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Bone & Its Importance to Prosthodontist
1. Bone
Presented By:-
Dr. Soham Prajapati,
1st Year PG,
Dept. of Prosthodontics
& Maxillofacial Prosthesis
Including Oral Implantology
4-2-14 and 5-2-14
1
2. CONTENTS
⢠Definition
⢠Introduction
⢠Classification of Bone
⢠Chemical composition of Bone
⢠Mechanical Properties
⢠Structure of Bone
â Macroscopic Structure
â Microscopic Structure
⢠Ossification of Bone
2
3. CONTENTS
⢠Alveolar Bone
⢠Physiology Of Bone
⢠Wolfâs Law
⢠Function
⢠Metabolism
⢠Diseases Of Bone
⢠Prosthodontic Implication
⢠Conclusion
⢠References
3
4. DEFINITION
⢠The hard portion of the connective tissue which
constitutes the majority of the skeleton; it
consists of an inorganic or mineral component
and an organic component (the matrix and cells);
the matrix is composed of collagenous fibers and
is impregnated with minerals, chiefly calcium
phosphate (approx. 85%) and calcium carbonate
(approx. 10%), thus imparting the quality of
rigidity to boneâcalled also osseous tissue.
-GPT 8TH EDITION.
4
5. INTRODUCTION
⢠At birth, there are over 270 bones in an infant
human's body, but many of these fuse
together as the child grows, leaving a total of
206 separate bones in an adult.
⢠Largest Bone:- Femur
⢠Smallest Bone:- Auditory Ossicles
5
8. CLASSIFICATION OF BONE (MISCH)
⢠Woven Bone
⢠Lamellar Bone
⢠Composite Bone
⢠Bundle Bone
8
9. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BONE
9
Oral Histology (Development, Structure & Function) A.R.Ten Cate, 5th & 6th
edition
10. COMPOSITION OF BONE
⢠It consists of the tough
organic matrix to which
bone salts are deposited.
â Matrix
⢠Composed of collagen fibers,
which are embedded, in the
gelatinous ground substance.
⢠90 % of the bone.
⢠Ground substance is formed
by extracellular fluid and
proteoglycons (chondriotin
sulfate and hyaluronic acid).
10
11. COMPOSITION OF BONE
- BONE SALTS
⢠Crystalline salts present in bones are called
Hydroxyapatites [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], which contains
calcium and phosphate.
⢠Others salts are also present.
⢠Strengthen the bone matrix.
11
Oral Histology (Development, Structure &
Function) A.R.Ten Cate, 5th & 6th edition
12. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
⢠High Compressive Strength of about 170 MPa
⢠Poor Tensile Strength of 104â121 Mpa
⢠Very Low Shear Stress strength (51.6 MPa)
⢠It resists pushing forces well, but not pulling or
torsional forces.
⢠Bone is essentially brittle.
12
14. Macroscopic Structure of Bone
⢠Human skeleton composed of two
distinct kind of bone based on porosity :
- Dense Cortical (compact) Bone
- Spongy Cancellous Bone
14
15. Macroscopic Structure of Bone
Dense Cortical (compact) Bone
⢠Hard and dense material
forming about 80 % of bone
in the body.
⢠Cavity in the compact bone is
called medullary cavity and
contains yellow bone
marrow.
⢠Haversian System is present
15
16. Macroscopic Structure of Bone
Dense Cortical (compact) Bone
⢠Found in:
- Shaft of long bones
- Forms a shell around vertebral
bodies and other spongy bones
⢠Main function:
- Mechanical functions
- Protection of bone marrow
16
17. Dense Cortical (compact) Bone
In Compact bone there are 3
lamellaes :-
⢠Circumferential Lamallae
⢠Concentric Lamallae
⢠Interstitial Lamallae
17
19. Macroscopic Structure of Bone
Spongy Cancellous Bone
⢠15 % of the bodyâs total bone.
⢠Pores are interconnected and filled with
marrow.
⢠Bone matrix is arranged in the form of
plates (called trabeculae) arranged in
varied fashion.
⢠Found in:
- Cuboidal and flat bones
- End of long bones.
19
20. Macroscopic Structure of Bone
Body of the mandible.
The outer layer of compact bone
and an inner supporting network
of trabecular bone can be distinguished
clearly.
