1) The document discusses multiscale modeling of congenital heart disease, which can help study heart development as a complex system and how diseases arise from interactions at different spatial and temporal scales.
2) During the 4th week of embryonic development, cardiac looping transforms the linear heart tube into a four-chambered organ through rotation of the conotruncus; different degrees of rotation correspond to different pathologies.
3) The modeling framework encompasses scales from 10-9m to 10-3m and 10-6s to 106s to integrate information from protein interactions to weeks of development using techniques from systems engineering, physiology, and ontologies.
RNA is a single-stranded polymer composed of ribonucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. It contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil and the sugar ribose. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) which transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms the structural scaffold of ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA) which delivers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and contains a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail which aid in its stability and transport. tRNA folds into a cloverleaf structure and carries amino acids to the ribosome
1. tRNA is a small ribonucleic acid molecule that facilitates protein synthesis by carrying amino acids to the ribosome.
2. tRNA has a cloverleaf secondary structure consisting of four arms - the acceptor arm, D arm, anticodon arm, and T arm. This gives tRNA its distinctive L-shape tertiary structure.
3. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of tRNA allow it to perform its functions, which include recognizing the correct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme, binding to codons on mRNA, and attaching to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
Multiscale Systems Modelling of the Tetralogy of Fallot, Summers, 32nd IEEE-EMBCTariq Abdulla
1) The document discusses multiscale systems modelling of tetralogy of Fallot, the most common congenital heart defect causing cyanosis.
2) Tetralogy of Fallot involves four heart abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricle hypertrophy. One theory is these stem from hypoplasia of the subpulmonary conus.
3) Multiscale modelling across scales from 10-9m to 10-3m in space and 10-6s to 106s in time can study heart development as a system, integrating approaches from systems engineering, physiology, and markup languages to enable model interchange.
1) The document discusses multiscale modeling of congenital heart disease, which can help study heart development as a complex system and how diseases arise from interactions at different spatial and temporal scales.
2) During the 4th week of embryonic development, cardiac looping transforms the linear heart tube into a four-chambered organ through rotation of the conotruncus; different degrees of rotation correspond to different pathologies.
3) The modeling framework encompasses scales from 10-9m to 10-3m and 10-6s to 106s to integrate information from protein interactions to weeks of development using techniques from systems engineering, physiology, and ontologies.
1) The document discusses multiscale systems modelling of tetralogy of Fallot, the most common congenital heart defect. It involves modelling across spatial scales from proteins to the heart tube and temporal scales from molecular events to weeks of development.
2) Tetralogy of Fallot involves four heart anomalies that frequently occur together due to a common cause of hypoplasia of the subpulmonary conus. Congenital heart diseases can be caused by abnormalities in outflow tract remodelling during development.
3) The modelling framework incorporates different modelling approaches and ontologies suitable for different scales. Future work includes developing multiscale models of endocardial cushion formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Clinical Applications of Proton MR Spectroscopy.pdfSilvana Ciardullo
1) Proton MR spectroscopy provides greater tissue characterization than MR imaging alone by detecting metabolic abnormalities. It can be performed on most clinical 1.5T MR units in 10-15 minutes without significant additional scan time.
2) The technique detects metabolite concentrations based on peak intensities and locations on generated spectra graphs. The most commonly detected brain metabolites are NAA, creatine, choline, and lactate. Abnormal concentrations of these metabolites can indicate various neurological conditions.
3) Proton MR spectroscopy is useful for evaluating tumors, infections, demyelinating diseases, and other neurological disorders by detecting deviations from normal metabolite levels and ratios that provide physiological information about tissue status.
A very general lecture on the Epigenomics Roadmap and its main contributions.
This lecture was composed for the students of "Genomic and Epigenomic Medicine 2015/2016 (15 credits)"
http://www.uu.se/en/admissions/master/selma/Kurser/?kKod=3MG025&lasar=15/16&typ=1
A course of the Master's program in Molecular Medicine at Uppsala University
http://www.uu.se/en/admissions/master/selma/program/?pKod=MBK2M
Structure and genesis of mitochondrial and chloroplast, DNA replication , tra...Khalid Mukhtar
Presence of precise organelle DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts became recognized over 3 years ago, proliferation of chloroplast DNA was first validated by the means of Chun et al, illustration of nuclear manipulation of the human mitochondrial genome chloroplast gene transcription managed transcription of cpDNA genes via the means of various factors from the nuclear basis, the number one elements affecting the transcription of cpDNA genes are NEP polymerase and non-intermediate subunits of PEP polymerase, where we explain the mechanism transporting barrel proteins from the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) through the TOM complex, and associated with chaperones TIM small cells within the IMS side and inserted into the OMM via sorting means and meeting equipment (SAM), we additionally annotate the chloroplast genome genes for some proteins required for the transcription and translation of encoded genes and, at the extreme, genes for photosynthesis, the locus of these repeats determines the site of unpaired reproduction the short (SSC) and extended unpaired reproductive site (LSC) in the chloroplast genome, leuco = white; plast = living) are colorless plastids that are identified in embryonic and germ cells.
