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Fisheries management (Intermediate Marine Science)

The document discusses fisheries management practices for sustainable fisheries in the Maldives. It covers objectives of fisheries management including sustainable use of fish stocks. Methods of monitoring fish stocks such as tagging and stock assessment are described. Regulations for fisheries management including restrictions on fishing seasons, areas, gear and catch sizes are explained. The fishing industry in the Maldives and importance of fisheries resources are also summarized.

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FISHERIES Management
Fishing - Maldives "Fishing is the lifeblood of our nation, it is inborn. From the soil on which we live, to the sea around us, it remains an integral part of our existence.”
Objectives –Discuss good fisheries management practices for sustainable fisheries. –Demonstrate knowledge of the practices and extent of the fishing industry in the Maldives
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT FISHINGMANAGEMENT SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES MONITORING FISH STOCKS METHODS OF STOCK MANAGEMENT , RESTRICTIONS MALDIVIAN FISHERMAN, RESOURCES PROCESSING & PRESERVATION
What are fisheries?
Fishery • A fishery can defined as; human harvest of wild marine resources for food or industry. • Its not just fish: also crustaceans, mollusks, marine mammals, turtles, algae, etc.
Fisheries Management – definition • Controlling the quantity of a stock caught through the human objective of fishing (to obtain the largest sustainable catch) through recreation, commercial or traditional activities.
What is STOCK? • A supply accumulated for future use; a store. • All the animals kept or raised on a farm; live stocks
What do you think of when you hear the word “FISHING”?
Why do people “FISH”?
Types of fishing Commercial Fishing Recreational Fishing
What are fisheries? A geographic area that is associated with a population of aquatic organisms (fish, mollusks, crustaceans, etc.) which are harvested for their commercial or recreational value.
AIMS Gov. has number of strategies – enable F.managment Authorities Common resources – belongs to everyone
AIMS Continued employment Increased earnings Protection of fisheries resources
THE NEED FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT • FISH stocks are complex and precious resources. Extensive knowledge and experience of such stocks and the influence upon them is required in order for fisheries to be managed in sustainable manner. • Wealth experience • Integrated management solutions • Stocks assessment and monitoring • Ecosystems effects of fishing
• THE NEED FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT • Farmed fish and fish health • Fishery management –sustainable utilization • Monitoring control and surveillance
Regional, national and international organizations involved in fisheries management Ministry of Fisheries & Agriculture Marine Research Centre Ministry of Foreign Affairs
WORLD FISHERIES INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas International Council for the Exploration of the Seas Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
• Increased from 80 million tonnes to 100 million tonnes by 2010. Reasons: • Marine resources are good source of proteins. • Provide food for millions of people. • Provide employment.
3 AREAS OF CONCERN SUSTAINABILITY PROPERTY RIGHTS AQUACULTURE
SUSTAINABILITY CONTROLLING EFFORT REDUCE OVERFISHING RESOURCE ALLOCATION CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES
PROPERTY RIGHTS • EEZ • DISTRIBUTED EVENLY UNCLOS (UNITED NATIONS FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA) FISH STOCKS High sea highly migratory stradding
AQUACULTURE
Monitoring Fish Stocks • The amount of fish stock that can be taken each year without reducing the size of the stock for the following year. • This is the level where rate of fishing is equal to the population growth. • When the effort is increased the total catch increase and reaches maxim um and again starts decreasing
Fisheries projects to determine maximum sustainable yields Tag – release - recapture Gut content analysis Age and growthFecundity Abundance & Yield predictions
TAG - RELEASE - RECAPTURE TAGS – MOVEMENTS, INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT MARKING Raised in the hatcheries, tagged & released TAG & RELEASE Report to the authorities FISHERMAN
TAG - RELEASE - RECAPTURE Yellow fin Tuna - high seas TUNA TAGGING PROGRAMME
AGE & GROWTH Skeletal Otoliths (earstones) scales Peterson method Fish are grouped size Tagging Caught live – tagged - released
AGE & GROWTH Age Composition dif. Age groups catch Fish length length
GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS
FECUNDITY Fecundity is a measure of the reproduction rate of a species or the number of eggs produced by an individual. It is used to calculate the reproductive potential of a stock. Bony fish - count the no.of eggs in the ovary
Fecundity cartilaginous Oviparous (egg) Viviparous (live – bearing)
FECUNDITY (dissect and) remove ovaries ; find (total) volume of ovaries / find mass of ovaries ; credit reference to displacement method ; take (small) sample and find volume / find mass ; shake with water and strain / eq ; count number of eggs ; calculate total number ;
Data Fishery – independent data • Trawl survey • Dive survey Fishery – dependent data • Market survey • Port monitoring
Regulation of fisheries practices
Fishing • National • International • Fishing gears • Techniques
LIMIT ON THE NUMBER OF IMPORTS ALLOWED INTO A COUNTRY PER YEAR. Quota
LICENSES
Boat restrictions http://www.fishagri.gov.mv/images/download/Pt1%20GUIDELINES%20for%20Timber%20Boat%20Building_ opt.pdf http://www.fishagri.gov.mv/images/download/Pt3%20GUIDELINES%20for%20Timber%20Boat%20Building%20Cont%20 from%20Pt2.pdf
Gear restrictions • Restricted gears are: • demersal trawls and seines • beam trawls • fixed nets – gill, entangling and trammel • long lines
Closed seasons • Catch Size • Closed seasons (regulated waters) prevent people from fishing at certain times of the year to protect species at vulnerable times in their life cycle, such as during spawning seasons.
