The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external and internal structures of both systems in detail over multiple pages. Key points include: - The male external structures are the scrotum, testes, and penis. The internal structures include the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, and urethra. - The female external structures are parts of the vulva like the mons pubis, labia minora and majora, clitoris, and perineum. Internally it describes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. - Both

1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY rlgbautista,rn

2. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM*** External Structures *** 8/14/2010 2

3. SCROTUM Rugated, skin covered muscular pouch suspended from the perineum. Supports the testes Helps regulate the temperature of sperm 8/14/2010 3

5. Seminiferous tubules – responsible for the production of spematozoa8/14/2010 4

7. 1 corpus spongiosum8/14/2010 5

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9. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM*** Internal Structures *** 8/14/2010 7

10. EPIDIDYMIS A tightly coiled tube responsible for conducting the sperm from the seminiferous tubule to the vas deferens Over 20 feet long Serves as the storage for sperm A portion of the seminal fluid is secreted by the cells lining it. 8/14/2010 8

11. VAS DEFERENS A hollow tube surrounded by arteries and veins and protected by a thick fibrous coating. Carries sperm from the epididymis through inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity ending at the seminal vesicles and the ejaculatory duct At this level, sperm matures but are immobile because of the fairly acidic medium of the semen. Blood vessels + vas deferens = spermatic cord 8/14/2010 9

12. SEMINAL VESICLES Two convoluted pouches that lie along the lower portion of the posterior surface of the bladder and empty into the urethra by way of the ejaculatory ducts Secretes a viscous alkaline liquid high in sugar, protein and prostaglandin Sperm are motile at this point 8/14/2010 10

13. EJACULATORY DUCTS Two ducts that pass through the prostate gland and joins the seminal vesicles to the urethra. 8/14/2010 11

14. PROSTATE GLAND A chestnut sized gland that lie below the bladder Secretes a thin alkaline fluid which will protect the sperm from the acidic medium of the urethra 8/14/2010 12

15. BULBOURETHRAL GLAND Also called Cowper’s Gland Lies beside the prostate gland and empty via short ducts into the urethra Also secretes an alkaline fluid that helps counteract the acid secretion of the urethra and ensures safe passage of the spermatozoa. 8/14/2010 13

16. URETHRA Lined with mucous membrane, it is a hollow tube leading from the base of the bladder, which after passing through the prostate gland continues to the outside through the shaft and glans penis Approximately 8 inches (18-20cm) long 8/14/2010 14

17. 8/14/2010 15 Semen is derived from: 60% prostate gland, 30% seminal vesicles, 5% epididymis, 5% bulbourethral glands

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19. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM*** External Structures *** 8/14/2010 17

20. 8/14/2010 18 VULVA – the collective term used to refer to the structures that form the female external genitalia (derived from the Latin word for “covering”)

21. MONS VENERIS A pad of adipose tissue located over the symphysis pubis Covered by a triangle of coarse, curly hairs Protects the junction of the pubic bone from trauma 8/14/2010 19

22. LABIA MINORA Two hairless folds of connective tissue Folds are pink, the internal surface is covered with mucous membrane and the external surface with skin. Area is abundant with sebaceous glands 8/14/2010 20

23. LABIA MAJORA Two folds of adipose tissue covered by loose connective tissue and epithelium that are positioned lateral to the labia minora Covered with pubic hair, it serves as a protection for the external genitalia and the distal urethra and vagina 8/14/2010 21

24. VESTIBULE Flattened smooth surface inside the labia where the opening to the bladder (urethra) and opening to the uterus (vagina) arise. 8/14/2010 22

25. CLITORIS A small rounded organ of erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia minora Covered by a prepuce Approximately 1-2 cm Sensitive to touch and temperature and is the center of sexual arousal and orgasm in a woman. Arterial blood supply is also plentiful causing muscular contraction leading to clitoral erection 8/14/2010 23

26. SKENE’S GLANDS (paraurethral gland) Located lateral to the urinary meatus, one on each side Ducts open into the urethra BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS (vulvovaginal gland) Located lateral to the vaginal opening on both sides Ducts open into the distal vagina 8/14/2010 24

27. FOURCHETTE A ridge of tissue formed by the posterior joining of the two labia minora and the labia majora The structure that is sometimes cut during childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening (episiotomy) 8/14/2010 25

28. PERINEAL MUSCLE/PERINEAL BODY/PERINEUM Located posterior to the fourchette A muscular area that is easily stretched during childbirth to allow for enlargement of the vagina and passage of the fetal head 8/14/2010 26

29. HYMEN Tough but elastic semi circle of tissue that covers the opening to the vagina in childhood Often torn during the time of first sexual intercourse. 8/14/2010 27

31. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM*** Internal Structures *** 8/14/2010 30

32. OVARIES Approximately 4cm long by 2 cm in diameter and approximately 1.5cm thick Almond shaped, grayish white and appears pitted or with minute indentations on the surface. The following can be observed on its surface: Unruptured, glistening, clear fluid filled graafian follicle (an ovum about to be discharged) A miniature yellow corpus luteum (a structure left behind after the ovum has been discharged) 8/14/2010 31

