Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects drugs over time through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drugs move into, within, and out of the body through various transport mechanisms like passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Factors like plasma protein binding, organ function, and route of administration influence a drug's absorption, distribution to tissues, metabolism by the liver, and excretion by the kidneys, lungs, bile, sweat, saliva or breast milk. Understanding these pharmacokinetic principles is important for predicting how drugs will behave in the body.
Role of pharmacist in prevention and control of pandemicDr. Sharad Chand
This PowerPoint slide describes the major role-play of pharmacists during the disease outbreak (Pandemic diseases). This slide summarizes the roles of several pharmacists ranging from drug store management to the disaster risk management.
Retail pharmacy
Retail community pharmacy
Retail pharmacist
Retail pharmacy practice in Bangladesh
Retail pharmacy practice in Abroad
Retail pharmacy is a pharmacy in which drugs are sold to patients, as opposed to a hospital pharmacy. Also known as a community pharmacy.
The term ‘retail community pharmacy’ means an independent pharmacy, a chain pharmacy, a supermarket pharmacy, or a mass merchandiser pharmacy that is licensed as a pharmacy by the State and that dispenses medications to the general public at retail prices.
Role of pharmacist in prevention and control of pandemicDr. Sharad Chand
This PowerPoint slide describes the major role-play of pharmacists during the disease outbreak (Pandemic diseases). This slide summarizes the roles of several pharmacists ranging from drug store management to the disaster risk management.
Retail pharmacy
Retail community pharmacy
Retail pharmacist
Retail pharmacy practice in Bangladesh
Retail pharmacy practice in Abroad
Retail pharmacy is a pharmacy in which drugs are sold to patients, as opposed to a hospital pharmacy. Also known as a community pharmacy.
The term ‘retail community pharmacy’ means an independent pharmacy, a chain pharmacy, a supermarket pharmacy, or a mass merchandiser pharmacy that is licensed as a pharmacy by the State and that dispenses medications to the general public at retail prices.
A presentation aimed at providing information with regards to the Pharmacy Act, 1948.
-INTRODUCTION
-HISTORY OF THE ACT
-PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA
-STATE PHARMACY COUNCIL
-SPECIAL PROVISIONS OF THE ACT
-OFFENCES AND PENALTIES
-CONCLUSION
-REFERENCES
Drugs and Cosmatic Act,1940 and its rules 1945TameshSonkar
Objectives, Definitions, Legal definitions of schedules to the Act and Rules
Import of drugs Classes of drugs and cosmetics prohibited from import
,Import under license or permit. Offences and penalties.
Manufacture of drugs Prohibition of manufacture and sale of certain drugs
Conditions for grant of license and conditions of license for manufacture of
drugs, Manufacture of drugs for test, examination and analysis
,manufacture of new drug, loan license and repacking license.
Pharmacy Practice
Scope of pharmacy practice
Community Pharmacy
Scope of community pharmacy
Community pharmacy management
Selection of Pharmacy site
Objective
Legal requirements
Drug procurement
Drug storage and inventory control
Pharmacy Practice is the discipline of pharmacy which involves developing the professional roles of pharmacists. Pharmacy Practice offers practicing pharmacists in-depth useful reviews and research trials and surveys of new drugs and novel therapeutic approaches.
Purchasing and Inventory control in drug store
by Mrs. Anjua Parkhe and Mrs. Priyanka Kalamkar
Assistant Professor
Sraaswathi Vidya Bhavans College Of Pharmacy, Dombivli
Introduction Central Drug Testing Laboratories & Responsibilities
Role of Central Drugs Testing Laboratory
No of laboratories in India, No of laboratories in each State
Presented by
J. Vinay Krishna
Department of Industrial Pharmacy
Chapter 3_Prescription and prescription handling.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, parts of prescriptions, legality of prescriptions, prescription handling, labeling of
dispensed medications (Main label, ancillary label, pictograms), brief instructions on medication
usage, Dispensing process, Good Dispensing Practices, dispensing errors and strategies to minimize
them.
A presentation aimed at providing information with regards to the Pharmacy Act, 1948.
-INTRODUCTION
-HISTORY OF THE ACT
-PHARMACY COUNCIL OF INDIA
-STATE PHARMACY COUNCIL
-SPECIAL PROVISIONS OF THE ACT
-OFFENCES AND PENALTIES
-CONCLUSION
-REFERENCES
Drugs and Cosmatic Act,1940 and its rules 1945TameshSonkar
Objectives, Definitions, Legal definitions of schedules to the Act and Rules
Import of drugs Classes of drugs and cosmetics prohibited from import
,Import under license or permit. Offences and penalties.
