The document provides information on the anatomy of the spleen:
1. The spleen lies obliquely along the 10th rib on the left side of the abdomen and acts as a filter for blood and plays an important role in immune responses.
2. It has an irregular shape with two ends, three borders, and two surfaces. Blood enters through the hilum located between the superior and intermediate borders.
3. The spleen has various relations within the abdomen and impressions on its surface from neighboring organs. It receives its blood supply from the splenic artery and drains into the splenic vein.
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
anatomy of stomach,functions of stomach, location, shape position and parts of stomach,orifices of stomach, curvature of stomach, relations of stomach, blood supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage, clinical relation , GERD, peptic ulcer,
This is not a substitute for Books. Let it just help you understand some concepts in liver anatomy.
Continuation of this work will depend on your feedback. Stay Blessed.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
anatomy of stomach,functions of stomach, location, shape position and parts of stomach,orifices of stomach, curvature of stomach, relations of stomach, blood supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage, clinical relation , GERD, peptic ulcer,
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
This ppt. Is about surgical anatomy and physiology of pancreas. Anatomical anamolies of the pancreas and variation of the ducts has been touched also.
Basic phsiology and pancreatic functions have been explanied with diagrams.
This ppt is only for postgraduates.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
3. INTRODUCTION
Spleen(Greek splen and Latin lien) is a lymphatic
organ connected to the blood vascular system. it acts
as a filter for blood and plays an important role in the
immune responses of the body.
The Spleen develops as part of the vascular system in
the part of dorsal mesentery that suspends the
developing stomach from the body wall.
The spleen is an organ found in virtually all
vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node,
it acts primarily as a blood filter.
3
4. POSITION
The spleen lies obliquely along the long axis of the
10th rib.Thus it is directed downwards, forward and
laterally, making an angle of about 45 degrees
with the horizontal plane.
4
6. DIMENSIONS
The spleen is soft , highly vascular and dark purple in
colour.The size and weight of spleen are markedly
variable.On an
average the spleen is 1 inch thick, 3 inch broad,5 inch long,7
ounces in weight, and is related to 9th to 11th ribs.
6
7. *LOCATION*
The Spleen is a wedge-shaped organ lying mainly in the left
hypochondrium, and partly in the epigastrium, it is wedged
in between the funds of the stomach and the diaphragm.
The spleen lies against the diaphragm,in the area of rib
9th,to rib 10th.
7
11. EXTERNAL FEATURES
The spleen has two ends ,three borders and two surfaces
and 2 angles and hilum.
TWO ENDS-
1 -The anterior or lateral end is expanded and is more like a
border.It is directed downwards and forwards, and reaches
the midaxillary line.
2-The posterir or medial end is rounded.it is directed
upwards,backwards and medially.
11
12. …………EXTERNAL FEATURES
Three borders-
1-The superior border is charcteristically notched near the
anterior end.
2-The inferior border is rounded.
3-The intermediate border is also rounded and is directed
to the right.
Two surfaces-
1.The diaphragmatic surface is convex and smooth.
2.The visceral surface is concave and irregular.
12
13. Two Angles-
1.Anterobasl angle-It is the junction of superior border with
lateral or anteriror end.
2.Posterobasal angle-junction of inferior border with
lateral or anterior end of spleen.
Hilum-hilum lies between superior and intermediate
borders it is peirce by branches and tributaries of splenic
vessels.
13
15. *RELATIONS*
(a)Peritoneal relations
(b)Visceral relations
Peritoneal relations
The spleen surrounded by peritoneum and is suspended by following
ligaments.
1-Gastrosplnic ligament extends from the hilum of the spleen to the
greater curvature of the stomach.
2-Lienorenal ligament extends from the hilum of the spleen to the
anterior surface of the left kidney.
3-phrenicocolic ligament is not attached to the spleen, but supports its
anterior end.
15
18. Four impression present are visceral surface of spleen for
abdominal organ and other structure-
1.Gastric impression
2.Renal impression
3.Colic impression
4.Pancreatic impression
Hilum lies on the inferomedial part of the gastric impression along
the long axis of the spleen.
Diaphragmatic surface
The surface separates the spleen from the costodiaphragmatic
recess of pleura, lung and 9th ,10th ,11th ribs of the left side.