20
21. MICROSOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE
⢠Osteogenic Cells
â Osteoblasts
â Osteocytes
â Bone lining cells
⢠Osteoclasts
21
22. IMMATURE BONE/WOVEN BONE
⢠Lacks lamellar structure
⢠Bundles of collagen fibres
run in various directions
through the matrix=>woven
⢠All the immature bone that
is formed during the
prenatal life is subsequently
repLaced by the mature
bone.
22
23. MATURE BONE
⢠Also called as lamellar bone
⢠Characterized by a orderly arrangement which is the
result of repeated addition of uniform lamellae to
bone surfaces during appositional growth.
⢠Lamellae are 4 â 12 Âľm thick
⢠Direction of collagen fibers in any given lamellae lies
at right angle to that of the fibrils in the adjacent
lamellae.
23
24. Some microscopic features of mature bone to
differentiate from immature bone
⢠Evenly acidophilic staining
⢠Regular arrangement of its lamellae
⢠Osteocyte cells are very few, more evenly
arranged
24
25. OSTEON
⢠Represents the basic structural unit of the
compact bone.
⢠It consists of haversian canal in the center which
harbors a blood vessels.
⢠This is surrounded by concentric, mineralized
lamellae to form the osteon; known as concentric
lamellae.
⢠Spaces between the different osteon is filled with
interstitial lamellae.
25
27. OSTEOID
⢠In histology, osteoid is the unmineralized, organic
portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the
maturation of bone tissue.
⢠When the osteoid becomes mineralized, it and
the adjacent bone cells have developed into new
bone tissue.
⢠The predominant fiber-type is Type I collagen and
comprises ninety percent of the osteoid. The
ground substance is mostly made up of
chondroitin sulfate and osteocalcin.
27
28. HISTOLOGY OF BONE
⢠Osteogenic Cells
â Osteoblasts
â Osteocytes
â Bone lining cells
⢠Osteoclasts
28
29. Osteoblast
â˘Bone forming cells
â˘Secrete type â I
collagen and non-
collagenous proteins
â˘Exhibit high levels of
akaline phosphatase
â˘Under light microscope,
appear cuboidal to
polygonal in shape.
â˘Secretes BMPâs 2 & 7,
TGF â b, IGF , PDGF 29
30. BONE LINING CELLS
⢠Derived from osteoblasts
⢠Provides nutrition to osteocytes
⢠Communicate by gap junctions
30
31. Osteocytes
As the osteoblasts secrete the bone matrix, some of
the osteoblasts get entrapped in lacunae and are called
as âosteocytesâ.
31
32. ⢠Bone resorbing cells that are large,
multinucleated and generally occur in clusters.
⢠Lie against the bone surface, occupying
hollowed out depressions called Howshipâs
Lacunae that they have created.
Osteoclast
32
33. ⢠During resorption the
osteoclasts excavate
the layer of bundle
bone pass through the
cement line and resorb
the supporting bone.
⢠The part of osteoclasts
that is in contact with the
bone is thrown in to a
ruffled border and denotes
.
Osteoclast
33
35. Sequence of resorptive events (Tencate)
1. Attachment of osteoblast to the mineralized surface of bone.
2. Creation of sealed acidic environment through action of the
proton pump, which demineralizes bone & exposes the organic
matrix.
3. Degradation of exposed organic matrix to its constituent amino
acids by the action of acid phosphatase & cathepsin B
4. Endocytosis at the ruffled of inorganic and organic bone
degradation products.
5. Tanslocation of degradation products in transport vesicles and
extracellular release along the membrane opposite the ruffled
border (transcytosis)
Osteoclast
35
36. OSSIFICATION OF BONE
⢠All bone is of mesodermal origin.
⢠The process of bone formation is called
ossification.
⢠Types of bone formation:-
⢠Endocondral ossification
⢠Intramembranous ossification
36
37. Endocondral ossification
⢠Formation of most bone is preceded by the
formation of a cartilaginous model, which is
subsequently replaced by bone. This kind of
ossification is called Endocondral Ossification.
⢠Bones formed in this way are called Cartilage
Bones.
37
38. Intramembranous ossification
⢠When bone is laid directly in a fibrous manner,
this process is called Intramembranous
ossification.
⢠Bones formed in this way are called
membrane bones.