Manufacture of drugs Prohibition of manufacture and sale of certain drugs
Conditions for grant of license and conditions of license for manufacture of
drugs, Manufacture of drugs for test, examination and analysis
,manufacture of new drug, loan license and repacking license.
Pharmacy Practice
Scope of pharmacy practice
Community Pharmacy
Scope of community pharmacy
Community pharmacy management
Selection of Pharmacy site
Objective
Legal requirements
Drug procurement
Drug storage and inventory control
Pharmacy Practice is the discipline of pharmacy which involves developing the professional roles of pharmacists. Pharmacy Practice offers practicing pharmacists in-depth useful reviews and research trials and surveys of new drugs and novel therapeutic approaches.
Purchasing and Inventory control in drug store
by Mrs. Anjua Parkhe and Mrs. Priyanka Kalamkar
Assistant Professor
Sraaswathi Vidya Bhavans College Of Pharmacy, Dombivli
Introduction Central Drug Testing Laboratories & Responsibilities
Role of Central Drugs Testing Laboratory
No of laboratories in India, No of laboratories in each State
Presented by
J. Vinay Krishna
Department of Industrial Pharmacy
Chapter 3_Prescription and prescription handling.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, parts of prescriptions, legality of prescriptions, prescription handling, labeling of
dispensed medications (Main label, ancillary label, pictograms), brief instructions on medication
usage, Dispensing process, Good Dispensing Practices, dispensing errors and strategies to minimize
them.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of drug molecules in the body. It includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Pharmacokinetics is the study of what happens to drugs once they enter the body (the movement of the drugs into, within, and out of the body). For a drug to produce its specific response, it should be present in adequate concentrations at the site of action. This depends on various factors apart from the dose.
Four pharmacokinetic properties determine the onset, intensity, and the duration of drug action (Figure 1.6.1):
• Absorption: First, absorption from the site of administration permits entry of the drug (either directly or indirectly) into plasma.
• Distribution: Second, the drug may then reversibly leave the bloodstream and distribute it into the interstitial and intracellular fluids.
• Metabolism: Third, the drug may be biotransformed by metabolism by the liver or other tissues.
• Elimination: Finally, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body in urine, bile, or feces.
In short, pharmacokinetics means what the body does to the drug.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug AbsorptionSURYAKANTVERMA2
Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of factors influencing the rate and amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation and the use of this information to optimise the therapeutic efficacy of the drug products.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. PHARMACOKINETICS
Is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
of drugs. i.e. the movement of drugs into, within and out of the body.
For a drug to produce its specific response, it should be present in
adequate concentrations at the site of action.
2.
3.
4. BASIC MECHANISMS OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT :
Transporters versus Channels: Both channels and
transporters facilitate the membrane permeation of
inorganic ions and organic compounds. In general,
channels have two primary states, open and closed.
The basic mechanisms involved in solute transport across
biological membranes include passive diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, and active transport.
Filtration: The rate of filtration depends both on the
existence of a pressure gradient as a driving force and on
the size of the compound relative to the size of the pore
through which it is to be filtered. In biological systems, the
passage of many small water-soluble solutes through
aqueous channels in the membrane is accomplished by
filtration
5. Passive Diffusion: Simple diffusion of a solute across
the plasma membrane consists of three processes:
partition from the aqueous to the lipid phase, diffusion
across the lipid bilayer, and repartition into the
aqueous phase on the opposite side.
Facilitated Diffusion. Diffusion of ions and organic
compounds across the plasma membrane may be
facilitated by a membrane transporter. Facilitated
diffusion is a form of transporter-mediated membrane
transport that does not require energy input. Just as in
passive diffusion, the transport of ionized and un-
ionized compounds across the plasma membrane
occurs down their electrochemical potential gradient.
6. Active Transport: Active transport is the form of
membrane transport that requires the input of energy. It is
the transport of solutes against their electrochemical
gradients, leading to the concentration of solutes on one
side of the plasma membrane and the creation of potential
energy in the electrochemical gradient formed. Active
transport plays an important role in the uptake and efflux
of drugs and other solutes.
Ion Pair Transport: Absorption of some highly ionized
compounds is carried here. These compounds are known
to penetrate the lipid membrane despite their low lipid–
water partition coefficients. It is postulated that these
highly lipophobic drugs combine reversibly with
endogenous compounds as mucin in the gastrointestinal
lumen, forming neutral ion pair complexes; it is this
neutral complex that penetrates the lipid membrane by
passive diffusion.
