The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the key organs in both systems, including their structure and functions. In the male system, it discusses the testes, scrotum, sperm production, and the role of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and urethra during ejaculation. In the female system, it outlines the external genitalia (vulva), and internal organs including the vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries. The purpose of both systems is to produce gametes and facilitate fertilization and fetal development.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and expelled from the body through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units that produce urine in a three step process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine production and composition are regulated by hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its organization and major components. It discusses the neuron, neuroglia, classification of nerve fibers, properties of nerve fibers, and the resting and action potentials. It also covers receptors, the senses including sensory receptors and vision, hearing, taste, smell, pain and temperature sensation. The central nervous system including the meninges, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, and the structure and functions of the main parts of the brain are described.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the major organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It then discusses the specific functions of these organs, such as ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption and elimination. The document delves into further detail about the anatomy and functions of the mouth, salivary glands, teeth, esophagus and stomach.
The document provides a detailed overview of the anatomy and function of the digestive system. It describes each part of the alimentary canal from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. It also discusses the accessory organs including the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. For each organ, it outlines the layers, blood supply, nerve supply and role in digestion.
Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive systemPallavi Lokhande
The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and several supporting Structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
and knowledge of this system can help in knowing abnormality in it as well as can be used as study material
C:\Documents And Settings\User\Desktop\Stomach HistologyMBBS IMS MSU
The document describes the histology of the stomach, including its four main layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa) and the different cell types found within the gastric glands of the mucosa, such as parietal, chief, and mucus secreting cells. It also explains the distinct histological features of the different regions of the stomach, like the branched glands that open into deep pits in the pyloric region. The lamina propria layer contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and smooth muscle cells that support the overlying mucosa.
Anatomy of the urinary system
Anatomy of the kidneys
Anatomy of the nephron
Anatomy of the ureters
Anatomy of the urinary bladder
Anatomy of the urethra; male and female urethra
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and expelled from the body through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons, which are the functional filtering units that produce urine in a three step process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine production and composition are regulated by hormones like renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its organization and major components. It discusses the neuron, neuroglia, classification of nerve fibers, properties of nerve fibers, and the resting and action potentials. It also covers receptors, the senses including sensory receptors and vision, hearing, taste, smell, pain and temperature sensation. The central nervous system including the meninges, ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, and the structure and functions of the main parts of the brain are described.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It describes the major organs that make up the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It then discusses the specific functions of these organs, such as ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption and elimination. The document delves into further detail about the anatomy and functions of the mouth, salivary glands, teeth, esophagus and stomach.
The document provides a detailed overview of the anatomy and function of the digestive system. It describes each part of the alimentary canal from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. It also discusses the accessory organs including the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. For each organ, it outlines the layers, blood supply, nerve supply and role in digestion.
Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive systemPallavi Lokhande
The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and several supporting Structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
and knowledge of this system can help in knowing abnormality in it as well as can be used as study material
C:\Documents And Settings\User\Desktop\Stomach HistologyMBBS IMS MSU
The document describes the histology of the stomach, including its four main layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa) and the different cell types found within the gastric glands of the mucosa, such as parietal, chief, and mucus secreting cells. It also explains the distinct histological features of the different regions of the stomach, like the branched glands that open into deep pits in the pyloric region. The lamina propria layer contains blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and smooth muscle cells that support the overlying mucosa.
Anatomy of the urinary system
Anatomy of the kidneys
Anatomy of the nephron
Anatomy of the ureters
Anatomy of the urinary bladder
Anatomy of the urethra; male and female urethra
The document provides information about the urinary system and its components. It discusses the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the location and structure of the kidneys, as well as the microscopic structure of nephrons. It also discusses the pathways of urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder and urethra are described in terms of their location, structure, and functions in both males and females.
The document describes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and some of their key functions. It discusses the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for smell, and the optic nerve, which is involved in vision. It also outlines the oculomotor nerve, which supplies muscles of the eye, and the trigeminal nerve, which transmits sensations from the face and controls chewing muscles. Finally, it briefly summarizes several other cranial nerves including the facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves and some of their sensory and motor roles.
anatomy of large intestine all info. is from snell clinical anatomy
this lecture composed of :- cecum , appendix , colon , rectum and anal canal
with all relation (location , blood supply , lymphatic drainage and nerve supply)
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the human ear. It describes the three main regions of the ear - external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the auricle, external auditory canal, and eardrum. The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, and eustachian tube. The inner ear is divided into the bony and membranous labyrinths, which include the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea. Sound waves cause the eardrum and ossicles to vibrate, transmitting the vibrations through the oval window to hair cells in the co
The male reproductive system includes internal structures like the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis. The testes are held in the scrotum and produce sperm. Sperm travel through the epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct before mixing with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra in the penis during orgasm. Blood flows into the structures via internal iliac arteries and drains via internal iliac veins. Lymphatic drainage is to internal and external iliac lymph nodes.