⢠E.g. vault of the skull, the mandible, and the
clavicle.
38
50. Bone Marrow
⢠Medullary cavities filled with marrow.
⢠Red, when active production of stem cells or a
reserve population of mesenchymal stem cells.
⢠Yellow, when aging causes the cavity to be
converted into a site for fat storage.
⢠Function:-
â Generate principle cells in the body
â Highly osteogenic material that can stimulate bone
formation.
50
51. ALVEOLAR BONE
⢠The alveolar process is that part of the maxilla
and mandible that forms and supports the
tooth sockets (alveoli).
51
52. STRUCTURE OF ALVEOLAR BONE
⢠ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
⢠SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE
⢠INTERDENTAL SEPTUM
52
53. ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
ď It consists of a thin lamella of bone that
surrounds the root of the tooth and give
attachment to the principle fibers of the
periodontal ligament.
ď It is perforated by many openings that carry
nerves and blood vessels into the periodontal
ligament. Therefore it is called as â cribriform
plateâ.
ďHistologically it is also called as â bundle boneâ.
53
54. ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
⢠The alveolar bone proper
is also called lamina dura
because of its radio-
opacity.
⢠On radiograph it appears
as a dense white line
⢠The thickness and density
of the lamina dura varies
with the amount of the
occlusal stress to which
the tooth is subjected.
54
55. SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE
⢠It is that part of the
bone which surrounds
the alveolar bone
proper and gives
support to the sockets.
⢠It consists of two parts:
1. Cortical plates
2. Spongy bone
55
56. INTERDENTAL SEPTUM
⢠Consists of cancellous
bone bordered by the
socket walls of
approximating teeth &
the facial & lingual
cortical plates.
56
58. Bone Modeling
⢠Refers to sculpting and shaping of bones after
they have grown in length.
⢠Process involves independent, uncoupled action
of osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
⢠e.g. orthodontic tooth movement
wound healing (during stabilization of
endosseous implants) and in response to bone
loading.
⢠Can change both the size and shapes of the bone.
58
59. Bone Remodeling
⢠Refers to sequential, coupled actions by these
two types of cells (osteoclasts and
osteoblasts).
⢠Does not change the size and shape of bone.
⢠Removes a portion of old bone and replaces it
with new bone.
⢠Occurs throughout lifetime.
59
60. Bone Remodeling
⢠Activation is controlled locally, possibly by an
auto regulatory mechanism such as autocrine
or paracrine factors generated in bone
microenvironment.
⢠E.g wound healing
60
63. FUNCTIONS OF REMODELING
1. To prevent the accumulation of damaged or
fatigued bone by regenerating new bone.
2. To allow the bone to respond to changes in
mechanical forces.
3. To facilitate mineral homeostasis.
63
67. WOLFâS LAW
⢠Wolffâs Law [Julius Wolff, German anatomist,
1836-1902]
⢠âFor a uniform or constant fact or principle,
more specifically, that a bone, either normal
or abnormal, will develop the structure most
suited to resist those forces acting on it.â
GPT, 8TH EDITION
67
69. Functions
⢠Protective Function
â Provides the framework
â Protects the soft and vital organs of the body.
⢠Mechanical Function
â Support the Body
â Their attachment to the muscles and tendons, the
bone acts as levers in bringing about the
movements.
69
70. Functions
⢠Hemopoietic Function
â Red bone marrow in the bones is the site of
production of blood cells.
⢠Metabolic Function
â Metabolism and homeostasis of calcium and
phosphate in the body.
70
76. Osteoporosis
⢠Defined as a condition characterized by low
bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue,
leading to enhanced bone fragility and an
increase in fracture risk.
76
77. Osteopetrosis
⢠Also known as marble bone disease and
Albers-Schonberg disease is an extremely rare
inherited disorder whereby the bones harden,
becoming denser
77
78. HyperParathyroidism
⢠2 types: 1. Primary hyperparathyroidism
2. Secondary hyperparathyroidism
⢠Age: middle aged females
⢠RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES:
⢠generalized osteoporosis is seen
⢠Thinning of the cortical plates & increased
resorption of medullary bone
⢠HISTOLOGIC FEATURES:
⢠Osteoclastic resorptions of bony trabecuale as
well as formation of new bone by osteoblasts.
