solid
• 45.
  EXTRENAL ANATOMY • PectoralFin: • Changes in side-to-side direction and speed, a brake to decrease speed • Pelvic Fin: Stabilizes the fish while swimming and allows for up-and-down movement
• 46.
  EXTRENAL ANATOMY • AnalFin: • Stabilizes the fish while swimming • Caudal Fin: • Moves, propels or pushes the fish through the water • Dorsal Fin: • Helps maintain balance while swimming
• 47.
  Fish Morphology Skin Color Bioluminescence Swimming Locomotion Fins Muscles
• 48.
  Skin Organ of thebody Consists of connective tissue Muscles pull against skin tissue & skeleton Key component of the muscle-tendon-tail fin system Layers Epidermis Typically 250 m thick  10-30 cell layers Range 20 m – 3 mm Dermis
• 49.
  Fish Skin Function: Hold fishtogether Serves as barrier against abrasive agents Osmoregulation (what does this mean?) Permeable  respiratory function Biomechanical properties in sharks
• 50.
  Fish Skin Mucous formedin epidermis cells Protect against infection Constantly shed to remove bacteria and fungus Ex. Clingfish lack scales, protect their bodies by a thick layer of mucous Bone is also skin derivative scales, most important Derivatives:
• 51.
  Fish ScalesFirst appearas dermal bone Found in fossil of Cambrian period (570 mya) Layered bone, solid armor-constrained movement Evolved smaller and reduced into scales 5 types of scales (examples with images to follow) Placoid Cosmoid Ganoid Cycloid Ctenoid
• 52.
  Fish Scales: Placoid Foundin elasmobranchs (sharks & rays) “teeth like”, same composition As fish grows, do not increase in size, instead new scales are added
• 53.
  Fish Scales: Cosmoid Inthe Sarcopterygii (fish with fleshy lobe fins), primitive fish Less evolved than Elasmobranchs and Actinopterygii (fish with rayed fins) Scales found in fossil record but not in any living fish, Except in simplified version of coelocanth and lungfish
• 54.
  Fish Scales: Ganoid Inprimitive Actinopterygii Found in reedfish, polypterus, gar, bowfin, and sturgeons Were thick heavy scales when first appeared Rhomboid-shaped Developed into teleost scales
• 55.
  Fish Scales: Teleostscales Ctenoid scales Cycloid scales Two types: Ctenoid-higher fish Cycloid-soft-rayed, anchovies, sardine Mineralized surface layer & inner collagenous layer Scales surrounded by dermis, in dermal pockets Grow from top, bottom, and insides; overlap lower part Scales grow with fish Characterized by concentric ridges (growth increments)
• 56.
  Coloration
• 57.
  Coloration Fish display amultitude of patterns involving 2 or more colors, in many tints and shades, arranged in spots, stripes, patches, and blotches 3 Types of coloration predominant in oceans Silver – pelagic, upper zone Red – deeper zone (~ 500 m) Black or violet – deep sea Countershaded near shore and colorful in coral reefs
• 58.
  Coloration Chromatophores Colored cells fromwhich light is reflected off Located in the skin (dermis), eyes Various colors/hues-combination of different chromatophores Functional Roles of Colors in Fishes-examples of each to follow Social Roles Advertisement Mimicry Hiding Protection from sun (especially larvae)
• 59.
  Coloration: Social roles CleanerFish: distinctive markings recognized by larger fish
• 60.
  Coloration: Advertisement: Bright, bold andshowy males indicate: Reproductive availability, either permanently or seasonally, e.g. cichlids, wrasses, minnows, sunfish Unpalatable or venomous, e.g. lionfishes Mimicry – Disguise: Disguises: look like something in habitat, e.g. leaffish, sargasso fish Mimicry: mimic distasteful species
• 61.
  Coloration: Concealment General colorresemblance – resemble background Variable color resemblance – change with background, e.g. flatfish Obliterative shading – countershading, dark above, light below (invisible fish) Disruptive coloration – disruptive contours that breakup outline; bold stripes, bars, false eye spots Coincident disruptive coloration – joining together of unrelated parts of the body to reduce recognition; e.g. sea dragon
• 62.
  Bioluminescence Most luminous fishfound 300-1000 m depths, few shallow 3 Types of light producing methods: Self-luminous (on/off) Symbiotic bacteria nurtured in special glands Acquire from other bioluminescent organisms- diet contains light-emitting compounds Function: Concealment by counter-illumination - ventral placement matches background from above, against attack from below Dorsal photophores safeguard against predators from above Advertisement for courting, maintaining territory, to startle and confuse predators, and feeding
• 63.
  LATERAL LINE -
• 64.
  Fish Muscles Muscles providepower for swimming Myomers=bands of muscle, run along sides of body, attached to backbone Constitute up to 80% of the fish itself Much hardly used except during emergencies Don’t have to contend with same effect of gravity Fish muscle arrangement not suitable on land Cow: 30% muscle/wt Tuna: 60% muscle/wt Contraction causes oscillation of body and tail Body bends as one side contracts b/c of an incompressible notochord or vertebral column Caused by bands of muscle = myomeres
• 65.
  Fish Muscles Major fibers(see handout): Red, pink, and white Pink intermediate between red and white Muscle types do not intermingle Different motor systems used for different swimming conditions Red – cruising White – short duration, burst swimming Pink – sustained swimming, used after red and before white
• 66.
  Fish-Body shapes • Fusiform-spindleshaped, e.g. tuna • Compressiform-laterally compressed, angelfish, butterfly fish • Anguilliform-eel-like • Filiform-even smaller anguilliform, e.g. snipe eel
• 67.
  Body shapes • Depressiform-flatfish,rays, flounder • Taeniform-gunnel • Sagittiform-e.g. pike • Globiform-e.g. lumpsucker
• 68.
  Fish Adaptations • LateralLine System- used to detect vibrations, orient the fish in water, it is a line of cells running down the side of the fish. • Operculum- gill cover, movement of operculum allows more water to be drawn in. • Swim Bladder- a gas filled sac that helps the fish maintain buoyancy. Sharks don’t have a swim bladder! • Fins- Dorsal, Caudal, Pectoral, Pelvic, Anal.
• 69.
  Adaptations Air Bladder OperculumLateral Gills Line Fins