The colon, or large intestine, extends from the cecum to the anal canal. It can be divided into four parts: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The colon contains thickened bands of muscle called teniae coli that give rise to sac-like pouches called haustra. Blood supply comes from branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Lymphatic drainage is through numerous colic lymph nodes. Diseases that can affect the colon include cancer, diverticulitis, volvulus, and appendicitis.
The pancreas is an elongated, retroperitoneal organ that extends from the duodenum to the spleen. It has an exocrine function that aids in digestion through secretion of pancreatic juice containing enzymes and an endocrine function through the islets of Langerhans that produce hormones like insulin and glucagon. The pancreas develops from ventral and dorsal buds originating from the endoderm of the foregut. Diseases of the pancreas can cause issues like diabetes, pancreatitis, jaundice and cancer.
The digestive system begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Food is ingested and broken down through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion begins with chewing in the mouth. Chemical digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in specific areas of the digestive tract. Digested nutrients are then absorbed through the walls of the tract and transported throughout the body.
The bladder is a hollow organ located in the pelvis that collects and stores urine before expelling it. It has unique muscular and neurological properties to allow filling and emptying. The bladder receives urine from the ureters and expels it through the urethra, with internal and external sphincters controlling outflow.
The urinary bladder is a muscular reservoir located in the pelvis that stores urine. It has a capacity of 120-320 ml normally. The internal structure includes rugae, the trigone, and the internal urethral orifice. The male urethra passes through the prostate, bulbus penis, and corpus spongiosum to the external urethral orifice. It is surrounded by internal and external sphincters. The female urethra is shorter and located above the vagina. Catheterization of the bladder is used to drain urine.
The alimentary canal of Scoliodon comprises:
the mouth,
buccal cavity,
pharynx,
oesophagus,
stomach,
intestine and
rectum opening in the cloaca through anus.
study of structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract
- histology of the oral cavity
- histology of the pharynx
- histology of the esophagus and stomach
- histology of intestine
- histology of the liver and pancreas
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a multi-step process involving both mechanical and chemical breakdown as well as nutrient absorption throughout the alimentary canal.
Anatomy & embryology of urinary bladderDeepesh Kalra
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the bladder. It describes the bladder as a hollow sac that acts as a reservoir for urine. During embryonic development, the bladder arises from the urogenital sinus and cloaca. It develops a trigone region where the ureters enter. The bladder has layers including urothelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, and connective tissue. It is innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves and has blood supply from internal iliac arteries.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It has some differences between males and females. The male urethra is longer (18-20 cm) and curved, serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation. It has two parts - the posterior urethra near the bladder and anterior urethra in the penis. The female urethra is shorter (4 cm) and straight, serving only urination. It opens between the clitoris and vaginal opening. Catheterization is easier in females due to the straight course of the urethra.
The male reproductive system consists of organs that produce and transfer mature sperm. The testes produce sperm which travel through the vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland. These organs combine their secretions to form semen, which contains sperm. During sexual arousal, erectile tissue in the penis fills with blood, causing an erection to allow delivery of semen into the female reproductive tract during intercourse.
The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs —in both males and females —that work together for the purpose of procreating.
Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists feel that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The human body’s major systems, the reproductive system is the one that differs most between sexes, and the only system that does not function until puberty.
The male reproductive system produces sperm and reproductive hormones. During development, the testes descend from the abdomen into the scrotum. At puberty, the testes and sex organs mature under hormonal changes. The testes produce sperm through spermatogenesis and store them in the epididymis. During ejaculation, sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands are expelled through the urethra. The male sex hormones support secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. Sperm travel through the duct system and are ejaculated in semen to potentially fertilize an egg.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the organs involved in both systems, including the testes, ovaries, ducts, and external genitalia. It explains sperm and egg production, hormone regulation, and fertilization. Key concepts covered are the structures of the testes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina, as well as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and the menstrual cycle.
The document provides information on the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external and internal structures of both systems in detail. The female reproductive system includes the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and breasts. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra and penis. The functions of reproduction such as gamete formation, fertilization, gestation and lactation are enabled by these reproductive organs.
The document provides information about the urinary system and its components. It discusses the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes the location and structure of the kidneys, as well as the microscopic structure of nephrons. It also discusses the pathways of urine flow from the kidneys to the bladder via the ureters. The urinary bladder and urethra are described in terms of their location, structure, and functions in both males and females.