RNA is a single-stranded polymer composed of ribonucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. It contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil and the sugar ribose. There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) which transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms the structural scaffold of ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA) which delivers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and contains a 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail which aid in its stability and transport. tRNA folds into a cloverleaf structure and carries amino acids to the ribosome
1. tRNA is a small ribonucleic acid molecule that facilitates protein synthesis by carrying amino acids to the ribosome.
2. tRNA has a cloverleaf secondary structure consisting of four arms - the acceptor arm, D arm, anticodon arm, and T arm. This gives tRNA its distinctive L-shape tertiary structure.
3. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of tRNA allow it to perform its functions, which include recognizing the correct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme, binding to codons on mRNA, and attaching to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
Multiscale Systems Modelling of the Tetralogy of Fallot, Summers, 32nd IEEE-EMBCTariq Abdulla
1) The document discusses multiscale systems modelling of tetralogy of Fallot, the most common congenital heart defect causing cyanosis.
2) Tetralogy of Fallot involves four heart abnormalities: pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect, and right ventricle hypertrophy. One theory is these stem from hypoplasia of the subpulmonary conus.
3) Multiscale modelling across scales from 10-9m to 10-3m in space and 10-6s to 106s in time can study heart development as a system, integrating approaches from systems engineering, physiology, and markup languages to enable model interchange.
1) The document discusses multiscale modeling of congenital heart disease, which can help study heart development as a complex system and how diseases arise from interactions at different spatial and temporal scales.
2) During the 4th week of embryonic development, cardiac looping transforms the linear heart tube into a four-chambered organ through rotation of the conotruncus; different degrees of rotation correspond to different pathologies.
3) The modeling framework encompasses scales from 10-9m to 10-3m and 10-6s to 106s to integrate information from protein interactions to weeks of development using techniques from systems engineering, physiology, and ontologies.
1) The document discusses multiscale systems modelling of tetralogy of Fallot, the most common congenital heart defect. It involves modelling across spatial scales from proteins to the heart tube and temporal scales from molecular events to weeks of development.
2) Tetralogy of Fallot involves four heart anomalies that frequently occur together due to a common cause of hypoplasia of the subpulmonary conus. Congenital heart diseases can be caused by abnormalities in outflow tract remodelling during development.
3) The modelling framework incorporates different modelling approaches and ontologies suitable for different scales. Future work includes developing multiscale models of endocardial cushion formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Clinical Applications of Proton MR Spectroscopy.pdfSilvana Ciardullo
1) Proton MR spectroscopy provides greater tissue characterization than MR imaging alone by detecting metabolic abnormalities. It can be performed on most clinical 1.5T MR units in 10-15 minutes without significant additional scan time.
2) The technique detects metabolite concentrations based on peak intensities and locations on generated spectra graphs. The most commonly detected brain metabolites are NAA, creatine, choline, and lactate. Abnormal concentrations of these metabolites can indicate various neurological conditions.
3) Proton MR spectroscopy is useful for evaluating tumors, infections, demyelinating diseases, and other neurological disorders by detecting deviations from normal metabolite levels and ratios that provide physiological information about tissue status.
A very general lecture on the Epigenomics Roadmap and its main contributions.
This lecture was composed for the students of "Genomic and Epigenomic Medicine 2015/2016 (15 credits)"
http://www.uu.se/en/admissions/master/selma/Kurser/?kKod=3MG025&lasar=15/16&typ=1
A course of the Master's program in Molecular Medicine at Uppsala University
http://www.uu.se/en/admissions/master/selma/program/?pKod=MBK2M
Structure and genesis of mitochondrial and chloroplast, DNA replication , tra...Khalid Mukhtar
Presence of precise organelle DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts became recognized over 3 years ago, proliferation of chloroplast DNA was first validated by the means of Chun et al, illustration of nuclear manipulation of the human mitochondrial genome chloroplast gene transcription managed transcription of cpDNA genes via the means of various factors from the nuclear basis, the number one elements affecting the transcription of cpDNA genes are NEP polymerase and non-intermediate subunits of PEP polymerase, where we explain the mechanism transporting barrel proteins from the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) through the TOM complex, and associated with chaperones TIM small cells within the IMS side and inserted into the OMM via sorting means and meeting equipment (SAM), we additionally annotate the chloroplast genome genes for some proteins required for the transcription and translation of encoded genes and, at the extreme, genes for photosynthesis, the locus of these repeats determines the site of unpaired reproduction the short (SSC) and extended unpaired reproductive site (LSC) in the chloroplast genome, leuco = white; plast = living) are colorless plastids that are identified in embryonic and germ cells.
