1) The document discusses multiscale modeling of congenital heart disease, which can help study heart development as a complex system and how diseases arise from interactions at different spatial and temporal scales.
2) During the 4th week of embryonic development, cardiac looping transforms the linear heart tube into a four-chambered organ through rotation of the conotruncus; different degrees of rotation correspond to different pathologies.
3) The modeling framework encompasses scales from 10-9m to 10-3m and 10-6s to 106s to integrate information from protein interactions to weeks of development using techniques from systems engineering, physiology, and ontologies.
A very general lecture on the Epigenomics Roadmap and its main contributions.
This lecture was composed for the students of "Genomic and Epigenomic Medicine 2015/2016 (15 credits)"
http://www.uu.se/en/admissions/master/selma/Kurser/?kKod=3MG025&lasar=15/16&typ=1
A course of the Master's program in Molecular Medicine at Uppsala University
http://www.uu.se/en/admissions/master/selma/program/?pKod=MBK2M
Structure and genesis of mitochondrial and chloroplast, DNA replication , tra...Khalid Mukhtar
Presence of precise organelle DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts became recognized over 3 years ago, proliferation of chloroplast DNA was first validated by the means of Chun et al, illustration of nuclear manipulation of the human mitochondrial genome chloroplast gene transcription managed transcription of cpDNA genes via the means of various factors from the nuclear basis, the number one elements affecting the transcription of cpDNA genes are NEP polymerase and non-intermediate subunits of PEP polymerase, where we explain the mechanism transporting barrel proteins from the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) through the TOM complex, and associated with chaperones TIM small cells within the IMS side and inserted into the OMM via sorting means and meeting equipment (SAM), we additionally annotate the chloroplast genome genes for some proteins required for the transcription and translation of encoded genes and, at the extreme, genes for photosynthesis, the locus of these repeats determines the site of unpaired reproduction the short (SSC) and extended unpaired reproductive site (LSC) in the chloroplast genome, leuco = white; plast = living) are colorless plastids that are identified in embryonic and germ cells.
Chemical sensing based ABC swarm intelligence algorithm for cancer treating n...sharma93vidushi
Nanorobots have been designed to perform specific functions inside the human body to bring relief from several ailments by circulating in the vascular system and destroying diseased cells like those of cancer. For efficient working and simple design, they need a swarm intelligence system to maintain high levels of coordination, collaboration, adaptability and biocompatibility. This presentation is focused upon the limitations of the existing swarm intelligence algorithms and new algorithm based on task allocation as in ABC and quorum sensing.
Automata Modeling of Hormonal Molecular Communication Channel in Human Bodyidescitation
Molecular communication nanonetwork has become
an inevitable topic of research interest. Human body is a
juxtapose of numerous nanonetworks. Hormonal
communication channel in human body plays a vital role in
homeostasis. This paper proposed a novel automata modeling
of hormonal molecular communication channel in human
body followed by a nano machine design. The outcomes of
this literature will surely pave the path of advanced ICT based
medical diagnostic approaches towards human health
procurement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A very general lecture on the Epigenomics Roadmap and its main contributions.
This lecture was composed for the students of "Genomic and Epigenomic Medicine 2015/2016 (15 credits)"
http://www.uu.se/en/admissions/master/selma/Kurser/?kKod=3MG025&lasar=15/16&typ=1
A course of the Master's program in Molecular Medicine at Uppsala University
http://www.uu.se/en/admissions/master/selma/program/?pKod=MBK2M
Structure and genesis of mitochondrial and chloroplast, DNA replication , tra...Khalid Mukhtar
Presence of precise organelle DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts became recognized over 3 years ago, proliferation of chloroplast DNA was first validated by the means of Chun et al, illustration of nuclear manipulation of the human mitochondrial genome chloroplast gene transcription managed transcription of cpDNA genes via the means of various factors from the nuclear basis, the number one elements affecting the transcription of cpDNA genes are NEP polymerase and non-intermediate subunits of PEP polymerase, where we explain the mechanism transporting barrel proteins from the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) through the TOM complex, and associated with chaperones TIM small cells within the IMS side and inserted into the OMM via sorting means and meeting equipment (SAM), we additionally annotate the chloroplast genome genes for some proteins required for the transcription and translation of encoded genes and, at the extreme, genes for photosynthesis, the locus of these repeats determines the site of unpaired reproduction the short (SSC) and extended unpaired reproductive site (LSC) in the chloroplast genome, leuco = white; plast = living) are colorless plastids that are identified in embryonic and germ cells.