Closed areas helps to reduce: • disruption to spawning grounds • the number of juvenile fish caught • the amount of fish discarded
FAD Implementation of Maldives • 1. Conduct a countrywide program to design, develop, construct, install and monitor FAD systems as a means of enhancing the country's fish production. 2. Designed , developed construct installation and monitor of bait Aggregation device 3. To conduct hydro graphic survey for installation of bait aggregating devise and fish aggregation devices in Maldives
Surveillance • Fisheries officers • Coastal patrol boats • Implement fisheries management
Save
FISHERIES Management
Objectives –Discuss good fisheries management practices for sustainable fisheries. –Demonstrate knowledge of the practices and extent of the fishing industry in the Maldives
Fisheries Management • The need for sustainable fisheries. Monitoring of fish stocks. Methods of stock management and the enforcement of restrictions. Methods of rehabilitating depleted stocks.
sustainable fish stock • North Sea – productive source sp. – includes – cod, herring, haddock and plaice. • Maldives – Yellow fin Tuna • Most stocks – overexploited • Spawning stock • 157,000 tones in 1963 • 38,000 tones in 2001 (76%) • UNABLE TO RECOVER
MODERN FISHING TECHNOLOGY • METHODS – Seine, lampera, trawl • INCREASED NET SIZE AND MECHANIZATION – CATCH • UNSUSTAINABLE FISHING • SONAR – SOUND AND RANGING – LOACATE – DEPTHS and Underwater objects – wrecks & shoal of fish • FISH FINDER
Technology • Purse seine – catching school of fish – Methodology • Fish caught – tuna, mackerel, sardines and Non target species, including dolphins • Benthic Trawl – near the sea bed – 200m – 1000m • Benthic – cod, flat fish, plaice and halibut. • Damage – habitat – leads the fish stocks • Food chains and food webs
Long-term and short-term sociological impacts of restrictions on fishing, and of unrestricted fishing. • Human communities experience – income low – depletion stocks • Impacts on Fishing Industry – marketing, distribution and transport. • Longer term – Displacement of fishing industry. • Ex – 1960 (north sea – Herring catch decreased) • As a result – work as service vessels for the increasing numbers of oil in the north sea. • Maldives – Fisherman - Resorts
INFORMATION - • FISHERIES DATA: • Provides – information on the growth of fish stocks and the impacts of fishing. • The term recruitment refers to the rate of addition of new fish to the population, which depends on the rate of reproduction. • As long as fish grow – available for the fishing gear. • Data - Tagging
Mortality • 2 components – fishing mortality – natural mortality • Fishing mortality – proportional to fishing effort and be estimated using tagging experiments. • Or calculation of mortality rates from the data obtained from the history of a fishery.
Age of reproductive maturity: • variable in fish and may depend upon population density. In sardines, for example, the age at which spawning occurs decreases as the population density decreases. • In general, larger and older fish produce more eggs than younger fish. The eggs produced by older fish also tend to be larger, which increases the chances of survival of the larvae. This has important implications for the exploitation of fish stocks; catching fish below their age of maturity will inevitably result in a population decrease.
Fecundity • Number of eggs produced by a fish or other organisms. In a given species of fish, fecundity is proportional to the length of the fish. Fecundity and subsequent survival to recruitment age are important factors in determining the size of fish stocks.
Habitat • Understanding the habitat of fish stocks is also important. Broadly, commercial fisheries consist of two groups, demersel and pelagic. Demersel fisheries target species such as cod, haddock and flat-fish which live on, or near the sea bed. Pelagic fisheries exploit those species which form shoals near the surface, such as herring, mackerel and tuna. As outlined in (b), damage to the habitat can result in a decrease in the availability of a target species.