Chemical sensing based ABC swarm intelligence algorithm for cancer treating n...sharma93vidushi
The document discusses the concept of using swarm intelligence to control a swarm of nanorobots for medical applications inside the human body. It proposes two types of nanorobots - look-out nanorobots that explore the body and identify target sites, and worker nanorobots that deliver drugs to target sites. The nanorobots would use algorithms inspired by ant colony optimization and particle swarm optimization to coordinate their behavior through chemical signaling and achieve complex functions through simple individual behaviors.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for evaluating brain tumors. It allows for more accurate determination of a tumor's location and extent compared to CT scans. MRI is better at depicting subtle mass effects, edema, and the relationship of the tumor to surrounding structures. Different MRI sequences provide information on tumor detection, localization, characterization and extent. T1-weighted images following contrast enhancement help localize the tumor and provide diagnostic details regarding grade, blood-brain barrier breakdown, hemorrhage and necrosis. MRI findings can provide clues to the histologic grading of cerebral gliomas.
The human genome project was started in 1990 with the goal of sequencing and ...Rania Malik
The Human Genome Project was a 13-year effort that began in 1990 with the goal of sequencing the entire human genome and identifying all of the genes in order to better understand genetic diseases and develop new treatments. It involved mapping the genome by identifying genetic markers and then sequencing DNA using techniques like cloning and polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA for analysis. The project was completed in 2003, earlier than expected due to advances in sequencing technology, providing a full sequence of the human genome.
Automata Modeling of Hormonal Molecular Communication Channel in Human Bodyidescitation
Molecular communication nanonetwork has become
an inevitable topic of research interest. Human body is a
juxtapose of numerous nanonetworks. Hormonal
communication channel in human body plays a vital role in
homeostasis. This paper proposed a novel automata modeling
of hormonal molecular communication channel in human
body followed by a nano machine design. The outcomes of
this literature will surely pave the path of advanced ICT based
medical diagnostic approaches towards human health
procurement.
DNA is made of a double helix structure that can separate into single strands. In eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus as linear chromosomes and in mitochondria and chloroplasts as small circular molecules. DNA contains the genetic information of an organism and can undergo processes like replication, transcription, and translation. Chromosomes are organized structures containing DNA, and the human genome contains over 3 billion nucleotide base pairs organized into 23 chromosome pairs.
The document provides an overview of the Human Genome Project and genome mapping. It discusses that the Human Genome Project was a 13-year effort beginning in 1990 to sequence the human genome. Key results were published in 2003 establishing the full sequence. It then describes what a genome is and the process used to assemble the genome sequence. Different types of maps are explained including cytogenetic, genetic, physical, radiation hybrid, clone-based, and sequence-based maps. Various online resources for accessing and viewing the human genome are also listed.
The document summarizes the Human Genome Project (HGP). It began in 1990 with the goal of identifying all the genes in human DNA and determining the sequence of the 3 billion chemical base pairs. The 13-year project was completed in 2003 and involved international collaboration. It mapped the human genome and identified approximately 20,000-25,000 human genes. The HGP provided insights into human evolution and has applications in medicine, such as for identifying genes associated with diseases. It also advanced bioinformatics for analyzing large DNA datasets.
1) The document discusses RNA interference (RNAi), which is a process by which double-stranded RNA regulates gene expression.
2) The discovery of RNAi was made in 1998 by Fire and Mello through experiments in C. elegans showing that double-stranded RNA could efficiently silence gene expression.
3) RNAi involves the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which is activated by double-stranded RNA. RISC then uses one of the RNA strands as a template to find and cleave or degrade the matching mRNA, preventing its translation into protein.
DNA is the genetic material found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the chromosomes of prokaryotes. It exists in several forms, including linear chromosomes in eukaryotes and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes and organelles. DNA is made up of a double helix structure stabilized by hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs. The structure of DNA allows it to efficiently store and transmit genetic information.
DNA is made of a double helix structure with two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into linear chromosomes in the nucleus and circular DNA molecules in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA can be denatured by increasing temperature to separate the strands, and will renature when cooled by reformation of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics simulation that studied the effects of nanoparticle size on the temporal and spatial concentration profiles of nanoparticles delivered to the brain and brain tumor for drug delivery purposes. The simulation used a convection-diffusion model to describe nanoparticle transport. It found that smaller nanoparticles reached a steady-state concentration faster with a lower average concentration. Smaller nanoparticles also distributed over a larger volume at steady-state, but with a smaller maximum concentration in the brain and tumor regions.
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, forming the DNA backbone. James Watson and Francis Crick developed a double helix model of DNA structure based on x-ray crystallography data showing two anti-parallel strands coiled around a common axis with the bases hydrogen bonding in a specific pattern between strands. DNA is highly condensed in chromosomes through coiling around histone proteins to fit inside the cell nucleus.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FUBP1 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a protein which regulates the expression of the c-MYC gene by binding to its promoter region. As a transcriptional regulator, FUBP1 plays an important role in controlling cell proliferation. Mutations or deletions of the FUBP1 gene have been associated with several types of brain tumors, including oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas.
X-rays are produced when high voltage electrons hit a metal target, producing electromagnetic waves. Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of organs and tissues without using ionizing radiation. Positron emission tomography (PET) detects gamma rays emitted by radioactive tracers to produce 3D images showing metabolic activity in the body. Medical imaging techniques like X-rays, CT, MRI, PET, and ultrasound provide valuable information for diagnosing and monitoring diseases but should be used judiciously to minimize radiation exposure.