The document describes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and some of their key functions. It discusses the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for smell, and the optic nerve, which is involved in vision. It also outlines the oculomotor nerve, which supplies muscles of the eye, and the trigeminal nerve, which transmits sensations from the face and controls chewing muscles. Finally, it briefly summarizes several other cranial nerves including the facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves and some of their sensory and motor roles.
anatomy of large intestine all info. is from snell clinical anatomy
this lecture composed of :- cecum , appendix , colon , rectum and anal canal
with all relation (location , blood supply , lymphatic drainage and nerve supply)
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the human ear. It describes the three main regions of the ear - external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the auricle, external auditory canal, and eardrum. The middle ear contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, and eustachian tube. The inner ear is divided into the bony and membranous labyrinths, which include the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea. Sound waves cause the eardrum and ossicles to vibrate, transmitting the vibrations through the oval window to hair cells in the co
The male reproductive system includes internal structures like the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis. The testes are held in the scrotum and produce sperm. Sperm travel through the epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory duct before mixing with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra in the penis during orgasm. Blood flows into the structures via internal iliac arteries and drains via internal iliac veins. Lymphatic drainage is to internal and external iliac lymph nodes.
The colon, or large intestine, extends from the cecum to the anal canal. It can be divided into four parts: the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The colon contains thickened bands of muscle called teniae coli that give rise to sac-like pouches called haustra. Blood supply comes from branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. Lymphatic drainage is through numerous colic lymph nodes. Diseases that can affect the colon include cancer, diverticulitis, volvulus, and appendicitis.
The pancreas is an elongated, retroperitoneal organ that extends from the duodenum to the spleen. It has an exocrine function that aids in digestion through secretion of pancreatic juice containing enzymes and an endocrine function through the islets of Langerhans that produce hormones like insulin and glucagon. The pancreas develops from ventral and dorsal buds originating from the endoderm of the foregut. Diseases of the pancreas can cause issues like diabetes, pancreatitis, jaundice and cancer.
The digestive system begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Food is ingested and broken down through both mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion begins with chewing in the mouth. Chemical digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in specific areas of the digestive tract. Digested nutrients are then absorbed through the walls of the tract and transported throughout the body.
The bladder is a hollow organ located in the pelvis that collects and stores urine before expelling it. It has unique muscular and neurological properties to allow filling and emptying. The bladder receives urine from the ureters and expels it through the urethra, with internal and external sphincters controlling outflow.
The urinary bladder is a muscular reservoir located in the pelvis that stores urine. It has a capacity of 120-320 ml normally. The internal structure includes rugae, the trigone, and the internal urethral orifice. The male urethra passes through the prostate, bulbus penis, and corpus spongiosum to the external urethral orifice. It is surrounded by internal and external sphincters. The female urethra is shorter and located above the vagina. Catheterization of the bladder is used to drain urine.
The alimentary canal of Scoliodon comprises:
the mouth,
buccal cavity,
pharynx,
oesophagus,
stomach,
intestine and
rectum opening in the cloaca through anus.
study of structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract
- histology of the oral cavity
- histology of the pharynx
- histology of the esophagus and stomach
- histology of intestine
- histology of the liver and pancreas
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a multi-step process involving both mechanical and chemical breakdown as well as nutrient absorption throughout the alimentary canal.
Anatomy & embryology of urinary bladderDeepesh Kalra
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the bladder. It describes the bladder as a hollow sac that acts as a reservoir for urine. During embryonic development, the bladder arises from the urogenital sinus and cloaca. It develops a trigone region where the ureters enter. The bladder has layers including urothelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, and connective tissue. It is innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves and has blood supply from internal iliac arteries.
The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It has some differences between males and females. The male urethra is longer (18-20 cm) and curved, serving the dual functions of urination and ejaculation. It has two parts - the posterior urethra near the bladder and anterior urethra in the penis. The female urethra is shorter (4 cm) and straight, serving only urination. It opens between the clitoris and vaginal opening. Catheterization is easier in females due to the straight course of the urethra.
The male reproductive system consists of organs that produce and transfer mature sperm. The testes produce sperm which travel through the vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate gland. These organs combine their secretions to form semen, which contains sperm. During sexual arousal, erectile tissue in the penis fills with blood, causing an erection to allow delivery of semen into the female reproductive tract during intercourse.
The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs —in both males and females —that work together for the purpose of procreating.
Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists feel that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The human body’s major systems, the reproductive system is the one that differs most between sexes, and the only system that does not function until puberty.