78
80. Osteogenesis imperfecta
⢠Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) literally means
imperfectly formed bones. People with OI
have an error (mutation) in the genetic
instructions on how to make strong bones. As
a result, their bones break easily
⢠One of the genes that tells the body how to
make a specific protein (type I collagen) is
defective in people with OI.
80
81. Pagetâs Disease
⢠Also c/a Osteitis Deformans
⢠Disease characterized by abnormal deposition
and resorption of bone resulting in distortion
and weakening of affected bones.
⢠Unknown etiology
⢠Age: above 40 years
81
83. Fibrous Dysplasia
⢠Characterized by replacement of normal bone by excessive
proliferation of cellular fibrous connective tissue intermixed with
bony trabeculae
ETIOLOGY:
1. Idiopathic
2. Trauma
3. Viral
4. Altered mesenchymal cells
5. Mutation of GNAS -1 gene
RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
⢠Ground glass appearance/orange peel appearance on radiographs
⢠Expansion of cortical plates
83
84. Osteoarthritis
⢠Also known as
â degenerative arthritis
â degenerative joint disease
â osteoarthrosis,
⢠It is a group of mechanical abnormalities
involving degradation of joints,including
articular cartilage and subchondral bone.
⢠Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness,
stiffness, locking, and sometimes an effusion
84
85. Osteoarthritis
⢠When bone surfaces become less well
protected by cartilage, bone may be exposed
and damaged. As a result of decreased
movement secondary to pain, regional
muscles may atrophy, and ligaments may
become more lax.
85
86. Role of Estrogen and Bone
⢠Estrogen defend against PTH- mediated
resorption of bone.
⢠In estrogen- deficient conditions, such as
after menopause, the effect of PTH on
bone contributes to the development of
osteoporosis.
⢠Estrogen replacement therapy, which
should be accompanied by progesterone,
is useful for women at high risk for
developing osteoporosis.
86
87. DIABETES AND BONE
⢠Diabetes show no distinct pattern or
consistent pattern.
⢠Severe bone loss and periodontal abscess are
common in diabetic patients with poor oral
hygiene.
87
88. DIABETES AND BONE
⢠Children with Type I diabetes tend to have
more bone destruction around the first molar
and incisors, but this destruction becomes
more generalized in older ages.
⢠In juvenile diabetics, extensive periodontal
destruction often occurs due to the age of this
patients.
88
89. OSSEOUS TOPOGRAPHY IN DISEASE
⢠There are four chief types of bone defects that
present in the alveolar bone:
1. Horizontal defects
2. Vertical, or angular defects
3. Fenestrations
4. Dehiscenses
89
90. Horizontal defects
⢠Generalized bone loss occurs most frequently
as horizontal bone loss. Horizontal bone loss
manifests as a somewhat even degree of bone
resorption so that the height of the bone in
relation to the teeth has been uniformly
decreased.
90
91. Vertical or Angular defects
⢠Vertical defects occur adjacent to a tooth and
usually in the form of a triangular area of
missing bone, known as triangulation.
91
92. FENESTRATIONS
⢠Isolated areas in which the root is denuded of
bone & the root surface is covered only by
periosteum & overlying gingiva are termed
fenestrations.
92
93. DEHISCENCE
⢠When the denuded areas extends through the
marginal bone then defect is called a
dehiscence.
93
94. ⢠Etiology is unknown
⢠PREDISPOSING FACTORS are prominent root
contours, malposition, labial protrusion of the
root combined with a thin bony plate.
⢠Seen more often on facial bone than on lingual
bone
⢠More common on anteriorly than posteriorly
⢠Occurs bilaterally
94
97. Residual Ridge Resorption
⢠Order 1 : pre-extraction
⢠Order 2 : post extraction
⢠Order 3 : high, well rounded
⢠Order 4 : Knife edge
⢠Order 5 : low well rounded
⢠Order 6: depressed
97
99. Residual Ridge Resorption
99
⢠The posterior edentulous mandible resorbs at
a rate about four times faster than the
anterior edentulous mandible.