There are two main types of MRI sequences: spin echo (SE) and gradient echo (GE). SE produces better image quality but has longer scan times, while GE has shorter scan times. Key MRI parameters are repetition time (TR) and echo time (TE). Different MRI weightings (T1, T2, PD, FLAIR) provide contrast between tissues. Advanced MRI techniques like DWI, PWI, and MRS provide additional clinical information on diffusion, perfusion, and metabolism. Functional MRI (fMRI) uses the BOLD contrast to non-invasively map functional brain activity with good spatial and temporal resolution. MRI and its variants are useful clinical tools for diagnosis, treatment planning, and studying brain
PhD positions in Computational Cardiac Image Processing and ModellingAurelio Ruiz Garcia
Open positions in Computational Cardiac Image Processing and Modelling. Deadline Sept 1st 2014.
These positions are for doing research towards obtaining a PhD degree at the Department of Information & Communication Technologies (DTIC) of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
The projects will be conducted in the PhySense research group (http://physense.upf.edu), supervised by ICREA Research Prof. B. Bijnens and Dr. Oscar Camara. PhySense was recently established (2011) and focuses on integrating engineering/physics knowledge with physiology in order to provide an interdisciplinary research environment, working closely together with internationally known academic and clinical centres. This is approached by integrating and improving information acquisition, handling and processing techniques, combined with basic knowledge on pathophysiology, in order to advance clinical sciences.
This document discusses the structure of genes at the molecular level. It begins by defining a gene and describing genes' physical structures in DNA and RNA. It then explains the functional structures of genes, including promoters, introns, and exons. The document contrasts the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes, noting that eukaryotic genes often contain introns while prokaryotic genes do not. It concludes by defining genetic fine structure as the analysis of genes at the nucleotide level.
Estimation of Mineral Content in Vegetable Extraction by Ultrasonic Techniqueinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Vegetables are very essential for us in improving our nutritional level. They are acting as an herbal medicine in an unfathomable way in our daily life. In my research the select vegetables are Potato, Beetroot which are all rich in vitamin c and Potassium helps to balance fluids and minerals in our body and maintain a normal blood pressure. Estimation of mineral contents and vitamins has been done by measuring the ultrasonic velocity, density, adiabatic compressibility. Further the experimental vales are confirmed by FTIR.
The document discusses the reference management software Mendeley. It provides an overview of Mendeley's main features, which include creating a personal reference library, managing and organizing documents and references, citing sources in papers, and sharing references with other researchers through private or public groups. The presentation also covers how to import references from various sources, search full-text PDFs, annotate documents, and create a researcher profile on Mendeley.
1) The document discusses multiscale modeling of congenital heart disease, which aims to simulate heart development across spatial scales from protein interactions to the primitive heart tube, and temporal scales from molecular events to weeks of development.
2) During the 4th week of embryonic development, cardiac looping transforms the linear heart tube into a four-chambered organ through rotation of the conotruncus, with different degrees of rotation corresponding to different pathologies.
3) The modeling framework integrates approaches from systems engineering, physiology, and other fields to represent processes at different scales, enabled by markup languages to share models between tools.
Chemical sensing based ABC swarm intelligence algorithm for cancer treating n...sharma93vidushi
The document discusses the concept of using swarm intelligence to control a swarm of nanorobots for medical applications inside the human body. It proposes two types of nanorobots - look-out nanorobots that explore the body and identify target sites, and worker nanorobots that deliver drugs to target sites. The nanorobots would use algorithms inspired by ant colony optimization and particle swarm optimization to coordinate their behavior through chemical signaling and achieve complex functions through simple individual behaviors.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for evaluating brain tumors. It allows for more accurate determination of a tumor's location and extent compared to CT scans. MRI is better at depicting subtle mass effects, edema, and the relationship of the tumor to surrounding structures. Different MRI sequences provide information on tumor detection, localization, characterization and extent. T1-weighted images following contrast enhancement help localize the tumor and provide diagnostic details regarding grade, blood-brain barrier breakdown, hemorrhage and necrosis. MRI findings can provide clues to the histologic grading of cerebral gliomas.
The human genome project was started in 1990 with the goal of sequencing and ...Rania Malik
The Human Genome Project was a 13-year effort that began in 1990 with the goal of sequencing the entire human genome and identifying all of the genes in order to better understand genetic diseases and develop new treatments. It involved mapping the genome by identifying genetic markers and then sequencing DNA using techniques like cloning and polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA for analysis. The project was completed in 2003, earlier than expected due to advances in sequencing technology, providing a full sequence of the human genome.
Automata Modeling of Hormonal Molecular Communication Channel in Human Bodyidescitation
Molecular communication nanonetwork has become
an inevitable topic of research interest. Human body is a
juxtapose of numerous nanonetworks. Hormonal
communication channel in human body plays a vital role in
homeostasis. This paper proposed a novel automata modeling
of hormonal molecular communication channel in human
body followed by a nano machine design. The outcomes of
this literature will surely pave the path of advanced ICT based
medical diagnostic approaches towards human health
procurement.
