All the guidelines recommend co testing as the modality of choice for cervical cancer screening.
However, Cobas test was approved by FDA as primary screening modality in 2014.
All the guidelines recommend co testing as the modality of choice for cervical cancer screening.
However, Cobas test was approved by FDA as primary screening modality in 2014.
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
Asccp management guidelines august 2014 ppt. Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarw...Lifecare Centre
Updated Consensus
American society of Colpscopy & cervical pathology
Guidelines 2014for Managing forAbnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Test and Cancer Precursors
Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarwal / dr. Jyoti Bhasker
Current knowledge and state of the art about management of abnormal cervical Cancer screening tests and cancer precursors for health providers in low-income settings is presented.
HPV Testing is essential in the triage of ASC-US and/or LSIL cytology. The test helps to clearify the situation after treatment of high-grade CIN and to resolve uncertainties after diagnostic and or consecutive treatment. 2016 up to date information is give by the presentation.
Primary HPV testing or co-testin
Nulife module 6 screening for malignancies editedManinder Ahuja
These six modules from 2-7 are on mid life health care of women and were made with intention of training general gynecologist and other speciality into care of mid life women and have Mid Life OPD cards as mainstay of care.
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
Asccp management guidelines august 2014 ppt. Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarw...Lifecare Centre
Updated Consensus
American society of Colpscopy & cervical pathology
Guidelines 2014for Managing forAbnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Test and Cancer Precursors
Dr. Sharda Jain /Dr Jyoti Agarwal / dr. Jyoti Bhasker
Current knowledge and state of the art about management of abnormal cervical Cancer screening tests and cancer precursors for health providers in low-income settings is presented.
HPV Testing is essential in the triage of ASC-US and/or LSIL cytology. The test helps to clearify the situation after treatment of high-grade CIN and to resolve uncertainties after diagnostic and or consecutive treatment. 2016 up to date information is give by the presentation.
Primary HPV testing or co-testin
Nulife module 6 screening for malignancies editedManinder Ahuja
These six modules from 2-7 are on mid life health care of women and were made with intention of training general gynecologist and other speciality into care of mid life women and have Mid Life OPD cards as mainstay of care.
premalignant lesions of pelvis and cervix
cervical intra epithelial neoplasia
mbbs
genecology obstetrics
surgery ,medicine tdmc kerala
sarath
cervical intra epithelial neoplasia
Bacterial vaginosis by dr alka mukherjee DR APURVA MUKHERJEE nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Bacterial vaginosis is a type of vaginal inflammation caused by the overgrowth of bacteria naturally found in the vagina, which upsets the natural balance. Women in their reproductive years are most likely to get bacterial vaginosis, but it can affect women of any age. Bacterial overgrowth in the vagina.
Bacterial vaginosis tends to affect women of childbearing age. Activities such as unprotected sexual intercourse or frequent douching can increase a person's risk.
In some cases, there are no symptoms. In other cases, there may be abnormal vaginal discharge, itching or odour. BV can clear up on its own.
Treatment can include prescription cream, gel or medication. Recurrence within three to 12 months is common, requiring additional treatment.
Very common
More than 10 million cases per year (India)
Treatable by a medical professional
Short-term: resolves within days to weeks
Requires a medical diagnosis
Lab tests or imaging often require
Infections of the Genital Tract - Part IHelen Madamba
Lifted from the CDC STD Treatment Guidelines 2015, this is a discussion of infections affecting the vulva, such as infections of the Bartholin's gland, ectoparasites and infections presenting as vulvar ulcers. This was a lecture delivered to an audience of second year medical students at the Cebu Doctors University College of Medicine.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
1. Management of Genital HPV
IFCCP Jeddah Jan 2014
James Bentley
Professor Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Canada
2. Introduction
• Genital warts, condyloma acuminata
– one of the most common STIs
• 90% caused by HPV 6 & 11
• Incubation: 1-8 months
• Risk factors: lifetime # of sexual partners
• Prevention:
– Vaccination
– Condoms may help
3. Management: Condyloma Acuminata
• Inspection, vaginal speculum examination
– Bright light source , magnification may help
– Possibility of other STI : offer screening
• Cytology: Women with anogenital warts
– 25% have cervical or vaginal acuminate warts
– 50% have flat lesions or CIN
• Acetic Acid:
– not recommended unless colposcopy performed
• HPV typing :
– Not recommended, usually associated with low risk HP virus
4. What to biopsy
When Where
All cervical lesions (colposcopy) Most abnormal area
Uncertain diagnosis
Treatment failure Base and side of lesion
Large, pigmented, ulcerated,
papular or macular vulvar
lesions
>35y vulvar lesions With adjacent normal tissue
Immunocompromised
5. Clinical Presentation: Genital warts
