The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the mandible to the temporal bone. It consists of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, mandibular fossa, and synovial cavity. Three muscle groups control mandible movement: closing muscles like the temporalis close the jaw, gliding muscles like the lateral pterygoid steer the jaw, and opening muscles like the suprahyoid depress the mandible. Ligaments like the temporomandibular and capsular ligaments also affect jaw movement. The mandible moves in rotational and translational fashions around three axes: the transverse, sagittal, and vertical axes. Basic mandibular movements include hinge

1. Anatomy and physiology
of Temporomandibular
Joint
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2. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
It is the articulation of the condyle ofthe
mandible, and the inter-articular disc; with the
mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa) of the temporal
bone.
The joint has a capsule and an articulating disc.
It is considered as a compound joint (a
compound joint is one with more than two bones
articulating); in TMJ, the articular disc acts like the
third bone.
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3. TMJ consists of the following
 The mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa) of
temporal bone.
 The condyle or head of the mandible.
 Synovial cavity.
 The articular disc or (meniscus).
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5. Muscles that control the movement of
mandible
There are three groups of muscles:
 Closing muscles.
 Gliding muscles.
 Opening muscles.
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6. Closing muscle
The temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid
muscles supply the power for pulling the
mandible against the maxilla (elevating and
closing the mandible).
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8. Closing muscle
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9. Gliding muscle
The lateral pterygoid muscle connects the
mandible to the lateral pterygoid plate in such a
way as to act as the steering mechanism for the
mandible and act to protrude the jaw or to
move it laterally.
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10. Gliding muscle
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11. Opening muscle
The muscles that depress (open) mandible
consist of three groups, suprahyoid muscles,
infrahyoid muscles, and platysma .
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12. Opening muscle
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13. Ligament affect movement of
mandible
 Temporomandibular and capsular ligaments.
 Sphenomandibular ligament.
 Stylomandibulalar ligament.
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14. TMJ ligament
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15. Mandibular axes
&
Mandibular movement
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16. Mandibular axes
There are three axes around which the
mandibular movements take place, the
mandibular movements are related to three
planes of skull (sagittal, transverse (horizontal),
and coronal (frontal)), .
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17. These axes include the following
I. Hinge axis or transverse axis :
It is an imaginary line around which the
mandible may rotate within the sagittal plane
(during opening and closing movement).
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18. Sagittal axis of the mandible :
It is an imaginary anteroposterior line around
which the mandible may rotate within the
frontal plane.
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19. Vertical axis of the mandible :
It is an imaginary line around which the
mandible may rotate through the horizontal
plane.
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21. Mandibular movement
Mandibular movement can be classified as following :
Based on the dimension involved in the movement
1 -Rotational
 a- Rotation around the transverse or hinge axis.
 b- Rotation around the anteroposterior or sagittal axis.
 c- Rotation around the vertical axis.
2 -Translational or gliding
 They are considered as basic movements of the
mandible
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22. Basic mandibular movement
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23.  The upper compartment
shows anteroposterior gliding movement, when
this movement takes place, the condyle and the
disc move as a single unit against the glenoid fossa.
 The lower compartment
shows hinge movement, during hinge movement
the condyle moves against the articular disc and the
glenoid fossa, which together act as a single unit.
True condylar rotation is 12° with the maximum
incisal separation of 22 mm.
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24. Based on the type of movement
1 - Hinge movement.
2 - Protrusive movement.
3 - Retrusive movement.
4 - Lateral movement.
 a- Lateral rotation or (laterotrusion).
a. Right.
b. Left.
 b- Lateral translation or (Bennett movement).
a. Immediate side shift.
b. Progressive side shift.
c. Precurrent side shift.
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26. Bennett movement
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27. Based on extent of movement :
1 - Border movement
 Extreme movement in the sagittal plane.
 Extreme movement in the horizontal plane.
 Extreme movement in the frontal plane.
 Envelope of motion.
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28. 2 - Intra-border movement
a- Functional movement.
 Chewing cycle.
 Swallowing.
 Yawing.
 Speech.
b- Para-functional movement.
 Clenching.
 Bruxism.
 Other habitual movements
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30. Border MM )sagittal tracing )
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31. Sheild tracing( coronal plane)
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32. Diamond tracing(horizontal
plane)
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