Sustainable • restriction by season • restriction of location, including refuge zones • restriction of method, including minimum mesh sizes and the compulsory use of rod and line • restrictions on the size of fish that can be retained • restriction of fishing intensity, including restrictions on the number of boats, boat and engine • size, and the amount of fishing gear • market-oriented tools, including the labelling of tuna as dolphin- friendly
Prevention – overexploitation • technical, which aim to reduce the number of young fish caught before they mature, for example, by minimum mesh size. • direct methods, which aim to limit the quantity of catch, for example, by limiting the fishing effort.
Monitoring • CPUE – determine the stock size for the management purpose. • example, the time spent fishing, or the amount of fuel used. Fishermen are required to keep records of these factors, to provide data relating to fish stock abundance.
Fines • Imposed for exceeding legal quotes can be considerable • Fisherman may be given a limited time to pay the fine or face a prison sentence.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the tools and methods in (monitoring) and (sustainable), including their effectiveness and their impact on non-target species.
Methods for regulating the exploitation of fish stocks: Methods Effectiveness Effect on non- target species Restriction by season Restriction of location Restriction of method Restriction on the size of fish retained Restriction of fishing intensity Market – oriented tools
Methods for monitoring fish catches: Method Effectiveness Effect on non target species Patrolling Inspection of catch Catch per Unit Effort Satellite monitoring Enforcement (fins, etc)
Rehabilitation • Mangroves – providing nursery – fish and crustaceans. South – Asia mangroves have been lost de to shrimp farming. • Replantation – mangroves – provide habitats both fish and crustaceans • Provides protection – coastal areas from storm damage. • Artificial Reefs: materials – old tyres, concrete blocks filled with ash.. • Provides habitats – increasing – abundance. • (It has also been suggested that redundant oil-drilling rigs could be sunk in deep water to act as artificial reefs. This, however, remains controversial as there is concern about their possible adverse impact on deep sea ecosystems)
Introduce cultivated stock • Attempts to introduce cultivated stock to the wild. • Ex – plaice, prawns and pink salmon. • Cultivated in hatcheries – can be released into wild • Potential for increasing wild stock • Aquaculture – increase the production
FISHERIES RESOURCES • HANDLING • PROCESSING • PRESERVATION • SALTING • BOAT CONSTRUCTION
FISHING INDUSTRY FISHINGINDUSTRY SUBSISTENCE FISHING ARTISANAL FISHING COMMERCIAL FISHING
FISHERIES INDUSTRY SUBSISTENCE FISHING • Fishing for consumption rather than to sell • Early days, fishing was done – family • If they have many would exchange them with goods • Simple types of fishing and gears ARTISANAL FISHING • Small scale • Similar to subsistence or local and small markets. • Usage of little more expensive gears • Traditional methods
• COMMERCIAL FISHING • FISHING TO MAKE MONEY • Fish is sold to domestic and international markets either as small • scale or large scale operations. • Fishermen catch fish using highly advanced methods
WORLD FISHERIES WORLDFISHSTOCKS FRESH WATER BRACKISH WATER MARINE
WORLD FISHERIES FRESH WATER • Production from inland waters, rivers and lakes. • Has been growing slowly and now exceeds 15 million tons per year. Fisheries affected by: • Building of dams for electricity generation. Removal of water for irrigation. • Counterbalanced by increases in food production from reservoirs & other man- made lakes & through the development of aquaculture. • Eg: Tilapia & Salmon BRACKISH WATER • Most of the brackish water fish production comes from the shrimp culture. • This is very large industry particularly in developing countries and makes large • contribution to the total world fish production. • In brackish water crabs, prawns and lobsters are also cultured.
Marine • Almost 90% of the world’s fish production comes from the sea • Most of the catch comes from North Pacific & North Atlantic.
Economically Important fish stocks • These species have very good demand in the market. • Fishermen catch large amount of fish to earn money. Example: grouper , snapper, barracuda, sea cucumber , some tuna species, reef fish
Untapped stocks • Untapped stocks are stocks that are potentially good sources of protein that have not been tapped. • There are some reasons for not exploiting this fish production. 1. The cost to catch the fish is greater. 2. They do not fetch a high market price. Example: – Angler fish – Spider fish
Fish stocks Regions Pelagic Demersal fish
High sea resources: • High seas resources exist beyond the 200 miles zone. • 200 miles from the coastline of the nation is EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (EEZ). • Beyond EEZ international water are found which is called high seas area. • They are mostly pelagic. • Some demersal resources exist on sea mounts. • There are about 400 high seas species. • 50 species of cephalopods, 270 species of fish, 60 species of marine mammals.