33. Ovaries... Located close to and on both sides of the uterus in the lower abdomen Produces estrogen and progesterone, regulates and initiates menstrual cycles. Produce, matures and discharge ova Necessary for maturation and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics in females Held suspended and in close contact with the fallopian tube by three supporting ligaments attached to the uterus or the pelvic wall. 8/14/2010 32

34. Ovaries... Has three principal divisions: Protective layer of surface epithelium Cortex where immature oocytes mature into ova and large amounts of estrogen and progesterone are produced Central medulla, which contains the nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic tissues and some smooth muscle tissue. 8/14/2010 33

35. FALLOPIAN TUBES Arise from each upper corner of the uterine body and extend outward and backward until each opens at its distal end, next to an ovary. Approximately 10cm long Conveys the ovum from the ovaries to the uterus Provides a place for fertilization of the ovum by the sperm 8/14/2010 34

36. Fallopian tube... Anatomically divided into four parts: Interstitial – the most proximal portion, the part of the tube that lies within the uterine wall; 1 cm in length, lumen is 1mm in diameter. Isthmus – the next distal portion; approximately 2 cm in length; the portion of the tube that is cut or sealed in a tubal ligation Ampulla – the longest portion of the tube; approximately 5 cm in length; the portion where fertilization occurs Infundibulum – the most distal; approximately 2cm long and is funnel shaped; the rim is covered by a fimriae that help guide the ovum into the fallopian tube 8/14/2010 35

37. UTERUS A hollow muscular, pear shaped organ located in the lower pelvis posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum At childhood, it is approximately the size of an olive With maturity, it is approx. 5-7cm long, 5cm wide and in its widest part 2.5cm deep. Weighs 60g in a non pregnant state 8/14/2010 36

38. Uterus... Function is to (1) receive the ovum from the fallopian tube; (2) provide a place for implantation and nourishment; (3) furnish protection to a growing fetus; (4) at maturity of the fetus, expel it from the woman’s body After pregnancy it never returns to its non pregnant size and is 80g in weight 8/14/2010 37

39. Consists of 3 divisions: Body or corpus – uppermost part and forms the bulk of the organ; the portion that expands to contain the growing fetus. Fundus – the portion between the points of attachment of the fallopian tubes; can be palpated abdominally to (1) determine the amount of uterine growth during pregnancy; (2) measure the force of uterine contractions during labor; (3) assessing the return of the uterus to its non-pregnant state after childbirth Isthmus – a short segment between the body and the cervix; the portion that greatly enlarges to accommodate the growing fetus; the portion that is cut if the fetus is born via CS 8/14/2010 38

40. UTERINE LININGS Endometrium Formed by two layers of cells, the basal layer and the glandular layer The layer that is shed off as the menstrual flow 8/14/2010 39

41. Myometrium Muscle layer, composed of 3 interwocen layers of smooth muscle and fibers arranged longitudinally, transverse, and oblique Constricts the tubal junctions and prevents regurgitation of menstrual blood into the tubes Holds the internal cervical os closed during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth 8/14/2010 40

42. Perimetrium The outermost layer, serves to add strength and support to the uterus 8/14/2010 41

43. UTERINE BLOOD SUPPLY Came from the descending aorta, where it divides to form two iliac arteries whose main divisions are the hypogastric arteries, further dividing to form the uterine arteries that supplies the uterus. 8/14/2010 42

44. UTERINE NERVE SUPPLY Both by afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) nerves Efferent – T5 throuh T10 spinal ganglia Afferent – hypogastric plexus and enters the spinal column at T11 and T12 8/14/2010 43

45. POSITIONAL DEVIATIONS OF THE UTERUS Anteversion – tipped far forward Retroversion – tipped backwards Anteflexion – body of the uterus bent sharply forward at the junction with the cervix Retroflexion – body is bent sharply backwards just above the cervix 8/14/2010 44

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48. External cervical os – the level of the ischial spine 8/14/2010 46

49. cervix ... Endocervix – the mucous membrane lining the cervix and is continuous with the endometrium. These secretes (alkaline) mucous to provide a lubricated surface so that spermatozoa can readily pass through the cervix During pregnancy it becomes plugged with mucus (operculum/mucus plug) forming a seal to keep out ascending infections 8/14/2010 47

50. VAGINA Hollow musculomembranous canal located posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum Acts as the organ of intercourse Conveys sperm to the cervix so that sperm can meet with the ovum in the fallopian tube With childbirth, it expands to serve as the birth canal 8/14/2010 48

51. The walls are rugated that lie in close approximation with each other that makes the vagina elastic and able to expand at the end of pregnancy to allow a full term baby to pass through without tearing Mucus produced by the lining is rich in glycogen and with the action of a bacteria that frequents the vagina (Doderlein’s bacillus) lactic acid is formed, that makes the vaginal pH acidic 8/14/2010 49

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