Chemical sensing based ABC swarm intelligence algorithm for cancer treating n...sharma93vidushi
Nanorobots have been designed to perform specific functions inside the human body to bring relief from several ailments by circulating in the vascular system and destroying diseased cells like those of cancer. For efficient working and simple design, they need a swarm intelligence system to maintain high levels of coordination, collaboration, adaptability and biocompatibility. This presentation is focused upon the limitations of the existing swarm intelligence algorithms and new algorithm based on task allocation as in ABC and quorum sensing.
Automata Modeling of Hormonal Molecular Communication Channel in Human Bodyidescitation
Molecular communication nanonetwork has become
an inevitable topic of research interest. Human body is a
juxtapose of numerous nanonetworks. Hormonal
communication channel in human body plays a vital role in
homeostasis. This paper proposed a novel automata modeling
of hormonal molecular communication channel in human
body followed by a nano machine design. The outcomes of
this literature will surely pave the path of advanced ICT based
medical diagnostic approaches towards human health
procurement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
Landscape poster
1. MULTISCALE MODELLING OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
1 1 3
Ron Summers, Tariq Abdulla, Ryan Imms, Lucile Houyel and Jean-Marc Schleich
1 2
1
Dept. Electronic and Electrical Engineering, SEIC, Loughborough University, LEICS, UK, LE11 3TU
E-mail: R.Summers@lboro.ac.uk Web: http://www-staff.lboro.ac.uk/~lsrs1
2
Marie-Lannelongue Hospital, Paris, F-92350, France
3
LTSI, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, F-35000, France
Introduction Cardiac Development Multiscale Modelling
Between week 3 and 6 of embryonic development, the human Cardiac looping takes place in week 4 of development. Our modelling framework encompasses spatial scales from
heart morphs from a linear tube to a four chambered organ. It Normally, the conotruncus rotates about 150°. As it does so, 10 m (protein interaction) to 10 m (the primitive heart tube) and
-9 -3
is one of the few organs that becomes functional as it is the aortopulmonary septum grows within it, dividing it into the temporal scales from 10 s (molecular events) to 10 s (weeks of
-6 6
formed. Heart defects are the most common type of Aorta A and Pulmonary Artery P . Thus different degrees of development). This is illustrated schematically below. The
congenital disorder, severely affecting 6/1000 live births. A rotation correspond to different pathologies (Fig. 2). approach adopted owes much to other methods, including those
number of genes have been identified as playing a crucial role Fig. 2 (a) Cardiac looping during 4th week of (b) Conotruncus from systems engineering (e.g. integration technologies and
in heart morphogenesis. However the mechanisms by which development [2]. l-TGA
d-TGA
information modelling); the world-wide Physiome consortium and
(b) Modifed Van Praagh diagram after showing
altered gene transcription affects cell signalling, cell A A the Virtual Physiological Human Network of Excellence.
the approximate rotation of the conotruncus
P P
behaviour, and tissue-tissue interactions that lead to altered corresponding to different types of CHD [after 3].
. ANT
DORV
Modelling approaches suitable for different levels of scale are
development are not well understood. Congenital Heart (a) P A
Conotruncus
Conal
septum
Pulmonary Aortic
valve valve
L R
TOF illustrated, as well as markup language specifications that
Truncus
Defects (CHD) constitute a spectrum in which one gene acts Conus
POST
PTA enable model interchange between different tools. Along the
P P
through many mechanisms and can cause one of several bottom of Fig. 4, we illustrate reference ontologies applicable to
Mitral Tricuspid A A
pathologies. Multiscale modelling provides a means to study Atrioventricular
septum
valve valve
Situs Inversus
Normal different levels of scale.