DNA is made of a double helix structure that can separate into single strands. In eukaryotes, DNA is found in the nucleus as linear chromosomes and in mitochondria and chloroplasts as small circular molecules. DNA contains the genetic information of an organism and can undergo processes like replication, transcription, and translation. Chromosomes are organized structures containing DNA, and the human genome contains over 3 billion nucleotide base pairs organized into 23 chromosome pairs.
The document provides an overview of the Human Genome Project and genome mapping. It discusses that the Human Genome Project was a 13-year effort beginning in 1990 to sequence the human genome. Key results were published in 2003 establishing the full sequence. It then describes what a genome is and the process used to assemble the genome sequence. Different types of maps are explained including cytogenetic, genetic, physical, radiation hybrid, clone-based, and sequence-based maps. Various online resources for accessing and viewing the human genome are also listed.
The document summarizes the Human Genome Project (HGP). It began in 1990 with the goal of identifying all the genes in human DNA and determining the sequence of the 3 billion chemical base pairs. The 13-year project was completed in 2003 and involved international collaboration. It mapped the human genome and identified approximately 20,000-25,000 human genes. The HGP provided insights into human evolution and has applications in medicine, such as for identifying genes associated with diseases. It also advanced bioinformatics for analyzing large DNA datasets.
1) The document discusses RNA interference (RNAi), which is a process by which double-stranded RNA regulates gene expression.
2) The discovery of RNAi was made in 1998 by Fire and Mello through experiments in C. elegans showing that double-stranded RNA could efficiently silence gene expression.
3) RNAi involves the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which is activated by double-stranded RNA. RISC then uses one of the RNA strands as a template to find and cleave or degrade the matching mRNA, preventing its translation into protein.
DNA is the genetic material found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the chromosomes of prokaryotes. It exists in several forms, including linear chromosomes in eukaryotes and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes and organelles. DNA is made up of a double helix structure stabilized by hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotide base pairs. The structure of DNA allows it to efficiently store and transmit genetic information.
DNA is made of a double helix structure with two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized into linear chromosomes in the nucleus and circular DNA molecules in mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA can be denatured by increasing temperature to separate the strands, and will renature when cooled by reformation of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
This document summarizes a computational fluid dynamics simulation that studied the effects of nanoparticle size on the temporal and spatial concentration profiles of nanoparticles delivered to the brain and brain tumor for drug delivery purposes. The simulation used a convection-diffusion model to describe nanoparticle transport. It found that smaller nanoparticles reached a steady-state concentration faster with a lower average concentration. Smaller nanoparticles also distributed over a larger volume at steady-state, but with a smaller maximum concentration in the brain and tumor regions.
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, forming the DNA backbone. James Watson and Francis Crick developed a double helix model of DNA structure based on x-ray crystallography data showing two anti-parallel strands coiled around a common axis with the bases hydrogen bonding in a specific pattern between strands. DNA is highly condensed in chromosomes through coiling around histone proteins to fit inside the cell nucleus.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
FUBP1 is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a protein which regulates the expression of the c-MYC gene by binding to its promoter region. As a transcriptional regulator, FUBP1 plays an important role in controlling cell proliferation. Mutations or deletions of the FUBP1 gene have been associated with several types of brain tumors, including oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas.
X-rays are produced when high voltage electrons hit a metal target, producing electromagnetic waves. Computed tomography (CT) uses X-rays and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of organs and tissues without using ionizing radiation. Positron emission tomography (PET) detects gamma rays emitted by radioactive tracers to produce 3D images showing metabolic activity in the body. Medical imaging techniques like X-rays, CT, MRI, PET, and ultrasound provide valuable information for diagnosing and monitoring diseases but should be used judiciously to minimize radiation exposure.
There are two main types of MRI sequences: spin echo (SE) and gradient echo (GE). SE produces better image quality but has longer scan times, while GE has shorter scan times. Key MRI parameters are repetition time (TR) and echo time (TE). Different MRI weightings (T1, T2, PD, FLAIR) provide contrast between tissues. Advanced MRI techniques like DWI, PWI, and MRS provide additional clinical information on diffusion, perfusion, and metabolism. Functional MRI (fMRI) uses the BOLD contrast to non-invasively map functional brain activity with good spatial and temporal resolution. MRI and its variants are useful clinical tools for diagnosis, treatment planning, and studying brain
PhD positions in Computational Cardiac Image Processing and ModellingAurelio Ruiz Garcia
Open positions in Computational Cardiac Image Processing and Modelling. Deadline Sept 1st 2014.
These positions are for doing research towards obtaining a PhD degree at the Department of Information & Communication Technologies (DTIC) of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
The projects will be conducted in the PhySense research group (http://physense.upf.edu), supervised by ICREA Research Prof. B. Bijnens and Dr. Oscar Camara. PhySense was recently established (2011) and focuses on integrating engineering/physics knowledge with physiology in order to provide an interdisciplinary research environment, working closely together with internationally known academic and clinical centres. This is approached by integrating and improving information acquisition, handling and processing techniques, combined with basic knowledge on pathophysiology, in order to advance clinical sciences.