International Fisheries Resources • The major fishing areas include: • Indian Ocean • Atlantic Ocean • Pacific Ocean • Mediterranean Sea
Status of major fish stocks • Major fish stocks decline in many areas of the world ocean. • North West pacific region is the largest producing area in the world. • Alaskan Pollack, Japanese pilchard population greatly decrease in pacific and Atlantic Ocean. • Reasons: • Over exploitation, since develop countries use advanced technology to collect the fish in large numbers. • Changes in climate conditions like El Nino effect pilchard population in Atlantic ocean.
Main factors affecting international fisheries resources: • 1. Production 2. Demand 3. Exploitation ( Use of resources by organisms) • Human population increases continuously. • So we have to increase the production of fisheries resources to meet the increasing demand.
What can be done to maintain the future demands: • Finding new fishing grounds. • Making agriculture farms for the decreasing fish stocks. • Maintain the aquaculture fisheries in the land water. • Better management to avoid over fishing.
The national fishing industry; • Fishing grounds • Seasons
Fishing grounds Inshore water; • Water close to land and up to about 30m in depth. • Almost all the fish found are demersal with the exceptions of few pelagics. • Fish found here include: Bait fish, aquarium fish, reef fish and sharks. • Other organisms include: Lobsters, crabs, sea cucumbers, shrimp, and octopus.
Near shore water • deep lagoons, near reefs and water within and around the atolls • Fish found in near-shore water are mixture of pelagic and demersal. • Example: • ▫ Frigate tuna (raagondi) • ▫ Kawakawa (latti) • ▫ Marlin (mas hibaru)
Off – shore • Off-shore water is open seas and oceans. • These waters provide most of the Maldivian fish stock. • Fish caught are nearly all pelagics. • Example: – ▫ skip jack tuna (Kalhubila mas) – ▫ Yellowfin tuna. (Reendhoo uraha kanneli)
Fishing Seasons • • Fishing seasons in the Maldives depend on to a large extent on the monsoons. The monsoons can: • ▫ Cause bad weather and can make fishing difficult & unsafe. • ▫ Affect the number of fish.
Weather • South West monsoon has high rainfall & mild winds. • However, the start of the South West monsoon can be rough. • Rough weather can be dangerous for small dhoani. • Mechanized dhoani can withstand rough weather if the winds are not too strong.
North East monsoon • During the north east monsoon the (dry monsoon) the wind movement is less. • so the waves are less. • currents in oceans are less. • rain is less. • so the boats can go for long distance with ease & this makes the fishermen to catch fish more.
Southwest monsoon • during the south west monsoon the seas are rough, • wind movement is high, • waves are high, • water current is high, • temperature is low, • these conditions which prevail in ocean encourage fish to reproduce more. • Unlike northeast monsoon the fish catch is less in southwest monsoon, this is because the boats in Maldives are small, so people cannot go for long distance to catch.
PROCESSING
Why we need to do the processing? Enable fish to be stored for late consumption Enable fish to be transported long distances Add value to the product – export market
Processing methods 1.Salting 2.Drying 3.Smoking 4.Canning
Salting Addition of salt to food reduces bacterial spoilage. Most bacteria cannot grow in salt concentratio ns above 6%
Salting - methods 1. Kench salting – Application of dry salt to fish in stacks 2. Brining – Soaking the fish in a concentrated salt solution 3. Pickling – Addition of fish and salt to ferment
Drying Removal of moisture from food reduces bacterial spoilage and enzymatic spoilage. Most bacteria cannot survive in < 25% moisture.
Drying - methods 1. Natural drying – Drying in the sun 2. Mechanical drying – Use electricity or fire to run heaters. (temperature controlled) 3. Freeze drying – Placing fish in a vacuum. Evaporation of moisture from the fish uses up the heat energy from the fish and cools quickly
Smoking Application of smoke derived from wood to food reduces bacterial spoilage and oxidation. Wood smoke has strong anti- bacterial and anti-oxidative properties.
1. Hot smoking – Cooked and smoked at about 90 degrees Celsius. 2. Cold smoking – Lightly brined and then smoked (not exceeding 30 degrees Celsius) Smoking - methods
Canning Application of heat to food in an air tight container (sterilizes food) reduces bacterial spoilage and enzymatic spoilage. Most bacteria cannot survive high temperatures. Enzymes are inactivated.
Fisheries management (Intermediate Marine Science)

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Fisheries management (Intermediate Marine Science)

  • 1.
  • 2.
    Fishing - Maldives "Fishingis the lifeblood of our nation, it is inborn. From the soil on which we live, to the sea around us, it remains an integral part of our existence.”
  • 3.
    Objectives –Discuss good fisheriesmanagement practices for sustainable fisheries. –Demonstrate knowledge of the practices and extent of the fishing industry in the Maldives
  • 4.