7. Endocytosis: Endocytosis involves the cellular uptake
of exogenous molécules or complexes in side plasma
membrane– derived vesicles. This process can be
divided into two major categories:
(1) adsorptive or phagocytic uptake of particles
that have been bound to the membrane
surface and
(2) fluid or pinocytotic uptake, in which the
particle enters the cell as part of the fluid phase.
The solute within the vesicle is released
intracellularly
8. The systemic circulation distributes drugs to various body tissues or
target sites. Drugs interact with specific receptors during
distribution. Some drugs travel by binding to protein (albumin) in
the blood.
FACTORS INFLUENCING DRUG DISTRIBUTION: Distribution is
the delivery of drug from the systemic circulation to tissues.Once a
drug has entered the blood compartment, the rate at which it
penetrates tissues and other body fluids depends on several factors.
These include
(1) capillary permeability,
(2) blood flow–tissue mass ratio (i.e., perfusion rate),
(3) extent of plasma protein and specific organ binding,
(4) regional differences in pH,
(5) transport mechanisms available, and
(6) the permeability characteristics of specific tissue membranes.
9. BINDING OF DRUGS TO PLASMA PROTEINS
Most drugs found in the vascular compartment are
bound reversibly with one or more of the
macromolecules in plasma. Although some drugs simply
dissolve in plasma water, most are associated with plasma
components such as albumin, globulins, transferrin,
ceruloplasmin, glycoproteins, and - and -lipoproteins.
While many acidic drugs bind principally to albumin,
basic drugs frequently bind to other plasma proteins, The
extent of this binding will influence the drug’s
distribution and rate of elimination because only the
unbound drug can diffuse through the capillary wall,
produce its systemic effects, be metabolized, and be
excreted.
10. PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS TO DRUG DISTRIBUTION:
Blood-Brain Barrier: The capillary membrane between the
plasma and brain cells is much less permeable to water-
soluble drugs than is the membrane between plasma and
other tissues. Thus, the transfer of drugs into the brain is
regulated By the blood-brain barrier.
Placental Barrier: The blood vessels of the fetus and mother
are separated by a number of tissue layers that collectively
constitute
The placental barrier. Drugs that traverse this barrier will
reach the fetal circulation. The placental barrier, like the
blood-brain barrier, does not prevent transport of all drugs
but is selective.
Blood-Testis Barrier: The existence of a barrier between the
blood and testes is indicated by the absence of staining in
testicular tissue after the intravascular injection of dyes.
11. Both metabolism and excretion can be viewed as processes
responsible for elimination of drug (parent and metabolite)
from the body. Drug metabolism changes the chemical
structure of a drug to produce a drug metabolite, which is
frequently but not universally less pharmacologically active.
Metabolism also renders the drug compound more water
soluble and therefore more easily excreted. Drug metabolism
reactions are carried out by enzyme systems that evolved over
time to protect the body from exogenous chemicals.
The enzyme systems for this purpose for the most part can be
grouped into two categories: phase I oxidative or reductive
enzymes and phase II conjugative enzymes
12. RENAL EXCRETION: Although some drugs are excreted
through extra renal pathways, the kidney is the primary
organ of removal for most drugs, especially for those that
are water soluble and not volatile. The three principal
processes that determine the urinary excretion of a drug
are glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular
reabsorption(mostly passive back-diffusion). Active
tubular reabsorption also may have some influence on the
rate of excretion for a limited number of compounds.
BILIARY EXCRETION: The liver secretes about 1 L of bile
daily. Bile flow and composition depend on the secretory
activity of the hepatic cells.
13. PULMONARY EXCRETION:
Any volatile material, irrespective of its route of
administration, has the potential for pulmonary
excretion.
Certainly, gases and other volatile substances that
enter the body primarily through the respiratory
tract can be expected to be excreted by this route.
The rate of loss of gases is not constant; it
depends on the rate of respiration and pulmonary
blood flow.
14. EXCRETION IN OTHER BODY FLUIDS:
Sweat and Saliva:
Excretion of drugs into sweat and saliva occurs but has only
minor importance for most drugs. The mechanisms involved in
drug excretion are similar for sweat and saliva.
Excretion mainly depends on the diffusion of the un-ionized
lipid-soluble form of the drug across the epithelial cells of the
glands.
Milk:
Many drugs in a nursing mother’s blood are detectable in her
milk. The ultimate concentration of the individual compound in
milk will depend on many factors, including the amount of
drug in the maternal blood, its lipid solubility, its degree of
ionization, and the extent of its active excretion.