heart development as a system, and simulate how complex In Persistent Truncus Arteriosus (PTA), there is no septation -9 -6 -3
10 m 10 m 10 m
diseases arise from interactions at different levels of spatial into the aorta and pulmonary artery. Double Outlet Right
Spatial Scale
Protein Cell Tissue Heart Tube
and temporal scale. Ventricle (DORV) and Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) correspond to Interaction Behaviour Transformation Morphogenesis
Complexity of CHD about 90 degrees rotation. Situs inversus is a condition where CA
2+
High
VEGF
VEGF High VEGF
Snail VE Cadherin
organs develop on the opposite side of the body, and hence
BMP2
Calcineurin Notch
p VEGF
NFAT NFAT Delta4
Low VEGF
the conotruncus rotates counterclockwise rather than
VEGF VE-Cadherin
2+
CA
TGF-beta
Calcineurin TGF-beta
p
Wnt / Low NFAT NFAT
Snail
BetaCat VEGF VEGF
clockwise. This also occurs in levo-Transposition of the Great
High VEGF
Wnt /
BMP
BetaCat
Notch
BMP4
Markup
BMP4
Arteries (l-TGA). Language SBML CellML CBML FieldML
Modelling Pathway Models Stochastic Models Agent Based Models Finite Element
Development of tissues in early heart development results in Approach ODEs
Petri Nets
Reaction Diffusion PDEs
Systems of ODEs
Reactive Animation
Cellular Automata
Image Analysis
3D Reconstruction
altered structures in quite different places, due to the complex Boolean Networks Stochastic Petri Nets Cellular Potts Multiphysics Simulation
Independent Continuant
PRO, ChEBI CL, FMA, GO-CC FMA, EHDA
remodelling (Fig. 3). The endocardial cushions, which grow by (Proteins, Cells, Structures)
Remodelling PATO, Mammalian Phenotype Dependent Continuant
an Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transformation (EMT) process, Ontologies GO-MF Cell Behaviour
(Functions, Roles, Qualities)
Remodelling of the
conotruncus (outflow tract)
contribute to some of the most vital structures of a fully-formed GO-BP Occurent
(Processes)
heart. These are also the structures that underpin the most Temporal Scale
common and types of CHD, such as Ventricular Septal Defects
-6 -3 0 3 6
10 s 10 s 10 s 10 s 10 s
Molecular Events Cell Signalling Motility Mitosis Heart Development
(VSD), and abnormal or missing heart valves.
Fig. 4 Spatial and temporal scales of the multiscale modelling initiative
Fig. 3 Illustration of human cardiac morphogenesis and the redistribution of tissues.
Note that tissue from the endocardial cushions in the Atrioventricular Canal (AVV, Annotating models, model components and parameters using
blue) becomes the mitral and tricuspid valves, while endocardial cushion tissue in the well defined ontologies enables reuse and integration. But
Conotruncus (CT, yellow) becomes the semilunar valves and the membranous portion
of the interventricular septum [4]. multiscale modelling presents a challenge in that no single
Fig. 1 Several genes control several mechanisms, which lead to one of several CHDs [1] ontology can include terms to the required specificity. A post-
Several mechanisms are involved in heart development, each of coordinated annotation strategy allows the combination of terms
which are controlled by several genes. CHD commonly involves from multiple ontologies, and is a partial solution to this problem.
abnormal remodelling of the conotruncus. As the conotruncus
loops behind the atria, it septates into the aorta and pulmonary
Membranous
Septum
References
[1] F. Bajolle, S. Zaffran, and D. Bonnet, "Genetics and embryological mechanisms of congenital heart
Muscular
artery, and wedges aligned with the atrioventricular septum. A Septum
diseases.", Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases, vol. 102, 2009, pp. 59-63.
[2] M. L. Kirby, Cardiac Development, Oxford: OUP, 2007.
range of CHDs can be traced to abnormal degrees of rotation, [3] L. F. Donnelly and C. B Higgins MR, "Imaging of Conotruncal Abnormalities.", AJR, 166, 1996, pp.
925-8.
which affects the positioning of the great arteries. This can be [4] D. Srivastava and E. N. Olson, "A genetic blueprint for cardiac development.", Nature, vol. 407,
caused by a combination of mechanisms (Fig. 1). 2000, pp. 221-6.