The document provides details about the anatomy of the oral cavity and related structures. It describes that the oral cavity extends from the lips to the oropharyngeal isthmus and is bounded above by the soft palate and palatoglossal folds and below by the tongue. The oral cavity is further divided into the vestibule and oral cavity proper. It also describes the anatomy and functions of the tongue, palate, and related structures like muscles and nerves.
INTRODUCTION
Tongue is a muscular organ
Situated in the floor of the mouth
FUNCTION
Taste
Speech
Mastication
Deglutition
EXTERNAL FEATURES
Tongue has
A Root
A tip
A body
ROOT
Is attached to the mandible and soft palate above and hyoid bone below.
These attachments prevent the swallowing of the tongue.
In between the 2 bones it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.
TIP
Of the tongue forms the anterior free end which lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
BODY
Has
A curved upper surface or dorsum
An inferior or ventral surface MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Middle fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves.
Intrinsic muscles
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
Introduction
Functions
Development
Structure
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Lateral wall
Applied anatomy and pathology –
- danger area of nose
- nose bleeding
- foreign body in nose
- developmental nasal deformities
- nasal polyps
- mouth breathing
- rhinitis
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
INTRODUCTION
Tongue is a muscular organ
Situated in the floor of the mouth
FUNCTION
Taste
Speech
Mastication
Deglutition
EXTERNAL FEATURES
Tongue has
A Root
A tip
A body
ROOT
Is attached to the mandible and soft palate above and hyoid bone below.
These attachments prevent the swallowing of the tongue.
In between the 2 bones it is related to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles.
TIP
Of the tongue forms the anterior free end which lies behind the upper incisor teeth.
BODY
Has
A curved upper surface or dorsum
An inferior or ventral surface MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE
Middle fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves.
Intrinsic muscles
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic muscles
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
Introduction
Functions
Development
Structure
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Lateral wall
Applied anatomy and pathology –
- danger area of nose
- nose bleeding
- foreign body in nose
- developmental nasal deformities
- nasal polyps
- mouth breathing
- rhinitis
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
We have the best collection of Mouth Anatomy PowerPoint (PPT) Presentation Templates with nice Background and Slides for PowerPoint to give presentation in meetings, seminars, hospitals etc. wherever you need.
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Development of tongue
Anatomy of tongue
Parts and surfaces of the tongue
Muscles of the tongue
Vascular supply of the tongue
Lymphatic drainage of the tongue
Innervation of the tongue
Examination of the tongue
Clinical considerations and diseases of the tongue
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Extends from the lips to the
oropharyngeal isthmus
The oropharyngeal isthmus:
Is the junction of mouth and
pharynx.
Is bounded:
Above by the soft palate and
the palatoglossal folds
Below by the dorsum of the
tongue
Subdivided into Vestibule & Oral
cavity proper
3. Slitlike space between the
cheeks and the gums
Communicates with the
exterior through the oral
fissure
When the jaws are closed,
communicates with the oral
cavity proper behind the 3rd
molar tooth on each side
Superiorly and inferiorly
limited by the reflection of
mucous membrane from lips
and cheek onto the gums
4. The lateral wall of the
vestibule is formed by the
cheek
• The cheek is composed
of Buccinator muscle,
covered laterally by the
skin & medially by the
mucous membrane
A small papilla on the
mucosa opposite the
upper 2nd molar tooth
marks the opening of the
duct of the parotid gland
5. It is the cavity within the
alveolar margins of the
maxillae and the mandible
Its Roof is formed by the
hard palate anteriorly and
the soft palate posteriorly
Its Floor is formed by the
mylohyoid muscle. The
anterior 2/3rd of the tongue
lies on the floor.
hard
soft palate
mylohyoid
6. Covered with mucous
membrane
In the midline, a mucosal
fold, the frenulum, connects
the tongue to the floor of the
mouth
On each side of frenulum a
small papilla has the
opening of the duct of the
submandibular gland
A rounded ridge extending
backward & laterally from
the papilla is produced by
the sublingual gland
7. o Sensory
Roof: by greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
(branches of maxillary nerve)
Floor: by lingual nerve (branch of mandibular nerve)
Cheek: by buccal nerve (branch of mandibular nerve)
o Motor
Muscle in the cheek (buccinator) and the lip (orbicularis
oris) are supplied by the branches of the facial nerve
8. Mass of striated muscles
covered with the mucous
membrane
Divided into right and left
halves by a median septum
Three parts:
• Oral (anterior ⅔)
• Pharyngeal (posterior ⅓)
• Root (base)
Two surfaces:
• Dorsal
• Ventral
9. Divided into anterior two third
and posterior one third by a
V-shaped sulcus terminalis.