The male reproductive system produces sperm and reproductive hormones. During development, the testes descend from the abdomen into the scrotum. At puberty, the testes and sex organs mature under hormonal changes. The testes produce sperm through spermatogenesis and store them in the epididymis. During ejaculation, sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands are expelled through the urethra. The male sex hormones support secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. Sperm travel through the duct system and are ejaculated in semen to potentially fertilize an egg.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the organs involved in both systems, including the testes, ovaries, ducts, and external genitalia. It explains sperm and egg production, hormone regulation, and fertilization. Key concepts covered are the structures of the testes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina, as well as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and the menstrual cycle.
The document provides information on the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external and internal structures of both systems in detail. The female reproductive system includes the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and breasts. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra and penis. The functions of reproduction such as gamete formation, fertilization, gestation and lactation are enabled by these reproductive organs.
Human Reproducton and biological change.pptxbholu803201
The document discusses human reproduction and the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the major functions and events of the reproductive system including gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, and development of the fetus. It provides detailed information on sperm production (spermatogenesis) in the testes and ovaries, and the structures and roles of reproductive organs like the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and the testes, epididymis, and accessory glands in males.
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm and reproductive hormones. It includes internal organs like the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, and the epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland, which produce fluids that nourish and transport sperm. Externally, it includes the penis, which delivers sperm during intercourse, and the scrotum, which houses the testes and maintains the temperature needed for sperm production. The testes contain seminiferous tubules that produce sperm and Leydig cells that secrete testosterone, both of which are essential for male fertility and sexual function.
The male reproductive system undergoes significant changes during puberty due to increased hormone production. This causes enlargement of the testes and genitals. Sperm are produced in the testes through spermatogenesis, a process where diploid cells undergo meiosis to become haploid sperm. Mature sperm are stored in the epididymis and travel through ducts to be ejaculated through the urethra.
The document discusses human reproduction. It describes the structure and function of male and female reproductive systems. In males, the testes produce sperm which are transported via the vas deferens. During ejaculation, sperm mix with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen. In females, eggs are produced in the ovaries and mature in the fallopian tubes. If sperm meet and fertilize an egg, it may implant in the uterus for pregnancy. The goal of reproduction is production of gametes and potential fertilization and pregnancy.
The male and female reproductive systems have several functions including producing gametes (eggs and sperm), transporting and sustaining these cells, nurturing the developing offspring, and producing hormones.
The male reproductive system includes testes that produce sperm and hormones, ducts that transport sperm, and accessory glands including seminal vesicles and prostate gland that produce fluid for semen.
The female reproductive system includes ovaries that produce eggs and hormones, oviducts that transport eggs, a uterus for pregnancy, a cervix and vagina for delivery, and external genitals.
Adolescence begins with puberty between ages 9-14 when a burst of hormones activates testes maturation. The testes, located in the scrotum, produce sperm through spermatogenesis and male sex hormones. Sperm travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra, mixing with secretions from accessory glands to form semen, which is ejaculated through the penis.
7. Male and Female reproductive system.pptxAbhiDabra
The document provides an overview of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the key organs involved in both systems, including their structure and functions. For the male system it covers the testes, spermatic cord, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and urethra. For the female system it discusses the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. It also explains processes like the menstrual cycle, fertilization, pregnancy, and menopause.
The male reproductive system undergoes significant changes during adolescence due to a burst of hormones that activate the maturation of the testes and lead to physical changes like growth of the genitals and body hair. Sperm production begins in the seminiferous tubules of the testes where spermatogonia undergo mitosis and meiosis to form haploid spermatids and eventually mature sperm. The sperm travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra where secretions from accessory glands form semen. During ejaculation, sperm are propelled from the body through the urethra by contractions of the penis.
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the testes, penis, prostate gland, and other male organs. It also describes the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and other female organs. Gametes are produced in the testes and ovaries, and reproductive hormones like testosterone and estrogen help develop secondary sex characteristics at puberty.
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm. During puberty, the testes enlarge and begin producing testosterone and sperm through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules. Mature sperm pass through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra to be ejaculated with fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. The penis becomes erect through increased blood flow, allowing for sexual intercourse and delivery of sperm.
The male reproductive system undergoes significant changes during puberty due to increases in hormones like testosterone. This document describes the structures and functions of the male reproductive system, including the testes, scrotum, penis, and other organs. Sperm are produced in the testes through the process of spermatogenesis, where germ cells undergo meiosis to become mature sperm over approximately 74 days. The sperm then travel through the duct system and are ejaculated mixed with fluids from accessory glands.
he reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together for the purpose of procreating, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Due to its vital role in the survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important systems in the entire body.