18
20. Blood supply of the spleen
Arterial supply-the spleenic artery the largest branch of coeliac trunk
takes tortuous course to the left along the superior border of the
pancreas. It travels in the splenorenal ligament and divides in to
numerous branches,which enter the hilum of the spleen.As the splenic
artery passes along the superior border of the pancreas.It gives off
numerous small branches to supply the neck, body and tail of the
pancreas.
Approaching the spleeen the splenic artery gives off short gastric
arteries,which pass through the gastrosplenic ligament to supply the
fundus of the stomach. It also gives off the left gasto-omental
artery,which runs to the right along the greater curvature of the
stomach and anastomoses with the right gasto-omental artery.
20
22. Venous supply
The splenic vein is formed at the hilum of the spleen.it runs a straight
course behind the pancreas.it joins the superior mesenteric vein
behind the neck of the pancreas to form of portal vein.its tributaries
are the short gastric,left gastroepiploic,pancreatic and inferior
mesentric veins.
22
23. Histology of spleen
There two main types of tissue in the spleen are specialised for its
two main functions:
White pulp contains lymphoid aggregations, mostly
lymphocytes, and macrophages which are arranged around the
arteries. The lymphocytes are both T (mainly T-helper) and B-
cells.
Red pulp is vascular, and has parencyhma and lots of vascular
sinuses. These are sinuosoids - a specialised type of capillary,
which is very leaky.
The lining endothelial cells have wide slits between their
lateral margins, that act as a filter. The blood cells have to move
through these slits, before they can leave the spleen and worn
out, or defective blood cells are damaged during this process. The
damaged cells are then phagocytosed by the numerous
macrophages in the red pulp, that lie just next to the sinusoids.
The spleen is covered by a dense capsule, and there are
connective tissue trabeculae, which provide internal support for
the spleen, and carry the blood vessels into the spleen. 23
26. Nerve supply –sympathetic fibres are derived from the coeliac plexus.
they are vasomotor in nature. They also supply some smooth muscle
present in the capsule.
Functions of spleen-
1.Phagocytosis-The spleen is an important component of the
reticuloendothilial system.
2.Haemopoiesis-The spleen is an important haemopoietic organ during
life.Lymphopoiesis continues through life.
in adult spleen haemopoisis can restart in certain diseases,like chronic
myeloid leukemia and myesclerosis.
3.Immuneresponses-Under antigenic stimulation, there occurs increased
lymphopoiesis for cellular responses and incrased formations of
plasma cells fo the humoral responses.
4.Storage of RBCs-Red blood cells can be stored in the spleen and
released in to the circulation when needed.
26
27. DEVELOPEMENT
Spleen develops in the mesoderm in the cephalic part of
left layer of dorsal mesogastrium.The development occurs
during sixth week of intrauterine life.Number of nodules
develop which soon fuse to form a lobulated spleen
notching of the superior border of the adult spleen is an
evidence of its multiple origin.
Accessory spleens or Spleniculi-
These may be found In the derivatives of the dorsal
mesogastrium i.e. gastrosplenic ligament,lienorenal
ligament,gastrophrenic ligament and greater omentum.
27
28. APPLIED ANATOMY
1-Palpation of spleen-A normal spleen is not palpable. An enlarged spleen
can be felt under the left costal margin.
2-Splenomegaly-Enlaregement of the spleen is called splenomegaly.
sometimes the spleen becomes very large.it then projects towards the
right iliac fossa in the direction of the axis of the tenth rib.
3.-Splenctomy-Surgical removal of the spleen is called splenctomy.During
this operation damage to tail of the pancreas has to be carefully avoided.
4.-Splenic puncture-Spleen can be punctured through the 9th or 10th
intercostal space in the mid axillary line using a lumbar puncture needle.
Intrasplenic presuure is an indirect record of the portal presssure.splenic
venography reveals and confirm the enlarged portosystemic
communicatiuon in cases of portal hypertention.
Splenic infarction-the smaller branches of splenic artery are end
artery.Their obstruction (embolism) result kher’s sign.
Spleen is a danger of trauma to the lower thoracic cage especially 9th, 10th
and 11th ribs.
28
29. …..APPLIED ANATOMY
Pain of splenic tissue is poorly localised.it is also reffered to
the epigastrim region.Stretch of the splenic capsule
produces localized pain posteror part of left
upper(quadrant).
Partial splenectomy-since there are segmental branches of
the splenic artery,only one segment can be removed
according to the state of spleen.
After splenectomy ,spleen can be cut in to small pieces and
these can be implanted within the greater omentum.
29