    FISHERIES MANAGEMENT FISHINGMANAGEMENT SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES MONITORINGFISH STOCKS METHODS OF STOCK MANAGEMENT , RESTRICTIONS MALDIVIAN FISHERMAN, RESOURCES PROCESSING & PRESERVATION
  • 5.
  • 6.
    Fishery • A fisherycan defined as; human harvest of wild marine resources for food or industry. • Its not just fish: also crustaceans, mollusks, marine mammals, turtles, algae, etc.
  • 7.
    Fisheries Management –definition • Controlling the quantity of a stock caught through the human objective of fishing (to obtain the largest sustainable catch) through recreation, commercial or traditional activities.
  • 8.
    What is STOCK? •A supply accumulated for future use; a store. • All the animals kept or raised on a farm; live stocks
  • 9.
    What do youthink of when you hear the word “FISHING”?
  • 10.
  • 11.
    Types of fishing CommercialFishing Recreational Fishing
  • 12.
    What are fisheries? A geographicarea that is associated with a population of aquatic organisms (fish, mollusks, crustaceans, etc.) which are harvested for their commercial or recreational value.
  • 13.
    AIMS Gov. has number of strategies– enable F.managment Authorities Common resources – belongs to everyone
  • 14.
  • 15.
    THE NEED FORFISHERIES MANAGEMENT • FISH stocks are complex and precious resources. Extensive knowledge and experience of such stocks and the influence upon them is required in order for fisheries to be managed in sustainable manner. • Wealth experience • Integrated management solutions • Stocks assessment and monitoring • Ecosystems effects of fishing
  • 16.
    • THE NEEDFOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT • Farmed fish and fish health • Fishery management –sustainable utilization • Monitoring control and surveillance
  • 17.
    Regional, national andinternational organizations involved in fisheries management Ministry of Fisheries & Agriculture Marine Research Centre Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  • 18.
    WORLD FISHERIES INTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONS Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas International Council for the Exploration of the Seas Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
  • 20.
    • Increased from80 million tonnes to 100 million tonnes by 2010. Reasons: • Marine resources are good source of proteins. • Provide food for millions of people. • Provide employment.
  • 21.
    3 AREAS OFCONCERN SUSTAINABILITY PROPERTY RIGHTS AQUACULTURE
  • 22.
    SUSTAINABILITY CONTROLLING EFFORT REDUCE OVERFISHING RESOURCEALLOCATION CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES
  • 23.
    PROPERTY RIGHTS • EEZ •DISTRIBUTED EVENLY UNCLOS (UNITED NATIONS FOR THE LAW OF THE SEA) FISH STOCKS High sea highly migratory stradding
  • 24.
  • 25.
    Monitoring Fish Stocks •The amount of fish stock that can be taken each year without reducing the size of the stock for the following year. • This is the level where rate of fishing is equal to the population growth. • When the effort is increased the total catch increase and reaches maxim um and again starts decreasing
  • 26.
    Fisheries projects todetermine maximum sustainable yields Tag – release - recapture Gut content analysis Age and growthFecundity Abundance & Yield predictions
  • 27.
    TAG - RELEASE- RECAPTURE TAGS – MOVEMENTS, INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT MARKING Raised in the hatcheries, tagged & released TAG & RELEASE Report to the authorities FISHERMAN
  • 28.
    TAG - RELEASE- RECAPTURE Yellow fin Tuna - high seas TUNA TAGGING PROGRAMME
  • 29.
    AGE & GROWTH SkeletalOtoliths (earstones) scales Peterson method Fish are grouped size Tagging Caught live – tagged - released
  • 30.
    AGE & GROWTH Age Composition dif.Age groups catch Fish length length
  • 31.
  • 32.
    FECUNDITY Fecundity is ameasure of the reproduction rate of a species or the number of eggs produced by an individual. It is used to calculate the reproductive potential of a stock. Bony fish - count the no.of eggs in the ovary
  • 33.
  • 34.
    FECUNDITY (dissect and) removeovaries ; find (total) volume of ovaries / find mass of ovaries ; credit reference to displacement method ; take (small) sample and find volume / find mass ; shake with water and strain / eq ; count number of eggs ; calculate total number ;
  • 35.
    Data Fishery – independentdata • Trawl survey • Dive survey Fishery – dependent data • Market survey • Port monitoring
  • 36.
  • 37.
    Fishing • National • International •Fishing gears • Techniques
  • 38.
    LIMIT ON THENUMBER OF IMPORTS ALLOWED INTO A COUNTRY PER YEAR. Quota
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
    Gear restrictions • Restrictedgears are: • demersal trawls and seines • beam trawls • fixed nets – gill, entangling and trammel • long lines
  • 42.
    Closed seasons • CatchSize • Closed seasons (regulated waters) prevent people from fishing at certain times of the year to protect species at vulnerable times in their life cycle, such as during spawning seasons.
