Radiographic techniques and projections for the examination of the skull and facial bones including paranasal sinuses to determine any diseases and defects in them
Radiographic techniques and projections for the examination of the skull and facial bones including paranasal sinuses to determine any diseases and defects in them
Detailed discussion on tumors and other pathologies of paranasal sinus and their management. Surgical anatomy and approaches are also discussed. Complications of PNS surgeries are discussed briefly
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. • Para nasal sinuses are air filled sacs
found in the skull bones
• Situated around the nasal cavity.
• Lined by mucus secreting
epithelium.
• Four groups -
Frontal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses
4. Function of Paranasal Sinuses
• The presence of these sinuses lightens the skull
• They add resonance to speech
• They play a vital role in conditioning the inspired air (Warm &
moisten air)
5. Maxillary sinus /Antrum of Highmore
• Largest of all paranasal sinuses
• Pyramidal in shape with Apex directed
laterally
• The maxillary sinuses are the first to
appear and are visible radiologically from
4-5 months after birth.
• Anterior wall – facial surface of maxilla
• Posteriorly – infratemporal and
pterygopalatine fossa
6. Roof – floor of the orbit.
Floor – alveolar process of maxilla
and the hard palate
7. Frontal sinus
• Located within the frontal bone adjacent to the
fronto-nasal articulation
• Vary in size ; may be asymmetrical
• Drains into middle meatus via the frontal recess
8. Ethmoidal sinus
• These consist of a labyrinth of bony
cavities or cells situated between the
medial walls of the orbit and the lateral
walls of the upper nasal cavity.
Three groups:
• Anterior & middle :Drains into middle
meatus
• Posterior :Drain into superior meatus
9. • Lateral wall – Is formed by the orbital plate of ethmoid. It is paper
thin and is known as lamina papyracea. Infections involving the
Ethmoidal air cells may spread to the orbit via this thin plate of bone.
• Roof – lies the frontal bone anteriorly, by the sphenoid posteriorly.
• Common sinus infections in children involve Ethmoidal sinuses
10. Sphenoid sinus
• within the body of the sphenoid
• drain into spheno-ethmoidal Recess.
Relations:
• above to the sella turcica,
• laterally, to the cranial cavity, particularly
to the cavernous sinuses
• below and in front, to the nasal cavities.
11.
12. X ray Paranasal sinuses
• The indication and the need for plain X-rays in diagnosis and further
management sinus pathology has declined over the last decade.
• CT is the imaging modality of choice.
• There is still a role for plain films of the paranasal sinuses in acute
infection.
• Advantages of x-ray imaging for PNS include:
1. Cost effectiveness
2. Easy availability
14. Waters View
• Also known as occipito mental view
• is the commonest view taken for paranasal sinuses
• developed by Waters and Waldron in 1915
• This was actually a modification of occipito frontal projection
(Caldwell view)
15. • Positioning of patient :
• The patient is made to sit facing the bucky.
• Head is adjusted to bring orbito meatal line to
45 deg to the cassette
• The patient’s nose and chin are placed in
contact with the midline of cassette.
• Median Sagittal Plane perp to bucky
16. • Horizontal central line of cassette should be at the
level of the lower orbital margins
Centering –
• Central ray perpendicular to the cassette
• Centred 1 inch above the external occipital
protuberance.
17. Essential image
characteristics
• Petrous ridges projected
immediately below
maxillary sinuses
• Ensure no rotation :
Distance from lateral
border of skull and orbit
equal on each side
18. Opacification due to acute maxillary sinusitis and fluid levels seen on tilted view.
19. Caldwell view [occipito frontal with 15 deg caudad]
• This projection is used to demonstrate the frontal
and ethmoid sinuses.
• Positioning of patient :
• Patient is seated facing the erect bucky
• Neck is flexed to bring nose and forehead in contact
with the bucky.
• orbito meatal line perpendicular to the bucky,
20. • Central ray :
• Ray is directed perpendicular to the bucky along
the median sagittal plane.
• The tube is rotated 15 deg caudal to the orbito
meatal baseline
• centered 1/2 inch below the external occipital
protruberance
21.
22. Lateral view
• Patient sits facing the cassette
• Head is then rotated, such that the
median sagittal plane is parallel and
the inter-orbital line is perpendicular
to cassette.
• Head is adjusted so that the centre
of the cassette is along the orbito-
meatal line.
23. • Centering -
• centred to a point 1 inch posterior
to the outer canthus of the eye.
• X ray beam is perpendicular to the
cassette.
24. Essential image
characteristics
• A true lateral will have
been achieved if the lateral
portions of the floors of the
anterior cranial fossa are
superimposed
26. • Pyramidal bony cavity => base lies anteriorly ; apex posteriorly.
• 4 walls: a roof, floor, medial and lateral wall, all of which converge
posteriorly at the orbital apex
27. Roof
• thin, separates the orbit from the
anterior cranial fossa.
• Frontal bone anteriorly
• Lesser wing of sphenoid
posteriorly.
The orbital roof forms the floor of
the frontal sinus
28. Floor
• Zygomatic bone laterally
• Maxilla medially,
• with a small contribution from
the orbital process of the
palatine bone;
The orbital floor forms the roof
of the maxillary sinus and is
relatively thin, thus susceptible
to blow-out fracture.
29. Medial Wall
1. Maxilla
2. Ethmoid
3. Lacrimal
4. Small contribution from Sphenoid
It is a very thin wall, separates the
orbit from the nasal cavity.
31. Fissures
• Superior orbital fissure is a
triangular slit between the greater and
lesser wings of sphenoid.
• Runs upwards and laterally.
• Transmits
Lacrimal, Frontal, and Nasociliary
branches of the ophthalmic nerve
(V1), III , IV and VI cranial nerves,
Superior ophthalmic vein and
Br of Middle meningeal artery.
32. Inferior orbital fissure
• lies between the lateral wall and
floor of the orbit as they converge
on the apex of orbit.
• Runs downwards and laterally .
• Transmits the maxillary nerve (V2)
and its zygomatic branch, the infra-
orbital vessels.
33. • Optic Canal - round opening at
the apex which opens into the
middle cranial fossa
• Bounded medially by the body
of the sphenoid and laterally by
the lesser wing of the
sphenoid.
• Transmits
optic nerve
ophthalmic artery
34. • The infraorbital groove runs from the
inferior orbital fissure in the floor of the
orbit before dipping down to become the
infraorbital canal.
• Infra-orbital nerve, part of the maxillary
nerve V2 ,and vessels pass through this
structure as they exit onto the face.
35. Occipito-mental (modified)
• Positioning-
• Best performed with the patient seated
facing the cassette
• Patient’s nose and chin : midline of the
cassette
• Horizontal central line of cassette : level
of the midpoint of the orbits
36. • Centering :
• Central ray of the skull unit should be perpendicular to the cassette
• Centred 1 inch above the external occipital protuberance
• There should be no rotation. This can be checked by ensuring that
the distance from the lateral orbital wall to the outer skull margins
is equidistant on both sides.