The female reproductive system functions to produce eggs and hormones. It includes both external genital organs like the vulva and internal organs like the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones, the fallopian tubes help eggs reach the uterus, and the uterus supports pregnancy and childbirth. The system goes through monthly changes in a menstrual cycle regulated by hormones, culminating in ovulation when an egg is released for possible fertilization.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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1. Reproductive System
Mr. Mayur Gaikar
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
College of Pharmacy (For Women), Chincholi, Nashik.
2. Adult males & females produce specialised reproductive
germ cells, called gametes.
The male gametes are called spermatozoa & the female
gametes are called ova.
They contain the genetic material, or genes, on
chromosomes, which pass inherited characteristics on to the
next generation other body cells possess 46 chromosomes
arranged in 23 pairs but the gametes contain only 23, one
from each pair.
Gametes are formed by meiosis.
Introduction
3. At fertilisation, the fusion of an ovum & a
spermatozoon, the resulting cell is called a zygote, & now
possesses the full complement of 46 chromosomes.
The zygote embeds itself in the wall of the uterus where
it grows and develops during the 40- week gestation
period before birth.
4. The functions of the female reproductive system are:
Formation of ova.
Reception of spermatozoa provision of suitable
environments for fertilization & fetal development
Parturition (childbirth)
Lactation,
The production of breast milk, which provides
complete nourishment for the baby in its early life.
5. The functions of the male reproductive system are:
Production of spermatozoa.
Transmission of spermatozoa to the female.
7. Scrotum
The scrotum is a pouch of deeply pigmented skin, fibrous
connective tissue & smooth muscle. It is divided into two
compartments each of which contains one testis, one epididymis & the
testicular end of a spermatic cord. It lies below the symphysis pubis, in
front of the upper parts of the thighs & behind the penis.
Testes
The testes are the reproductive glands of the male & are the
equivalent of the ovaries in the female. They are about 4.5 cm long,
2.5 cm wide and 3 cm thick & are suspended in the scrotum by the
spermatic cords. They are surrounded by three layers of tissue.
11. Tunica vaginalis
This is a double membrane, forming the outer covering of the testes,
and is a downgrowth of the abdominal and pelvic peritoneum. The peritoneum
eventually surrounds the testes in the scrotum, and becomes detached from the
abdominal peritoneum. Descent of the testes into the scrotum should be
complete by the 8th month of fetal life.
Tunica albuginea
This is a fibrous covering beneath the tunica vaginalis that surrounds
the testes. Ingrowths form septa, dividing the glandular structure of the testes
into lobules.
Tunica vasculosa
This consists of a network of capillaries supported by delicate connective
tissue.
12. Structure of testis:
In each testis are 200 to 300 lobules, & within each lobule
are 1 to 4 convoluted loops composed of germinal epithelial cells,
called seminiferous tubules. Between the tubules are groups of
interstitial cells (of Leydig) that secrete the hormone testosterone
after puberty. At the upper pole of the testis the tubules combine to
form a single tubule. This tubule, about 6 m in its full length, is
repeatedly folded and tightly packed into a mass called the
epididymis. It leaves the scrotum as the deferent duct (vas
deferens) in the spermatic cord. Blood and lymph vessels pass to
the testes in the spermatic cords.
13. Functions
Spermatozoa (sperm) are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the
testes, & mature as they pass through the long & convoluted epididymis,
where they are stored.
The hormone controlling sperm production is FSH from the anterior
pituitary.
A mature sperm has a head, a body, & a long whip-like tail used for
motility. The head is almost completely filled by the nucleus, containing
its DNA. It also contains the enzymes required to penetrate the outer
layers of the ovum to reach, and fuse with, its nucleus. The body of the
sperm is packed with mitochondria, to fuel the propelling action of the
tail that powers the sperm along the female reproductive tract.
14. Spermatic cords
The spermatic cords suspend the testes in the scrotum.
Each cord contains a testicular artery, testicular veins,
lymphatics, a deferent duct & testicular nerves, which come
together to form the cord from their various origins in the
abdomen.
The cord, which is covered in a sheath of smooth
muscle & connective and fibrous tissues, extends through the
inguinal canal and is attached to the testis on the posterior wall.
15. The deferent duct
This is some 45 cm long. It
passes upwards from the
testis through the inguinal
canal & ascends medially
towards the posterior wall
of the bladder where it is
joined by the duct from the
seminal vesicle to form the
ejaculatory duct
16. Seminal vesicles
The seminal vesicles are 2 small fibromuscular pouches
lined with columnar epithelium, lying on the posterior aspect of the
bladder. At its lower end each seminal vesicle opens into a short duct,
which joins with the corresponding deferent duct to form an
ejaculatory duct.
Functions
The seminal vesicles contract & expel their stored contents,
seminal fluid, during ejaculation.
Seminal fluid, which forms 60% of the bulk of the fluid
ejaculated at male orgasm, contains nutrients to support the sperm
during their journey through the female reproductive tract.