  • 43.
    Closed areas helps toreduce: • disruption to spawning grounds • the number of juvenile fish caught • the amount of fish discarded
  • 44.
    FAD Implementation ofMaldives • 1. Conduct a countrywide program to design, develop, construct, install and monitor FAD systems as a means of enhancing the country's fish production. 2. Designed , developed construct installation and monitor of bait Aggregation device 3. To conduct hydro graphic survey for installation of bait aggregating devise and fish aggregation devices in Maldives
  • 45.
    Surveillance • Fisheries officers •Coastal patrol boats • Implement fisheries management
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
    Objectives –Discuss good fisheriesmanagement practices for sustainable fisheries. –Demonstrate knowledge of the practices and extent of the fishing industry in the Maldives
  • 49.
    Fisheries Management • Theneed for sustainable fisheries. Monitoring of fish stocks. Methods of stock management and the enforcement of restrictions. Methods of rehabilitating depleted stocks.
  • 50.
    sustainable fish stock •North Sea – productive source sp. – includes – cod, herring, haddock and plaice. • Maldives – Yellow fin Tuna • Most stocks – overexploited • Spawning stock • 157,000 tones in 1963 • 38,000 tones in 2001 (76%) • UNABLE TO RECOVER
  • 51.
    MODERN FISHING TECHNOLOGY •METHODS – Seine, lampera, trawl • INCREASED NET SIZE AND MECHANIZATION – CATCH • UNSUSTAINABLE FISHING • SONAR – SOUND AND RANGING – LOACATE – DEPTHS and Underwater objects – wrecks & shoal of fish • FISH FINDER
  • 56.
    Technology • Purse seine– catching school of fish – Methodology • Fish caught – tuna, mackerel, sardines and Non target species, including dolphins • Benthic Trawl – near the sea bed – 200m – 1000m • Benthic – cod, flat fish, plaice and halibut. • Damage – habitat – leads the fish stocks • Food chains and food webs
  • 57.
    Long-term and short-termsociological impacts of restrictions on fishing, and of unrestricted fishing. • Human communities experience – income low – depletion stocks • Impacts on Fishing Industry – marketing, distribution and transport. • Longer term – Displacement of fishing industry. • Ex – 1960 (north sea – Herring catch decreased) • As a result – work as service vessels for the increasing numbers of oil in the north sea. • Maldives – Fisherman - Resorts
  • 58.
    INFORMATION - • FISHERIESDATA: • Provides – information on the growth of fish stocks and the impacts of fishing. • The term recruitment refers to the rate of addition of new fish to the population, which depends on the rate of reproduction. • As long as fish grow – available for the fishing gear. • Data - Tagging
  • 59.
    Mortality • 2 components– fishing mortality – natural mortality • Fishing mortality – proportional to fishing effort and be estimated using tagging experiments. • Or calculation of mortality rates from the data obtained from the history of a fishery.
  • 60.
    Age of reproductivematurity: • variable in fish and may depend upon population density. In sardines, for example, the age at which spawning occurs decreases as the population density decreases. • In general, larger and older fish produce more eggs than younger fish. The eggs produced by older fish also tend to be larger, which increases the chances of survival of the larvae. This has important implications for the exploitation of fish stocks; catching fish below their age of maturity will inevitably result in a population decrease.
  • 61.
    Fecundity • Number ofeggs produced by a fish or other organisms. In a given species of fish, fecundity is proportional to the length of the fish. Fecundity and subsequent survival to recruitment age are important factors in determining the size of fish stocks.
  • 62.
    Habitat • Understanding thehabitat of fish stocks is also important. Broadly, commercial fisheries consist of two groups, demersel and pelagic. Demersel fisheries target species such as cod, haddock and flat-fish which live on, or near the sea bed. Pelagic fisheries exploit those species which form shoals near the surface, such as herring, mackerel and tuna. As outlined in (b), damage to the habitat can result in a decrease in the availability of a target species.
  • 63.
    Sustainable • restriction byseason • restriction of location, including refuge zones • restriction of method, including minimum mesh sizes and the compulsory use of rod and line • restrictions on the size of fish that can be retained • restriction of fishing intensity, including restrictions on the number of boats, boat and engine • size, and the amount of fishing gear • market-oriented tools, including the labelling of tuna as dolphin- friendly
  • 64.
    Prevention – overexploitation •technical, which aim to reduce the number of young fish caught before they mature, for example, by minimum mesh size. • direct methods, which aim to limit the quantity of catch, for example, by limiting the fishing effort.
  • 65.
    Monitoring • CPUE –determine the stock size for the management purpose. • example, the time spent fishing, or the amount of fuel used. Fishermen are required to keep records of these factors, to provide data relating to fish stock abundance.