⢠However, the original height of available bone
in the mandible is twice as much as the
maxilla. Therefore the resultant maxillary
atrophy, although slower, affects the potential
implant patient with equal frequency
100. Pre-Prosthetic Surgery
According to GPT (1999) PRE- PROSTHETIC SURGERY â
âSurgical procedures designed to
facilitate fabrication of prosthesis
or to improve the prognosis of
Prosthodontic careâ
100
101. Different Pre-Prosthetic Surgery
I. Basic pre-prosthetic surgical procedures
A. Removal of Teeth
- Erupted
- Unerupted
- Partially erupted
- Root stumps
- Cysts
B. Bony recontouring of alveolar ridges
- Simple alveoloplasty associated with removal of multiple teeth.
- Intraseptal alveoloplasty
- Maxillary tuberosity reduction
- Buccal exostosis and excessive undercuts
- Lateral palatal exostosis
- Mylohyoid ridge reduction
- Genial tubercle reduction
101
102. Different Pre-Prosthetic Surgery
C. Tori Removal
- Maxillary tori
- Mandibular tori
D. Soft Tissue Procedures:
- Maxillary tuberosity reduction
- Mandibular retromolar pad reduction
- Lateral palatal soft tissue excess
- Unsupported hypermobile tissue
- Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia
- Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia of the palate.
- Labial frenectomy
- Lingual frenectomy
E. Immediate Dentures
- One stage
- Two stage
F. Overdenture surgery
102
103. Different Pre-Prosthetic Surgery
II. Advanced pre-prosthetic surgical procedures:
A. Mandibular Augmentation:
- Superior Border Augmentation
- Inferior Border Augmentation
- Pedicled or Interpositional Grafts
- Hydroxyapatite Augmentation of the mandible
B. Maxillary Augmentation
- Onlay Bone Grafting
- Interpositional Bone Grafts
- Maxillary Hydroxyapatite Augmentation
- Tuberoplasty
C. Soft tissue surgery for ridge extension of the mandible
- Transpositional flap vestibuloplasty (Lip Switch)
- Vestibule and floor of the mouth extension procedure
- Relocation of the mental nerve
D. Soft tissue surgery for maxillary ridge augmentation
- Submucous vestibuloplasty
- Maxillary skin grafting vestibuloplasty
103
106. Implants And Bone
106
⢠D1; bone is primarily dense cortical bone.
⢠D2; bone has dense to thick porous
cortical bone on the crest and within
coarse trabecular bone.
⢠D3; has a thinner porous cortical crest and
fine trabecular bone
107. Implants And Bone
107
⢠D4; has almost no crestal cortical bone.
The fine trabecular bone composes almost
all of the total volume of bone next to
implant.
⢠D5; A very soft bone with incomplete
mineralization, may be addressed as D5
108. Implants And Bone
⢠Five important things to remember are:-
â Available Bone Height
â Available Bone Width
â Available Bone Length
â Available Bone Angulation
â Crown Height
108
109. Implants And Bone
Available Bone Height
â The minimum height of
available bone necessary for
long- term survival of
endosteal implants is related
in part to the density of
bone.
â The more dense bone may
accommodate a shorter
implant (i.e., 8 mm), and the
least dense, weaker bone
requires a longer implant
(i.e., 12 mm).
109
110. Implants And Bone
Available Bone Width
â The width of available bone is measured
between the facial and lingual plates at the
crest of the potential implant site. The crest
of the edentulous ridge is supported by a
wider base.
110
111. Implants And Bone
Available Bone Length
â The mesiodistal length of
available bone in an
edentulous area often is
limited by adjacent teeth or
implants.
â As a general rule the implant
should be at least 1.5 mm
from an adjacent tooth. This
dimension not only allows
surgical error but also
compensates for the width
of an implant or tooth
defect, which is usually less
than 1.4 mm.
111
112. Implants And Bone
Available Bone Angulation
â Ideally, the bone is perpendicular to the plane
of occlusion, aligned with the forces of
occlusion, and is parallel to the long axis of
the prosthodontic restoration.
â The maxillary anterior teeth are the only
segment in either arch that do not receive a
long-axis load to the tooth roots but instead
usually are loaded at a 12-degree angle.
112
113. Implants And Bone
Available Bone Angulation
â In Mandible, second premolar region the
angulation may be 10 degrees to a horizontal
plane; in the first molar area, 15 degrees; and
in the second molar region, 20 to 25 degree.