17. Ejaculatory ducts
The ejaculatory ducts are 2 tubes about 2 cm
long, each formed by the union of the duct from a
seminal vesicle & a deferent duct.
They pass through the prostate gland & join the
prostatic urethra, carrying seminal fluid & spermatozoa
to the urethra
18. Prostate gland
The prostate gland lies in the pelvic cavity in front of the rectum
& behind the symphysis pubis, surrounding the first part of the
urethra. It consists of a layer of smooth muscle & glandular
substance composed of columnar epithelial cells.
Functions
The prostate gland secretes a thin, milky fluid that makes
up about 30% of semen, and gives it its milky appearance.
It contains a clotting enzyme, which thickens the semen in
the vagina, increasing the likelihood of semen being retained close
to the cervix.
19. Urethra
The male urethra provides a common pathway for the flow of urine &
semen, the combined secretions of the male reproductive organs.
It is about 19 to 20 cm long & consists of three parts.
The prostatic urethra originates at the urethral orifice of the bladder &
passes through the prostate gland.
The membranous urethra is the shortest & narrowest part & extends
from the prostate gland to the bulb of the penis, after passing through the
perineal membrane.
The spongiose or penile urethra lies within the corpus spongiosum of the
penis and terminates at the external urethral orifice in the glans penis.
20. Penis
The penis has a root & a body. The root lies in the perineum
& the body surrounds the urethra. It is formed by three
cylindrical masses of erectile tissue & smooth muscle. The
erectile tissue is supported by fibrous tissue & covered with
skin and has a rich blood supply.
21. During ejaculation, which occurs at male orgasm, spermatozoa are
expelled from the epididymis & pass through the deferent duct, the
ejaculatory duct & the urethra.
The semen is propelled by powerful rhythmical contraction of the
smooth muscle in the walls of the deferent duct; the muscular
contractions are sympathetically mediated.
Muscle in the walls of the seminal vesicles & prostate gland also
contracts, adding their contents to the fluid passing through the genital
ducts.
The force generated by these combined processes leads to emission of
the semen through the external urethral sphincter
Ejaculation
22. Arrows show the route taken by
Spermatozoa during ejaculation.
23. Sperm comprise only 10% of the final ejaculate,
remaining made up of seminal & prostatic fluids, which are added
to the sperm during male orgasm, as well as mucus produced in
the urethra.
Semen is slightly alkaline, to neutralise the acidity of the
vagina. Between 2 & 5 ml of semen are produced in a normal
ejaculate, & contain between 40 & 100 million spermatozoa per
ml. If not ejaculated, sperm gradually lose their fertility after
several months and are reabsorbed by the epididymis.
25. External genitalia (vulva)
The external genitalia are known
collectively as the vulva, consist of the labia
majora & labia minora, the clitoris, the vaginal
orifice, the vestibule, the hymen & the vestibular
glands (Bartholin’s glands).
26. Labia majora
These are the 2 large folds forming the boundary of the vulva. They are
composed of skin, fibrous tissue & fat and contain large numbers of
sebaceous glands. Anteriorly the folds join in front of the symphysis
pubis, and posteriorly they merge with the skin of the perineum. At
puberty, hair grows on the mons pubis & on the lateral surfaces of the
labia majora.
Labia minora
These are 2 smaller folds of skin between the labia majora, containing
numerous sebaceous glands. The cleft between the labia minora is the
vestibule. The vagina, urethra & ducts of the greater vestibular glands
open into the vestibule.
27. Clitoris
The clitoris corresponds to the penis in the male & contains sensory nerve
endings & erectile tissue, but it has no reproductive significance.
Hymen
The hymen is a thin layer of mucous membrane that partially occludes the
opening of the vagina. It is normally incomplete to allow for passage of
menstrual flow.
Vestibular glands
The vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands) are situated one on each side
near the vaginal opening. They are about the size of a small pea & have
ducts, opening into the vestibule immediately lateral to the attachment of
the hymen. They secrete mucus that keeps the vulva moist.
28. The internal organs of the female reproductive
system lie in the pelvic cavity & consist of the
1. Vagina,
2. Uterus,
3. Two uterine tubes
4. Two ovaries.
Internal genitalia
31. The vagina is a fibromuscular tube lined with stratified squamous
epithelium, connecting the external & internal organs of reproduction,
three layers:
An outer covering of areolar tissue,
a middle layer of smooth muscle
an inner lining of stratified squamous epithelium that forms ridges or
rugae.
It has no secretory glands but the surface is kept moist by cervical
secretions. Between puberty & the menopause, Lactobacillus acidophilus
bacteria are normally present, which secrete lactic acid, maintaining the
pH between 4.9 & 3.5. The acidity inhibits the growth of most other
micro-organisms that may enter the vagina from the perineum.