• Asymptomatic, subclinical infection which
clears spontaneously most common
• Symptoms
– Itching, burning, bleeding, vaginal discharge
• Location:
– posterior forchette> labia majora> labia minora
• Appearance
– Multiple papillomatous growths, less frequent
papules, macules
Von Krogh G, Sex Transm Inf 2000;76:162-8
Dunne E, CID 2006;43:624-9
12. Papillomatosis
• Papillary projections inner surface of labia
minora & introitus
• Single base vs warts fused at base
• 1% of women
Von Krogh G, Sex Transm Inf 2000;76:162-8
Salvini C, CMAJ;179:799-800
13. Treatment Indications genital warts
• Spontaneous resolution 20-30% in 3 months
• Alleviate symptoms
• Psychological distress
• Counseling: treatment does not eliminate
presence of virus, infectivity
14. Treatment: Patient Applied
• Podophilox: CondylineTM, WartecTM
– 0.5% solution of purified podophyllotoxin, a mitotic
poison
– Apply BID x 3 days then 4 days off
– Maximum 6 weeks duration & 0.5ml/d & <10cm2/d
• Clearance rate 45-90%, Recurrence 30-60%
• Contraindication
– Pregnancy: teratogenic
– Abraded skin, vagina, cervix, anus: neurotoxin
15. Patient-applied Therapy
• Imiquimod: AldaraTM
– Immune response modifier
– 3 times weekly at HS up to 16 weeks, at least 1
day in between applications, wash in AM
• Clearance 56%, Recurrence 10-50%
– One study found lowest recurrence rate of any
treatment
• Contraindication: pregnancy
Edwards L, Arch Derm 1998;134:25-30
Canadian Guidelines on STI 2008
16. Office Treatment
• Cryotherapy: Liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide
(Histofreeze) or nitrous oxide with cryoprobe
– After freezing tissue necroses (hypopigmentation)
– Apply directly 30-60s ice ball includes lesion and 1-
2mm surrounding tissue
– Weekly
• Clearance 60-90%, Recurrence 40%
• Safe in pregnancy
• Contraindications: not in vagina
17. Office treatment
• Bi- or Trichloracetic acid (50-90% solution in
70% alcohol)
– Caustic, causes necrosis
– Cotton tip applicator weekly
• Clearance 70-80%, Recurrence 36%
• Advantage: cost, pregnancy, cervix, vagina
• Caution do not over apply
– ulceration into dermis; caution on mucosa
18. Office Treatment:
• Podophyllin: preferably avoid this therapy
– Nonstandardized resin extract from Podophyllum
plant in tincture of benzoin 10-25% solution
– Weekly application x4, wash off few hours later
– Maximum 1-2ml/ application
• Adverse effects
– Chemical burns, rare systemic toxicity ( neurological,
hematological)
• Contraindication
– Pregnancy, abraded skin, mucosa
19. Surgery:
anaesthesia, colposcopy clinic or operating theatre
CO2 Laser IR light absorbed and tissue vapourized
Colposcopic guidance
Best depth control : endpoint underlying
papillary dermis visible
Preserve normal anatomy
Viral particles in smoke plume
Loop Electrosurgical Excision
Procedure
LEEP
Difficult to control depth
Not in vagina
Electrofulguration More pain and potential scarring
Surgical Excision Skin grafts may be required
Loss of normal anatomy
20. Treatment not recommended
• 5 Fluorouracil 5% cream, Efudex
• Pyrimidine antimetabolite prevents DNA synthesis
• Topical or vaginal application; frequent ulceration
• Contraindicated in pregnancy
• Interferon intralesional
• Proteins with antiviral properties, lengthen cell cycle
and increase lysis
• Flu like symptoms, pain
• Contraindicated in pregnancy
21. Pregnancy
• Considerations:
– Worsening lesions: relative immunosuppression
warts proliferate or may have recurrence
– Indication for treatment: symptoms or potential
obstruction of birth canal
– Choice of treatment: avoid potentially teratogenic
medical therapy
– Transmission to fetus: is Caesarian section
indicated?
22. Genital HPV Infection in Pregnancy
• Treatment not necessary unless potentially
obstructive or symptoms
• TCA most effective in 2nd half of pregnancy
– fewer recurrences, lesions stable at this time
• Laser in 3rd trimester for extensive
condylomata
• Spontaneous regression or resolution
postpartum
ACOG Practice Bulletin 2005;61:905-918
23. Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
RRP
• Most common benign
neoplasm of larynx
• Usual cause HPV 6 & 11
• Presents in childhood or
adult: hoarseness
• Possible modes of
transmission to infant:
– Vertical during labour and
delivery
– Vertical in utero ascending
or transplacental
– Direct casual contact
– Sexual abuse
Kosko J, Int J Ped Otorhinolaryngol 1996;35:31-38
Papillomas
24. Respiratory Papillomatosis
• Mode of transmission not established
• C/S with intact membranes has been
associated with RRP in child
• Treatment of condyloma during pregnancy
does not eradicate latent HPV
• Caesarian section for sole indication of
prevention of RRP not recommended
Kosko J, Int J Ped Otorhinolaryngol 1996;35:31-38
ACOG Practice Bulletin 2005;61:905-918
25. Immunosuppression & HIV/ AIDS
• Extensive lesions, resistant to therapy, more
recurrences
• Imiquimod 1st line therapy
• Laser: ablative, multiple biopsies
• Increased malignant transformation: BIOPSY
– Immunocompetent women 90% warts HPV 6 & 11
– Immunosuppressed up to 50% warts high risk
oncogenic HPVwww.utdol.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey=gen_gyne
(accessed Apr 13, 2009)
26. Summary: Condyloma Acuminata
• Common
– Lifetime risk HPV 70%, warts 10%
• Spontaneous resolution:
– Placebo controlled trial 20-30% in 3 months
• Biopsy not required in healthy women <35y
• Treatment choice
– Patient preference, provider experience, pregnancy
– Combination therapy
• Latent virus
– Recurrences 30%, transmission to partner