â In edentulous areas with a wide ridge, one
may select wider root-form implants. Such
implants may allow up to 25 degrees of
divergence with the adjacent implant(s),
natural teeth, or axial forces of occlusion with
moderate compromise.
113
114. Implants And Bone
Crown Height
â It affects the appearance of the final
prosthesis and also affects the amount of
moment force on the implant and
surrounding crestal bone during occlusal
loading.
â The crown height is measured from the
occlusal or incisal plane to the crest of the
ridge and may be considered a vertical
cantilever.
114
116. Implants And Bone
116
⢠As Bone density decreases, incidence of micro
fracture increases, so the strain to the bone is
decreases.
⢠Factor of load is also influenced by direction of
the implant placed.
⢠Increased implant number decreased stress
in functional loading area.
117. Implants and Bone
⢠For every 0.5-mm increase in width there is an
increased surface area between 10-15%.
⢠Because the greatest stresses are concentrated at
the crestal region of the implant, width is more
significant than length.
⢠D4 bone benefits from relatively longer implants
for initial fixation.
117
119. Natural bone graft material
⢠Auto graft:- iliac crest
⢠Allograft:-cadavers , bone bank
⢠There are three types of bone allograft
available:
Fresh or fresh-frozen bone
Freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA)
Demineralized freeze-dried bone
allograft (DFDBA)
119
120. Synthetic bone grafts material
⢠Xenografts:-bovine
⢠Alloplastic grafts:-hydroxylapatite,
bioactive glass
120
121. OSSEOUS INTEGRATION
⢠The process and resultant apparent direct
connection of an exogenous materialâs surface
and the host bone tissues, without intervening
fibrous connective tissue present.
- GPT, 8TH EDITION
121
122. Osseointegration and Prosthodontics
⢠Osseointegration, the direct structual and
function adhesion between bone and implant
surface, is a prerequisite for the long term
succes of dental implants.
122
123. Osseointegration and Prosthodontics
⢠Six important factors for estrablishing reliable
osseointegration:
â Implant material
â Implant design
â Surface quality
â Bone status
â Surgical technique
â Loading conditions.
123
124. CONCLUSION
⢠Bones are rigid organs that constitute part of
the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support
and protect the various organs of the body,
produce red and white blood cells and store
minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense
connective tissue. Bones come in a variety of
shapes and have a complex internal and
external structure, are lightweight yet strong
and hard, and serve multiple functions.
124
125. References
⢠Oral Histology (Development, Structure & Function) A.R.Ten
Cate, 5th & 6th edition
⢠Essential Of Complete Denture â Winkler,2nd edition
⢠Contemporary Implant Dentistry - Carl.E.Misch,3rd & 4th
edition
⢠Bone : Biology , Harvesting , Grafting for Dental Imlants
Arun K. Garg
⢠TextBook of Histology â Inderbir Singh
⢠Color Atlas of Dental Medicine, Wolf Rateitachak and
Hassell,3rd Edition
⢠Petersonâs Priciple of oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Volume 1,
Michael Miloro Edition 125
126. References
⢠Atwood DA: Reduction Of Residual Ridges: A Major Oral
Disease Entity. J Prosthet Dent 1971;26:266-279.
⢠Modeling And Remodeling Of Human Extraction Sockets â By -
J Clin Periodontal 2008; 35: 630â639
⢠Molecular And Cellular Periodontology 2000, Vol. 24, 2000,
99â126 Copyright C Munksgaard 2000
⢠Caranza- clinical periodontology 9 edition
⢠Bone Loss and Bone Turnover in Diabetes
⢠Jesse C. Krakauer, Malachi J. McKenna, Nancy Fenn Buderer,
D. Sudhaker Rao, Fred W. Whitehouse, and A. Michael Parfitt ,
DIABETES, VOL. 44, JULY 1995
⢠GPT, 8TH EDITION
126
Long bones are characterized by a shaft, the diaphysis, that is much longer than it is wide. They are made up mostly of compact bone, with lesser amounts of marrow, located within the medullary cavity, and spongy bone. Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and toes, are long bones. The exceptions are those of the wrist, ankle and kneecap.[citation needed]
Short bones are roughly cube-shaped, and have only a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones, as are the sesamoid bones.[citation needed]
Flat bones are thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the sternum.[citation needed]
Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. Since they act to hold the tendon further away from the joint, the angle of the tendon is increased and thus the leverage of the muscle is increased. Examples of sesamoid bones are the patella and the pisiform.[citation needed]
Irregular bones do not fit into the above categories. They consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. As implied by the name, their shapes are irregular and complicated. Often this irregular shape is due to their many centers of ossification or because they contain bony sinuses. The bones of the spine, Pelvis, and some bones of the skull are irregular bones. Examples include the ethmoid and sphenoid bones.[13]
Matrix is composed of protein fibers called collagen fibers.
