The spleen is a wedge-shaped lymphatic organ located in the left hypochondrium. It acts as a filter for the blood and plays an important role in immune responses. The spleen is usually about 12.5 cm long, 7.5 cm broad, and 2.5 cm thick. It receives its blood supply from the splenic artery and drains into the portal vein. The spleen filters old red blood cells from the blood and aids in phagocytosis, hematopoiesis, and immune responses. Clinical issues involving the spleen include splenomegaly, splenectomy, and splenic puncture or infarction.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
It includes structure of stomach, stomach bed, function and internal structure.
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The stomach is an important organ and the most dilated portion of the digestive system. The esophagus precedes it, and the small intestine follows. It is a large, muscular, and hollow organ allowing for a capacity to hold food. It is comprised of 4 main regions, the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
anatomy of duodenum, location or position of duodenum, parts of duodenum, relations of each parts of duodenum, ligaments of treitz, visceral and peritoneal relation of duodenum, blood supply of duodenum, innervation of duodenum, clinical aspects of duodenum, duodenal ulcer, diverticulum, deodinitis, duodenal obstruction
It includes structure of stomach, stomach bed, function and internal structure.
Give your like & share with other nursing students.
The stomach is an important organ and the most dilated portion of the digestive system. The esophagus precedes it, and the small intestine follows. It is a large, muscular, and hollow organ allowing for a capacity to hold food. It is comprised of 4 main regions, the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
he spleen is a fist-sized organ found in the upper left side of your abdomen, next to your stomach and behind your left ribs. It's an important part of your immune system but you can survive without it. This is because the liver can take over many of the spleen's functions
The small intestine is the part of the alimentary canal that is continuous with the stomach at the pyloric orifice and leads into the large intestine through the iliocaecal valve. It is the part where the chemical digestion of food is completed and most of the absorption of nutrients take place.
It extends from the ileum to the anus.
It reabsorbs water converting liquid chyme into semi solid stools.
It consists of the following parts: 1)Caecum and vermiformis appendix. 2)Ascending colon and hepatic flexure. 3) Transverse colon and splenic flexure 4)Descending colon 5)Sigmoid colon 6) Rectum and 7) Anal canal.
The proximal half as far as the splenic flexure – reabsorbs water and electrolytes from fluid chyme .
The distal colon beyond the splenic flexure-stores formed faeces until they are excreted.
he kidneys are a vital organ critical to the human body. From filtering waste from blood to produce red blood cells, it serves a crucial role. With cells and tissue that work together in synchronized form for common function
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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2. • INTRODUCTION :
1. Spleen is a lymphatic organ connected to
the blood vascular system.
2. It acts as a filter for blood and plays an
important role in the immune responses
of the body.
3. • LOCATION : • The Spleen is a wedge-
shaped (Tetrahedral)
organ lying mainly in left
hypochondrium and
partly in epigastrium.
• It is wedged between the
fundus of the stomach
and the diaphragm.
4. DIMENSIONS
• The spleen is soft and highly vascular and Dark purple in colour
• The size and weight of the spleen are markedly variable
• Spleen is 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick
• 3 inch (7.5 cm) broad
• 5 inch (12.5 cm) long
• Weight- 7 ounce ( 200 gm)
• It is related to 9 to 11 ribs
• 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 (memory trick)
5. Position (Axis of spleen)
• The spleen lies obliquely along the long axis of the 10th rib
• Thus it is directed downwards, forwards and laterally.
• Making an angle of about 45 degrees with the horizontal
plane
6. • EXTERNAL FEATURES :
The Spleen has Two ends, Three borders and Two surfaces, Two angle and Hilum
• TWO ENDS :
1. Anterior end :- it is expanded and is more like a border. It is directed downwards and forwards and
reaches the mid axillary line.