Vagina
32. Functions of the vagina
The vagina acts as the receptacle for the
penis during sexual intercourse (coitus), &
provides an elastic passageway through which the
baby passes during childbirth.
33. The uterus is a hollow muscular pear-shaped organ, flattened
anteroposteriorly. It lies in the pelvic cavity between the urinary bladder & the
rectum.
When the body is upright, the uterus lies in an almost horizontal
position. It is about 7.5 cm long, 5 cm wide & its walls are about 2.5 cm thick.
It weighs from 30 to 40 grams. The parts of the uterus are the fundus, body
& cervix
Uterus
Fundus
This is the dome-shaped part of the uterus above the
openings of the uterine tubes.
Body
This is the main part. It is narrowest inferiorly at the
internal os where it is continuous with the cervix.
Cervix (‘neck’ of the uterus)
This protrudes through the anterior wall of the vagina,
opening into it at the external os.
34. Structure
The walls of the
uterus are
composed of three
layers of tissue:
Perimetrium,
Myometrium
Endometrium
35. Perimetrium
Anteriorly it lies over the fundus & the body where it is
folded on to the upper surface of the urinary bladder. This fold of
peritoneum forms the vesicouterine pouch.
Posteriorly the peritoneum covers the fundus, the body &
the cervix, then it folds back on to the rectum to form the
rectouterine pouch.
Myometrium
This is the thickest layer of tissue in the uterine wall. It is a
mass of smooth muscle fibres interlaced with areolar tissue, blood
vessels & nerves.
36. Endometrium
This consists of columnar epithelium containing a
large number of mucus-secreting tubular glands. It is divided
functionally into two layers:
The functional layer is the upper layer & it thickens &
becomes rich in blood vessels in the first half of the menstrual
cycle. If the ovum is not fertilised & does not implant, this layer
is shed during menstruation.
The basal layer lies next to the myometrium, & is not lost
during menstruation. It is the layer from which the fresh
functional layer is regenerated during each cycle.
37. Supporting structures
The uterus is supported in the pelvic cavity by surrounding
organs, muscles of the pelvic floor & ligaments that
suspend it from the walls of the pelvis
38. After puberty, the endometrium of the uterus goes through a
regular monthly cycle of changes, the menstrual cycle, under the
control of hypothalamic & anterior pituitary hormones.
If the ovum is fertilised the zygote embeds itself in the uterine
wall.
Uterine secretions nourish the ovum before it implants in the
endometrium, & after implantation the rapidly expanding ball of
cells is nourished by the endometrial cells themselves.
The placenta, which is attached to the fetus by the umbilical
cord, is also firmly attached to the wall of the uterus, and provides
the route by which the growing baby receives oxygen & nutrients,
and gets rid of its wastes.
Functions of the uterus
39. During pregnancy, which normally lasts about 40 weeks, the
muscular walls of the uterus are prevented from contracting &
expelling the baby early by high levels of the hormone progesterone
secreted by the placenta.
At the end of pregnancy the hormone oestrogen, which increases
uterine contractility, becomes the predominant sex hormone in the
blood.
Additionally, oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary, &
also stimulates contraction of the uterine muscle.
Control of oxytocin release is by positive feedback.
During labour, the uterus forcefully expels the baby by means of
powerful rhythmical contractions.
40. Uterine /Fallopian tubes:
The uterine tubes are about 10 cm long & extend from the sides of the
uterus between the body & the fundus. They lie in the upper free border
of the broad ligament & their trumpet-shaped lateral ends penetrate the
posterior wall, opening into the peritoneal cavity close to the ovaries.
The end of each tube has fingerlike projections called fimbriae.
Outer covering of peritoneum (broad ligament), a middle layer of
smooth muscle & are lined with ciliated epithelium.
41. Functions
The uterine tubes move the ovum from the ovary to the
uterus by peristalsis & ciliary movement.
The mucus secreted by the mucosa provides ideal
conditions for movement of ova & spermatozoa.
Fertilisation of the ovum usually takes place in the uterine
tube, & the zygote is propelled into the uterus for
implantation.
42. The ovaries are the female gonads (glands producing sex
hormones & the ova), they lie in a shallow fossa on the lateral walls of
the pelvis.
They are 2.5 to 3.5 cm long, 2 cm wide & 1 cm thick.
Each is attached to the upper part of the uterus by the ovarian
ligament & to the back of the broad ligament by a broad band of
tissue, the mesovarium.