The apex of the sulcus faces
backward and is marked by a
pit called the foramen cecum
Foramen cecum, an
embryological remnant,
marks the site of the upper
end of the thyroglossal duct
10. Anterior two third: mucosa
is rough, shows three types
of papillae:
Filliform
Fungiform
Vallate
Posterior one third: No
papillae but shows nodular
surface because of
underlying lymphatic
nodules, the lingual tonsils
11. Smooth (no papillae)
In the midline anteriorly, a
mucosal fold, frenulum
connects the tongue with
the floor of the mouth
Lateral to frenulum, deep
lingual vein can be seen
through the mucosa
Lateral to lingual vein, a
fold of mucosa forms the
plica fimbriata
12. The tongue is
composed of two
types of muscles:
• Intrinsic
• Extrinsic
13. Confined to tongue
No bony attachment
Consist of:
• Longitudinal fibers
• Transverse fibers
• Vertical fibers
Function: Alter the
shape of the tongue
14. Connect the tongue to
the surrounding
structures: the soft palate
and the bones (mandible,
hyoid bone, styloid
process)
Include:
• Palatoglossus
• Genioglossus
• Hyoglossus
• Styloglossus
Function: Help in
movements of the tongue
15. Protrusion:
Genioglossus on both sides acting together
Retraction:
Styloglossus and hyoglossus on both sides acting
together
Depression:
Hyoglossus and genioglossus on both sides acting
together
Elevation:
Styloglossus and palatoglossus on both sides acting
together
16.
17. Anterior ⅔:
• General sensations: Lingual
nerve
• Special sensations : chorda
tympani
Posterior ⅓:
• General & special sensations:
glossopharyngeal nerve
Base:
• General & special sensations:
internal laryngeal nerve
18. Intrinsic muscles:
Hypoglossal nerve
Extrinsic muscles:
All supplied by the
hypoglossal nerve,
except the
palatoglossus
The palatoglossus
supplied by the
pharyngeal plexus
20. Tip:
• Submental nodes
bilaterally & then deep
cervical nodes
Anterior two third:
• Submandibular
unilaterally & then deep
cervical nodes
Posterior third:
• Deep cervical nodes
(jugulodigastric mainly)
21. The tonge is the most important
articulator for speech production.
During speech, the tongue can make
amazing range of movements
The primary function of the
tongue is to provide a mechanism for
taste. Taste buds are located on
different areas of the tongue, but are
generally found around the edges.
They are sensitive to
four main tastes: Bitter, Sour,
Salty & Sweet
22. The tongue is needed for sucking,
chewing, swallowing, eating, drinking,
kissing, sweeping the mouth for food
debris and other particles and for
making funny faces (poking the tongue
out, waggling it)
Trumpeters and horn & flute players
have very well developed tongue
muscles, and are able to perform rapid,
controlled movements or articulations
23. Lacerations of the
tongue
Tongue-Tie
(ankyloglossia) (due to
large frenulum)
Lesion of the
hypoglossal nerve
• The protruded tongue
deviates toward the side
of the lesion
• Tongue is atrophied &
wrinkled
24. Lies in the roof of
the oral cavity
Has two parts:
• Hard (bony)
palate anteriorly
• Soft (muscular)
palate posteriorly
hard
soft palate
25. Lies in the roof of the
oral cavity
Forms the floor of the
nasal cavity
Formed by:
• Palatine processes of
maxillae in front
• Horizontal plates of
palatine bones behind
Bounded by alveolar
arches
26. Posteriorly,
continuous with soft
palate
Its undersurface
covered by
mucoperiosteum
Shows transverse
ridges in the anterior
parts
27. Attached to the posterior
border of the hard palate
Covered on its upper and
lower surfaces by mucous
membrane
Composed of:
• Muscle fibers
• An aponeurosis
• Lymphoid tissue
• Glands
• Blood vessels
• Nerves
28. Fibrous sheath
Attached to posterior
border of hard palate
Is expanded tendon of
tensor velli palatini
Splits to enclose
musculus uvulae
Gives origin & insertion
to palatine muscles
29. Tensor veli palatini
• Origin: spine of sphenoid; auditory tube
• Insertion: forms palatine aponeurosis
• Action: Tenses soft palate
Levator veli palatini
• Origin:petrous temporal bone, auditory
tube, palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: palatine aponeurosis
• Action: Raises soft palate
Musculus uvulae
• Origin: posterior border of hard palate
• Insertion: mucosa of uvula
• Action: Elevates uvula
30. Palatoglossus
• Origin: palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: side of tongue
• Action: pulls root of tongue
upward, narrowing
oropharyngeal isthmus
Palatopharyngeus
• Origin: palatine aponeurosis
• Insertion: posterior border of
thyroid cartilage
• Action: Elevates wall of the
pharynx
31. Mostly by the maxillary
nerve through its
branches:
• Greater palatine nerve
• Lesser palatine nerve
• Nasopalatine nerve
Glossopharyngeal
nerve supplies the
region of the soft palate
32. All the muscles, except tensor veli palatini, are
supplied by the:
• Pharyngeal plexus
Tensor veli palatini supplied by the:
• Nerve to medial pterygoid, a branch of the
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
33. Branches of the maxillary
artery
• Greater palatine
• Lesser palatine
• Sphenopalatine
Ascending palatine, branch
of the facial artery
Ascending pharyngeal,
branch of the external
carotid artery
34. Cleft palate:
• Unilateral
• Bilateral
• Median
Paralysis of the soft
palate
• The pharyngeal
isthmus can not be
closed during
swallowing and
speech
Pharyngeal
isthmus