This document discusses the structure of genes at the molecular level. It begins by defining a gene and describing genes' physical structures in DNA and RNA. It then explains the functional structures of genes, including promoters, introns, and exons. The document contrasts the structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes, noting that eukaryotic genes often contain introns while prokaryotic genes do not. It concludes by defining genetic fine structure as the analysis of genes at the nucleotide level.
Estimation of Mineral Content in Vegetable Extraction by Ultrasonic Techniqueinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Vegetables are very essential for us in improving our nutritional level. They are acting as an herbal medicine in an unfathomable way in our daily life. In my research the select vegetables are Potato, Beetroot which are all rich in vitamin c and Potassium helps to balance fluids and minerals in our body and maintain a normal blood pressure. Estimation of mineral contents and vitamins has been done by measuring the ultrasonic velocity, density, adiabatic compressibility. Further the experimental vales are confirmed by FTIR.
The document discusses the reference management software Mendeley. It provides an overview of Mendeley's main features, which include creating a personal reference library, managing and organizing documents and references, citing sources in papers, and sharing references with other researchers through private or public groups. The presentation also covers how to import references from various sources, search full-text PDFs, annotate documents, and create a researcher profile on Mendeley.
1) The document discusses multiscale modeling of congenital heart disease, which aims to simulate heart development across spatial scales from protein interactions to the primitive heart tube, and temporal scales from molecular events to weeks of development.
2) During the 4th week of embryonic development, cardiac looping transforms the linear heart tube into a four-chambered organ through rotation of the conotruncus, with different degrees of rotation corresponding to different pathologies.
3) The modeling framework integrates approaches from systems engineering, physiology, and other fields to represent processes at different scales, enabled by markup languages to share models between tools.
Computational models using cellular Potts models were used to simulate endocardial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during heart development. The models matched results showing endocardial scattering can be induced separately from invasion into extracellular matrix. Modifying surface energy parameters representing adhesion triggered loss of cohesion and invasion. This affirms the hypothesis that Notch signaling reduces cohesion while BMP2 increases adhesion upstream of Notch to drive EMT.
Multiscale information modelling for heart morphogenesis, Abdulla IMEKO 2010Tariq Abdulla
The document discusses multiscale information modelling for heart morphogenesis. It describes how heart morphogenesis occurs through different stages of development. It then explains that information modelling involves defining concepts, relationships and constraints through ontologies to relate different data sources. The document outlines how multiscale modelling can be used, with different computational models applied at different biological scales, and information passed between models. It concludes that future work will link multiscale measurement and modelling through post-compositional annotation, and plans to scale-link biochemical and agent-based models to simulate endocardial cushion growth.
Jocelyn Griselle is interning at Loughborough University researching heart development pathways. Her project focuses on modeling the NFAT/VEGF protein interaction pathway, which regulates heart development and disease. The pathway involves VEGF activating calcium influx and the Ca2+/Calcineurin/NFAT and DSCR1/NFAT interactions that control VEGF expression levels. Her model divides the pathway into three parts modeled with ODEs in Matlab and SBML in COPASI. The model will help understand how tightly controlling VEGF levels is important for valve development and disease like Tetralogy of Fallot. Further work includes integrating the submodels and performing parameter analysis and experiments to improve accuracy.
Engineering Biological Circuits, Warburton, ColinTariq Abdulla
1. The document discusses modeling the genetic processes of the phage λ virus that infects E. coli bacteria as a way to develop modeling techniques that can then be applied to modeling heart development processes.
2. The phage λ has two reproduction strategies, lysis and lysogeny, that depend on environmental factors and involve merging its DNA with the host or using host resources to produce more viruses.
3. The author aims to abstract the genetic interactions into logical and reaction models to predict the virus's behavior and validate the results against laboratory measurements.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It describes the location of the heart in the chest cavity and discusses the layers of tissue that surround and protect it. It also outlines the internal structures of the heart including the atria, ventricles, valves, conduction system and coronary circulation. Key aspects like the cardiac cycle and roles of the different chambers and valves during systole and diastole are highlighted at a high level.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. A muscular fiber is also called a muscle cell. It contains myofibrils which are bundles of actin and myosin filaments. A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit along the myofibril, defined as the region between two Z-lines.
2. Muscle fiber shortening occurs via the sliding filament model. During muscle contraction, the heads of myosin cross-bridge with and pull on the actin filaments, drawing the Z-lines closer together and shortening the sarcomere. Many sarcomeres shortening leads to shortening of the entire muscle fiber.
3. The Starling's law states that the greater
The fetal circulation has several anatomical shunts that direct blood flow away from the lungs and toward the placenta, including the ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, and ductus venosus. These shunts orient oxygenated blood to the brain and heart while directing deoxygenated blood to the placenta. After birth, changes in pulmonary vascular resistance and oxygen levels cause closure of the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale, modifying the circulation to prioritize the lungs over the placenta.