Blood vessels & nerves pass to the ovary through the mesovarium
Ovaries
43. A section of an ovary showing the stages of development of one ovarian follicle.
44. The ovaries have two layers of tissue.
Medulla: This lies in the centre & consists of fibrous tissue, blood vessels, nerves.
Cortex: This surrounds the medulla, composed of framework of connective tissue,
or stroma, covered by germinal epithelium & contains ovarian follicles (ovum in
ovarian folicles.
Before puberty the ovaries are inactive but the stroma already contains immature
follicles, which the female has from birth.
During the childbearing years, about every 28 days, one ovarian follicle (Graafian
follicle) matures, ruptures & releases its ovum into the peritoneal cavity. This is
called ovulation & it occurs during most menstrual cycles. Following ovulation,
the ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum (meaning ‘yellow body’),
which in turn will leave a small permanent scar of fibrous tissue called the corpus
albicans (meaning ‘white body’) on the surface of the ovary.
45. Female gametes are stored & develop prior to ovulation.
Maturation is controlled by the hypothalamus & the anterior
pituitary gland, which releases gonadotrophins (follicle stimulating
hormone, FSH, and luteinising hormone, LH), both of which act on
the ovary.
Releases hormones essential to the physiological changes during the
reproductive cycle (oestrogen & progesterone).
During the first half of the cycle, while the ovum is developing
within the follicle, the follicle secretes increasing amounts of
oestrogen. However, after ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes
primarily progesterone, with some oestrogen.
Functions of ovaries
46. The Reproductive Cycle
This is a series of events, occurring regularly in females every 26
to 30 days throughout the childbearing period of about 36 years.
The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place
concurrently in the ovaries & uterine walls, stimulated by changes
in blood concentrations of hormones.
Hormones secreted during the cycle are regulated by negative
feedback mechanisms.
47. A. Ovarian cycle;
maturation of
follicle and
development of
corpus luteum.
B. Anterior
pituitary cycle; LH
and FSH levels.
C.Uterine cycle;
menstrual,
proliferative and
secretory phases.
D. Ovarian
hormone cycle;
oestrogen
and progesterone
levels.
48. When the ovum is not fertilised, the corpus luteum starts
to degenerate.
Progesterone & oestrogen levels therefore fall,
discharge of blood and endometrial tissue from the
vagina
lasts approximately 3 days
ends as a new follicle develops in the ovaries
1. Menstrual phase
49. 2. Proliferative phase--Follicular
At this stage an ovarian follicle, stimulated by FSH, is growing towards
maturity & is producing oestrogen, which stimulates proliferation of the
functional layer of the endometrium in preparation for the reception of a
fertilised ovum.
- follicle matures in the ovary & secretes estrogen
- estrogen stimulates the restoration & thickening of the
endometrium in preparation for receiving a fertilized egg
- days 4 – 14
51. 4. Secretory phase (premenstrual or luteal phase)
Ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum which releases
progesterone.
Progesterone causes the endometrium to thicken further
days 15 – 28
If fertilization is not achieved, corpus luteum regresses,
progesterone level decreases and endometrium sloughs off along
with unfertilized egg (menses)
52. Pituitary Gland produces luteinizing hormone
(LH) & follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) which
maintain the follicle & corpus luteum
53.
54. If the ovum is not fertilised, the corpus luteum
degenerates & dies, menstruation occurs & a new cycle
begins.
If the ovum is fertilised there is no breakdown of the
endometrium & no menstruation.
The fertilised ovum (zygote) travels through the
uterine tube to the uterus where it becomes embedded in the
wall & produces human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG),
which is similar to anterior pituitary luteinising hormone.
55. Fertilization and Development
Fertilization – union of haploid gametes – sperm & egg
Acrosome of sperm dissolves a passageway through the cell
membrane into the egg.
- sperm nucleus passes into the egg & unites with egg nucleus
57. fertilization membrane forms around the fertilized egg to prevent
any further sperm from entering.
usually occurs in the fallopian tube
corpus luteum maintains progesterone levels which maintain the
endometrium & allows development of embryonic membranes &
placenta
zygote slowly rolls down fallopian tube to the uterus (takes about 7
days) then embeds in the endometrium (implantation)
Placenta – chorionic villi (finger-like extensions) develop from the
chorion membrane of the spherical mass of cells & protrudes into the
uterus
Uterus responds by developing a similar structure
58. Oestrogen
• Development of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
• Stimulates and supports thickening of uterine lining during
proliferative phase
• Triggers LH surge mid-cycle, stimulating ovulation
• Stimulates anterior pituitary secretion of FSH and LH in
first half of cycle
59. Progesterone
• Stimulates and supports thickening and increased glandular
development of uterine lining during secretory phase
• With oestrogen, inhibits secretion of FSH and LH from the
anterior pituitary in second half of cycle