2. Posterior end :- it is rounded. It is directed upwards, backwards and medially, and it rests on the
upper pole of the left kidney
• THREE BORDERS :
1. Superior border :- it is notched near the anterior end.
2. Inferior border :- it is rounded.
3. Intermediate border :- it is also rounded and is directed to the right
7. • TWO SURFACES :
1. The diaphragmatic surface :- it is convex and smooth. The diaphragmatic surface Is related to
the diaphragm which separates the Spleen from the costodiapgramatic recess of pleura, lung
and 9th ,10th and 11th ribs of the left side.
2. The Visceral surface :- it is concave and irregular.
• TWO ANGLE
1) Anterobasal angle- It is the junction of superior border with Anterior end
It is the forward projecting part of the spleen
This angle is called as “Clinical angle of spleen”.
2) Posterobasal angle- junction of inferior border with
Anterior end.
• HYLUM
Hilum lies between Superior and intermediate border
8. RELATION
• Peritonial relation
• The spleen is surrounded by peritoneum and suspended by following ligament.
1. Gastrosplenic ligament:- extends from the hilum of the spleen to the greater curvature of
the stomach
2. Lienorenal ligament :- extends from the hilum of the spleen
to the anterior surface of the left kidney.
1. The phrenicocolic ligament:- it is not attached to the spleen ,
but supports its anterior end. It is a horizontal fold of
peritoneum extending from splenic flexure of
colon to the diaphragm.
9. Visceral relation
• The visceral surface is related to the fundus of the stomach, anterior surface of left kidney, the
splenic flexure of the colon and the tail of the pancreas.
1. Gastric impression :- For the fundus of the stomach
Lies between the superior and intermediate border.
It is the largest and most concave impression.
2. Renal impression :- for left kidney, lies between inf. And Intermed. Border
3. Colic impression :- For the splenic flexure of the colon
4. Pancreatic impression:- for the tail of the pancreas.
lies between hilum and colic impr.
5. Hilum:- It transmit the splenic vessels and nerves ,
and provide attachment to
the gastrosplenic and lienorenal ligament
10. SUPPLY
• ARTERIAL SUPPLY
1. Splenic artery B/O Coeliac trunk
• VENOUS DRAINAGE
Splenic vein drain into portal vein
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
Pancreatosplenic lymphnodes
• NERVE SUPPLY-
Sympathetic nerves which derived from the coeliac plexus
11. • Functions of Spleen :
1. Phagocytosis : The Spleen is important component of the
reticuloendothelial system. The phagocytes Present In the sleen
removes all cell debris and old RBCs.
2. Haemopoiesis : The Spleen is an important haemopoietic organ during
foetal life. Lymphopoeisis countinues throughout the life. The
lymphocytes manufactured in it ,take part in immune responses.
3. Immune responses : Under antigenic stimulation ,there occurs
increased lymphopoeisis for cellular responses , and increased
formation of plasma cells for the humoral responses.
4. Storage of RBCs : Red Blood Cells can be stored In the Spleen and
released into the circulation when needed.
12. • CLINICAL ANATOMY :
1. Spleenomegaly :- Enlargement of the Spleen is called splenomegaly. It may occur In a
number of diseases.
2. Splenoctomy :- Surgical removal of the Spleen is call splenoctomy. During This
operation damage to the tail of pancreas has to be carefully avoided.
3. Splenic puncture :- Spleen can be punctured through the 8th or 9th intercostal space in
the mid axillary line using a lumbar puncture needle. When enlarged , it can be
punctured through the anterior abdominal wall. To avoid laceration of Spleen , the
patient must hold his breath during the procedure.
4. Intrasplenic pressure :- it is an indirect record of the portal pressure .
5. Splenic infarction :- The smaller branches of splenic artery are end arteries. Their
obstruction (embolism) therefore results in splenic infraction which causes pain in left
shoulder (Kehr’s sign).
6. Severe haemorrhage – as it has rich blood supply, ant trauma to the spleen causes
severe bleeding.
7. Palpation of the spleen – in left costal margin