3D Reconstruction of Embryo Hearts for Model ValidationTariq Abdulla
This document describes a method for three-dimensional reconstruction and quantification of human embryonic hearts less than 13 weeks of gestation from histological sections. A human embryo heart of 11 weeks gestation was sectioned, digitized, and matched between sections to create a 3D volume reconstruction. Measurements of internal volumes were obtained. This new approach allows improved visualization and morphological analysis of early embryonic hearts compared to traditional 2D analysis and represents a step towards virtual modeling of cardiac development.
This document discusses multiscale modeling and its application to understanding congenital heart defects. It outlines modeling at the anatomic, cellular, protein, and genome levels. At the anatomic level, it describes the normal heart anatomy and the specific defects seen in Tetralogy of Fallot. At the cellular level, it discusses epithelial to mesenchymal transition during heart development. At the protein level, it mentions modeling Notch signaling pathways. And at the genome level, it refers to gene regulation processes involved in forming Tetralogy of Fallot. Future work is needed in areas like scale linking, biological networks, multiscale modeling methodology, and software for integrating models across scales.
Abdulla, ICBO2011, Composite annotation for heart developmentTariq Abdulla
This document summarizes research on annotating multiscale models of heart development. It describes the anatomy, tissues, cells and proteins involved in heart development. It discusses using the Gene Ontology and other ontologies to annotate models pre-composition, and ontologies like PATO and EHDA for post-composition annotation. The research uses Compucell3D and SBML to build a multiscale model of heart development involving genes, proteins, cells and tissues. It concludes that post-composition annotation is necessary for multiscale developmental models but is more challenging than pre-composition.
This document summarizes computational modelling of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during heart development. It outlines the anatomy, tissues, cells, and proteins involved in heart development. It also describes current simulations of in vitro EMT and mitosis using cellular Potts models. Future directions are proposed to create more realistic simulations that fit experimental data by modelling 2D and 3D cell invasion and including compartmental models and polarised cells. The conclusions are that the current simulations show some correspondence to in vitro experiments and support the hypothesis that Notch activates EMT by reducing endocardial cohesion, and that contact-inhibited mitosis may control EMT.
This document discusses the multimodal simulation of the phage-λ decision cycle. It describes using biomedical simulation to model viral reproduction and the stages of phage-λ infection. The intention is to reduce simulation time without losing accuracy by refining modeling techniques. The model aims to recreate previous work modeling genetic circuits using non-specialist packages to make biological modeling more accessible. Results from simulating the phage-λ finite state machine are shown and limitations discussed. Potential applications mentioned include modeling genetic disorders, congenital disease, and virology studies.
This document discusses computational modelling of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). It presents an international team that performs multiscale modelling of heart development, including EMT simulations. The modelling spans multiple scales from sub-cellular processes to organ-level phenomena. EMT simulations have been conducted both in vitro and in silico using Cellular Potts Models and agent-based modelling software. The effects of factors like Notch and BMP2 signaling on EMT are explored. Future work aims to validate the EMT simulations against experimental data.
This document summarizes a presentation on computational modelling of epithelial to mesenchymal transition during heart development. It introduces EMT and the roles of proteins like Delta, Notch and BMP2 in the process. Current simulations of in vitro EMT under different conditions are described, including the effects of reducing endocardial cohesion and adhesion. Mitosis simulations showing how increased mitosis can prevent EMT are also presented. Future directions for the modelling include calculating invasion metrics from experiments, improving the geometry, adding subcellular models of transcription factor regulation, and developing a steppable interface.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Landscape poster
1. MULTISCALE MODELLING OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
1 1 3
Ron Summers, Tariq Abdulla, Ryan Imms, Lucile Houyel and Jean-Marc Schleich
1 2
1
Dept. Electronic and Electrical Engineering, SEIC, Loughborough University, LEICS, UK, LE11 3TU
E-mail: R.Summers@lboro.ac.uk Web: http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~lsrs1
2
Marie-Lannelongue Hospital, Paris, F-92350, France
3
LTSI, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, F-35000, France
Introduction Cardiac Development Multiscale Modelling
Between week 3 and 6 of embryonic development, the human Cardiac looping takes place in week 4 of development. Our modelling framework encompasses spatial scales from
heart morphs from a linear tube to a four chambered organ. It Normally, the conotruncus rotates about 150°. As it does so, 10 m (protein interaction) to 10 m (the primitive heart tube) and
-9 -3
is one of the few organs that becomes functional as it is the aortopulmonary septum grows within it, dividing it into the temporal scales from 10 s (molecular events) to 10 s (weeks of
-6 6
formed. Heart defects are the most common type of Aorta A and Pulmonary Artery P . Thus different degrees of development). This is illustrated schematically below. The
congenital disorder, severely affecting 6/1000 live births. A rotation correspond to different pathologies (Fig. 2). approach adopted owes much to other methods, including those
number of genes have been identified as playing a crucial role Fig. 2 (a) Cardiac looping during 4th week of (b) Conotruncus from systems engineering (e.g. integration technologies and
in heart morphogenesis. However the mechanisms by which development [2]. l-TGA
d-TGA
information modelling); the world-wide Physiome consortium and
(b) Modifed Van Praagh diagram after showing
altered gene transcription affects cell signalling, cell A A the Virtual Physiological Human Network of Excellence.
the approximate rotation of the conotruncus
P P
behaviour, and tissue-tissue interactions that lead to altered corresponding to different types of CHD [after 3].