  • 66.
    Fines • Imposed forexceeding legal quotes can be considerable • Fisherman may be given a limited time to pay the fine or face a prison sentence.
  • 67.
    Discuss the advantagesand disadvantages of the tools and methods in (monitoring) and (sustainable), including their effectiveness and their impact on non-target species.
  • 68.
    Methods for regulatingthe exploitation of fish stocks: Methods Effectiveness Effect on non- target species Restriction by season Restriction of location Restriction of method Restriction on the size of fish retained Restriction of fishing intensity Market – oriented tools
  • 69.
    Methods for monitoringfish catches: Method Effectiveness Effect on non target species Patrolling Inspection of catch Catch per Unit Effort Satellite monitoring Enforcement (fins, etc)
  • 70.
    Rehabilitation • Mangroves –providing nursery – fish and crustaceans. South – Asia mangroves have been lost de to shrimp farming. • Replantation – mangroves – provide habitats both fish and crustaceans • Provides protection – coastal areas from storm damage. • Artificial Reefs: materials – old tyres, concrete blocks filled with ash.. • Provides habitats – increasing – abundance. • (It has also been suggested that redundant oil-drilling rigs could be sunk in deep water to act as artificial reefs. This, however, remains controversial as there is concern about their possible adverse impact on deep sea ecosystems)
  • 71.
    Introduce cultivated stock •Attempts to introduce cultivated stock to the wild. • Ex – plaice, prawns and pink salmon. • Cultivated in hatcheries – can be released into wild • Potential for increasing wild stock • Aquaculture – increase the production
  • 72.
    FISHERIES RESOURCES • HANDLING •PROCESSING • PRESERVATION • SALTING • BOAT CONSTRUCTION
  • 73.
  • 74.
    FISHERIES INDUSTRY SUBSISTENCE FISHING •Fishing for consumption rather than to sell • Early days, fishing was done – family • If they have many would exchange them with goods • Simple types of fishing and gears ARTISANAL FISHING • Small scale • Similar to subsistence or local and small markets. • Usage of little more expensive gears • Traditional methods
  • 75.
    • COMMERCIAL FISHING •FISHING TO MAKE MONEY • Fish is sold to domestic and international markets either as small • scale or large scale operations. • Fishermen catch fish using highly advanced methods
  • 76.
    WORLD FISHERIES WORLDFISHSTOCKS FRESHWATER BRACKISH WATER MARINE
  • 77.
    WORLD FISHERIES FRESH WATER •Production from inland waters, rivers and lakes. • Has been growing slowly and now exceeds 15 million tons per year. Fisheries affected by: • Building of dams for electricity generation. Removal of water for irrigation. • Counterbalanced by increases in food production from reservoirs & other man- made lakes & through the development of aquaculture. • Eg: Tilapia & Salmon BRACKISH WATER • Most of the brackish water fish production comes from the shrimp culture. • This is very large industry particularly in developing countries and makes large • contribution to the total world fish production. • In brackish water crabs, prawns and lobsters are also cultured.
  • 78.
    Marine • Almost 90%of the world’s fish production comes from the sea • Most of the catch comes from North Pacific & North Atlantic.
  • 79.
    Economically Important fishstocks • These species have very good demand in the market. • Fishermen catch large amount of fish to earn money. Example: grouper , snapper, barracuda, sea cucumber , some tuna species, reef fish
  • 80.
    Untapped stocks • Untappedstocks are stocks that are potentially good sources of protein that have not been tapped. • There are some reasons for not exploiting this fish production. 1. The cost to catch the fish is greater. 2. They do not fetch a high market price. Example: – Angler fish – Spider fish
  • 81.
  • 82.
    High sea resources: •High seas resources exist beyond the 200 miles zone. • 200 miles from the coastline of the nation is EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (EEZ). • Beyond EEZ international water are found which is called high seas area. • They are mostly pelagic. • Some demersal resources exist on sea mounts. • There are about 400 high seas species. • 50 species of cephalopods, 270 species of fish, 60 species of marine mammals.
  • 83.
    International Fisheries Resources •The major fishing areas include: • Indian Ocean • Atlantic Ocean • Pacific Ocean • Mediterranean Sea
  • 84.
    Status of majorfish stocks • Major fish stocks decline in many areas of the world ocean. • North West pacific region is the largest producing area in the world. • Alaskan Pollack, Japanese pilchard population greatly decrease in pacific and Atlantic Ocean. • Reasons: • Over exploitation, since develop countries use advanced technology to collect the fish in large numbers. • Changes in climate conditions like El Nino effect pilchard population in Atlantic ocean.
  • 85.