Proteoglycons â concerned with the regulation and deposition of bone salts.
Hydroxylapatite is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH- ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. It crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system.
Up to 50% of bone by weight is a modified form of hydroxylapatite (known as bone mineral).[4] Carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxylapatite is the main mineral of which dental enamel and dentin are composed. Hydroxylapatite crystals are also found in the small calcifications (within the pineal gland and other structures) known as corpora arenacea or 'brain sand'.
BONE RESISTS COMPRESSIVE FORCES BEST AND TENSILE FORCES LEAST
RESIST FORCES APPLIED ALONG THE AXIS OF ITS FIBROUS COMPONENT AND FRACTURE OCCURS MORE READILY BECAUSE OF SLICING OR TENSILE STRESSES.
While bone is essentially brittle, it does have a significant degree of elasticity, contributed chiefly by collagen.
CHARACTERISTIC OF ALL BONES ARE A DENSE OUTER SHEET OF COMPACT BONE AND A CENTRAL, MEDULLARY CAVITY.
IN LIVING BONE, THE CAVITY IS FILLED WITH RED OR YELLOW BONE MARROW THAT IS INTERRUPTED PARTICULARLY AT THE END OF LONG BONES, BY A NETWOK OF BONE TRABECULAE.
CHARACTERISTIC OF ALL BONES ARE A DENSE OUTER SHEET OF CPPACT BONE AND A CENTRAL, MEDULLARY CAVITY.
IN LIVING BONE, THE CAVITY IS FILLED WITH RED OR YELLOW BONE MARROW THAT IS INTERRUPTED PARTICULARLY AT THE END OF LONG BONES, BY A NETWOK OF BONE TRABECULAE.
Tissue is organized in bony cylinders consolidated around central a central blood vessels, called haversian system.
Haversian canals , contain capillaries and nerves ⌠connected to each other.
To the outside surface of bone by short transverse volkmann canals.
Tissue is organized in bony cylinders consolidated around central a central blood vessels, called haversian system.
Haversian canals , contain capillaries and nerves ⌠connected to each other.
To the outside surface of bone by short transverse volkmann canals.
Tissue is organized in bony cylinders consolidated around central a central blood vessels, called haversian system.
Haversian canals , contain capillaries and nerves ⌠connected to each other.
To the outside surface of bone by short transverse volkmann canals.
CHARACTERISTIC OF ALL BONES ARE A DENSE OUTER SHEET OF CPPACT BONE AND A CENTRAL, MEDULLARY CAVITY.
IN LIVING BONE, THE CAVITY IS FILLED WITH RED OR YELLOW BONE MARROW THAT IS INTERRUPTED PARTICULARLY AT THE END OF LONG BONES, BY A NETWOK OF BONE TRABECULAE.
H L are often shallo troughs with an irregular shape
H L are often shallo troughs with an irregular shape
H L are often shallo troughs with an irregular shape
H L are often shallo troughs with an irregular shape
Photo inderbir singh 105.
Read and explain the picture
Photo inderbir singh 105.
Read and explain the picture
Photo inderbir singh 105.
Read and explain the picture
Photo inderbir singh 107 108.
Read and explain the picture
Photo inderbir singh 107 108.
Read and explain the picture
Photo inderbir singh 107 108.
Read and explain the picture
Apposition explain( inderbir singh pg 110)
Bone Growth at sutures
Apposition explain( inderbir singh pg 110)
Bone Growth at sutures
2ns point so bone is added in some areas and added in others.
Framework = body supported
the skull protecting the brain or the ribs protecting the heart and lungs
Lever = the whole body can be manipulated in three-dimensional space
RBC are manufactured in red bone marrow which is situated in spongy tissue at the ends of long bones.