. ANT
DORV
Modelling approaches suitable for different levels of scale are
development are not well understood. Congenital Heart (a) P A
Conotruncus
Conal
septum
Pulmonary Aortic
valve valve
L R
TOF illustrated, as well as markup language specifications that
Truncus
Defects (CHD) constitute a spectrum in which one gene acts Conus
POST
PTA enable model interchange between different tools. Along the
P P
through many mechanisms and can cause one of several bottom of Fig. 4, we illustrate reference ontologies applicable to
Mitral Tricuspid A A
pathologies. Multiscale modelling provides a means to study Atrioventricular
septum
valve valve
Situs Inversus
Normal different levels of scale.
heart development as a system, and simulate how complex In Persistent Truncus Arteriosus (PTA), there is no septation -9 -6 -3
10 m 10 m 10 m
diseases arise from interactions at different levels of spatial into the aorta and pulmonary artery. Double Outlet Right
Spatial Scale
Protein Cell Tissue Heart Tube
and temporal scale. Ventricle (DORV) and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) correspond to Interaction Behaviour Transformation Morphogenesis
Complexity of CHD about 90 degrees rotation. Situs inversus is a condition where CA
2+
High
VEGF
VEGF High VEGF
Snail VE Cadherin
organs develop on the opposite side of the body, and hence
BMP2
Calcineurin Notch
p VEGF
NFAT NFAT Delta4
Low VEGF
the conotruncus rotates counterclockwise rather than
VEGF VE-Cadherin
2+
CA
TGF-beta
Calcineurin TGF-beta
p
Wnt / Low NFAT NFAT
Snail
BetaCat VEGF VEGF
clockwise. This also occurs in levo-Transposition of the Great
High VEGF
Wnt /
BMP
BetaCat
Notch
BMP4
Markup
BMP4
Arteries (l-TGA). Language SBML CellML CBML FieldML
Modelling Pathway Models Stochastic Models Agent Based Models Finite Element
Development of tissues in early heart development results in Approach ODEs
Petri Nets
Reaction Diffusion PDEs
Systems of ODEs
Reactive Animation
Cellular Automata
Image Analysis
3D Reconstruction
altered structures in quite different places, due to the complex Boolean Networks Stochastic Petri Nets Cellular Potts Multiphysics Simulation
Independent Continuant
PRO, ChEBI CL, FMA, GO-CC FMA, EHDA
remodelling (Fig. 3). The endocardial cushions, which grow by (Proteins, Cells, Structures)
Remodelling PATO, Mammalian Phenotype Dependent Continuant
an Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transformation (EMT) process, Ontologies GO-MF Cell Behaviour
(Functions, Roles, Qualities)
Remodelling of the
conotruncus (outflow tract)
contribute to some of the most vital structures of a fully-formed GO-BP Occurent
(Processes)
heart. These are also the structures that underpin the most Temporal Scale
common and types of CHD, such as Ventricular Septal Defects
-6 -3 0 3 6
10 s 10 s 10 s 10 s 10 s
Molecular Events Cell Signalling Motility Mitosis Heart Development
(VSD), and abnormal or missing heart valves.
Fig. 4 Spatial and temporal scales of the multiscale modelling initiative
Fig. 3 Illustration of human cardiac morphogenesis and the redistribution of tissues.
Note that tissue from the endocardial cushions in the Atrioventricular Canal (AVV, Annotating models, model components and parameters using
blue) becomes the mitral and tricuspid valves, while endocardial cushion tissue in the well defined ontologies enables reuse and integration. But
Conotruncus (CT, yellow) becomes the semilunar valves and the membranous portion
of the interventricular septum [4]. multiscale modelling presents a challenge in that no single
Fig. 1 Several genes control several mechanisms, which lead to one of several CHDs [1] ontology can include terms to the required specificity. A post-
Several mechanisms are involved in heart development, each of coordinated annotation strategy allows the combination of terms
which are controlled by several genes. CHD commonly involves from multiple ontologies, and is a partial solution to this problem.
abnormal remodelling of the conotruncus. As the conotruncus
loops behind the atria, it septates into the aorta and pulmonary
Membranous
Septum
References
[1] F. Bajolle, S. Zaffran, and D. Bonnet, "Genetics and embryological mechanisms of congenital heart
Muscular
artery, and wedges aligned with the atrioventricular septum. A Septum
diseases.", Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 102, 2009, pp. 59-63.
[2] M. L. Kirby, Cardiac Development, Oxford: OUP, 2007.
range of CHDs can be traced to abnormal degrees of rotation, [3] L. F. Donnelly and C. B Higgins MR, "Imaging of Conotruncal Abnormalities.", AJR, 166, 1996, pp.
925-8.
which affects the positioning of the great arteries. This can be [4] D. Srivastava and E. N. Olson, "A genetic blueprint for cardiac development.", Nature, vol. 407,
caused by a combination of mechanisms (Fig. 1). 2000, pp. 221-6.