    Main factors affectinginternational fisheries resources: • 1. Production 2. Demand 3. Exploitation ( Use of resources by organisms) • Human population increases continuously. • So we have to increase the production of fisheries resources to meet the increasing demand.
  • 86.
    What can bedone to maintain the future demands: • Finding new fishing grounds. • Making agriculture farms for the decreasing fish stocks. • Maintain the aquaculture fisheries in the land water. • Better management to avoid over fishing.
  • 87.
    The national fishingindustry; • Fishing grounds • Seasons
  • 88.
    Fishing grounds Inshore water; •Water close to land and up to about 30m in depth. • Almost all the fish found are demersal with the exceptions of few pelagics. • Fish found here include: Bait fish, aquarium fish, reef fish and sharks. • Other organisms include: Lobsters, crabs, sea cucumbers, shrimp, and octopus.
  • 89.
    Near shore water •deep lagoons, near reefs and water within and around the atolls • Fish found in near-shore water are mixture of pelagic and demersal. • Example: • ▫ Frigate tuna (raagondi) • ▫ Kawakawa (latti) • ▫ Marlin (mas hibaru)
  • 90.
    Off – shore •Off-shore water is open seas and oceans. • These waters provide most of the Maldivian fish stock. • Fish caught are nearly all pelagics. • Example: – ▫ skip jack tuna (Kalhubila mas) – ▫ Yellowfin tuna. (Reendhoo uraha kanneli)
  • 91.
    Fishing Seasons • •Fishing seasons in the Maldives depend on to a large extent on the monsoons. The monsoons can: • ▫ Cause bad weather and can make fishing difficult & unsafe. • ▫ Affect the number of fish.
  • 92.
    Weather • South Westmonsoon has high rainfall & mild winds. • However, the start of the South West monsoon can be rough. • Rough weather can be dangerous for small dhoani. • Mechanized dhoani can withstand rough weather if the winds are not too strong.
  • 93.
    North East monsoon •During the north east monsoon the (dry monsoon) the wind movement is less. • so the waves are less. • currents in oceans are less. • rain is less. • so the boats can go for long distance with ease & this makes the fishermen to catch fish more.
  • 94.
    Southwest monsoon • duringthe south west monsoon the seas are rough, • wind movement is high, • waves are high, • water current is high, • temperature is low, • these conditions which prevail in ocean encourage fish to reproduce more. • Unlike northeast monsoon the fish catch is less in southwest monsoon, this is because the boats in Maldives are small, so people cannot go for long distance to catch.
  • 95.
  • 96.
    Why we needto do the processing? Enable fish to be stored for late consumption Enable fish to be transported long distances Add value to the product – export market
  • 97.
  • 98.
    Salting Addition of salt tofood reduces bacterial spoilage. Most bacteria cannot grow in salt concentratio ns above 6%
  • 99.
    Salting - methods 1.Kench salting – Application of dry salt to fish in stacks 2. Brining – Soaking the fish in a concentrated salt solution 3. Pickling – Addition of fish and salt to ferment
  • 100.
    Drying Removal of moisture from food reduces bacterial spoilageand enzymatic spoilage. Most bacteria cannot survive in < 25% moisture.
  • 101.
    Drying - methods 1.Natural drying – Drying in the sun 2. Mechanical drying – Use electricity or fire to run heaters. (temperature controlled) 3. Freeze drying – Placing fish in a vacuum. Evaporation of moisture from the fish uses up the heat energy from the fish and cools quickly
  • 102.
    Smoking Application of smoke derived fromwood to food reduces bacterial spoilage and oxidation. Wood smoke has strong anti- bacterial and anti-oxidative properties.
  • 103.
    1. Hot smoking –Cooked and smoked at about 90 degrees Celsius. 2. Cold smoking – Lightly brined and then smoked (not exceeding 30 degrees Celsius) Smoking - methods
  • 104.
    Canning Application of heatto food in an air tight container (sterilizes food) reduces bacterial spoilage and enzymatic spoilage. Most bacteria cannot survive high temperatures. Enzymes are inactivated.

Editor's Notes

  • #10 Multiple answers can be accepted here.
  • #11 Accept multiple responses here. -For fun (recreation) -To eat -To make a living (job)
  • #12 There are two types or classifications of fishing: commercial and recreational Commercial fishing is capturing fish and other seafood to sell for profit. (grocery stores and restaurants) Recreational fishing is capturing fish and other seafood for fun or relaxation. (personal use)
  • #13 Fisheries can occur in either freshwater or seawater, and rely on either wild or captive (farmed) stocks of organisms. Another way to define a fishery is the combination of fish and fisherman in a region. These fisherman are fishing for similar or the same species with similar or the same gear types.