Fire is an oxidation reaction of the three elements (fuel, oxygen, heat) that can result in loss of property, injury, even death. Electricity potential that may results on fire is the short circuit current that occurs on the equipments and electrical installation cables. The remaining wires at the first fire location are subject to fire damage and can cause electrical short circuit. The purpose of this study is to analyze the short-circuit electrical deformation of copper cable using SEM EDS and MICRO XRF instrument. Based on the study result, there is a dominant change of oxygen elements in single cable and fiber sample causing fire that is 35.96% and 21.24%, those values are higher than Oxygen on a burned short-circuited cable that is 19.54% and 12.1%. The microstructure of the cable that causes fire looks like irregular clumps whereas the burned cable looks like a clump of clumps.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Air Breathing Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and its ...IRJET Journal
1) Researchers at St. Joseph's Institute of Technology designed and tested an air-breathing solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that uses hydrogen gas as fuel.
2) The SOFC was fabricated using nickel oxide and yttria-stabilized zirconia for the anode, yttria-stabilized zirconia for the electrolyte, and lanthanum strontium manganite for the cathode.
3) Testing of the SOFC involved supplying it with hydrogen gas at 800°C and measuring its voltage, current, current density, and power density output under varying loads. The SOFC achieved a maximum current density of 44 mA/cm2 and open circuit
Lightnng protection as Per IEC 62305 Presentaton by JMV LPS LTDMahesh Chandra Manav
The document discusses lightning protection systems and products from JMV including copper clad conductors, exothermic welding systems, and different types of lightning protection systems like simple rods, meshed cages, and catenary wires. It provides details on lightning risk assessment calculations and describes JMV's clients and contact information. The document provides information on JMV's lightning protection products and installation methods.
Clarification of the optimum silica nanofiller amount for electrical treeing ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper aims to clarify the optimum amount of fumed silica (SiO2) nanofiller in resisting the initiation and propagation of electrical treeing in silicone rubber (SiR). Unlike other works, SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites containing seven different weight percentages of SiO2 nanofiller were prepared for this purpose. To achieve the objective, the electrical tree characteristics of the SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites were investigated by comparing the tree initiation voltage, tree breakdown time, tree propagation length and tree growth rate with its equivalent unfilled SiR. Moreover, the structural and morphological analyses were conducted on the SiR/SiO2 nanocomposite samples. The results showed that the SiR, when added with an appropriate amount of SiO2 nanofiller, could result in an improved electrical tree resistance. It implies that the 5 wt% of silica is the optimum amount to achieve the optimal electrical tree resistance such that above 5 wt%, the tree resistance performance has been abruptly reduced, subjected to the agglomeration issue.
This document discusses selecting heating elements for electrically heated furnaces and kilns. It describes the main classes of heating elements used - metallic, silicon carbide, and molybdenum disilicide. Metallic elements are cheaper but have lower maximum temperatures, while molybdenum disilicide can withstand the highest temperatures. The document provides guidelines for selecting an element based on the maximum furnace temperature and considers other factors like watt loading and element lifespan. Metallic elements require more careful material selection and configuration to optimize performance based on the furnace atmosphere and operating conditions.
The document discusses electron beam welding (EBW). EBW uses a beam of high velocity electrons to melt and join materials in a vacuum. The electron beam is produced by heating a tungsten filament in an electron gun. The beam is focused using electromagnetic coils to a diameter of 0.25-1mm and power density of 10kW/mm2. EBW can weld almost any material combination and produces a narrow heat affected zone and deep penetration. It is useful for welding in applications like aerospace, medical devices, electronics and automotive transmissions.
Comparative study of power cables and testing as per indian standardsIAEME Publication
The document discusses power cables and provides a comparative study of PVC, XLPE, and elastomeric insulated cables. It summarizes that PVC cables are widely used for power transmission and distribution. XLPE cables were developed to overcome moisture ingress issues with PILC cables. Elastomeric cables are flexible and used in industries like mining. A table compares characteristics of the three cable types such as definitions, properties, Indian testing standards, insulation material, and physical tests. The document provides an overview of power cables and their comparative qualities.
Dielectric heating occurs when a non-conducting material is subjected to an alternating electric field, causing dielectric losses that generate heat within the material. The heat generated is proportional to frequency and voltage. Common applications include heating plastics, food processing, and industrial uses like curing and drying. Induction heating uses electromagnetic induction to generate eddy currents within a conductive material, heating it through resistive losses. It can be applied directly by inducing currents in the target material or indirectly by first heating a container that then transfers heat through radiation or convection. Proper selection of frequency allows controlling the heating depth and uniformity.
Iwt unit 5 electron beam welding sushant bhattSRMUBarabanki
Electron beam welding is a fusion welding process that uses a beam of high-velocity electrons to join materials. The process works by accelerating electrons in an electron gun and focusing them via magnetic lenses to produce heat from kinetic energy. This heat is used to fuse materials in a vacuum chamber. Key advantages are the ability to weld dissimilar metals without filler and produce high quality, low defect welds. However, the process requires expensive equipment and high skill levels.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Air Breathing Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and its ...IRJET Journal
1) Researchers at St. Joseph's Institute of Technology designed and tested an air-breathing solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) that uses hydrogen gas as fuel.
2) The SOFC was fabricated using nickel oxide and yttria-stabilized zirconia for the anode, yttria-stabilized zirconia for the electrolyte, and lanthanum strontium manganite for the cathode.
3) Testing of the SOFC involved supplying it with hydrogen gas at 800°C and measuring its voltage, current, current density, and power density output under varying loads. The SOFC achieved a maximum current density of 44 mA/cm2 and open circuit
Lightnng protection as Per IEC 62305 Presentaton by JMV LPS LTDMahesh Chandra Manav
The document discusses lightning protection systems and products from JMV including copper clad conductors, exothermic welding systems, and different types of lightning protection systems like simple rods, meshed cages, and catenary wires. It provides details on lightning risk assessment calculations and describes JMV's clients and contact information. The document provides information on JMV's lightning protection products and installation methods.
Clarification of the optimum silica nanofiller amount for electrical treeing ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper aims to clarify the optimum amount of fumed silica (SiO2) nanofiller in resisting the initiation and propagation of electrical treeing in silicone rubber (SiR). Unlike other works, SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites containing seven different weight percentages of SiO2 nanofiller were prepared for this purpose. To achieve the objective, the electrical tree characteristics of the SiR/SiO2 nanocomposites were investigated by comparing the tree initiation voltage, tree breakdown time, tree propagation length and tree growth rate with its equivalent unfilled SiR. Moreover, the structural and morphological analyses were conducted on the SiR/SiO2 nanocomposite samples. The results showed that the SiR, when added with an appropriate amount of SiO2 nanofiller, could result in an improved electrical tree resistance. It implies that the 5 wt% of silica is the optimum amount to achieve the optimal electrical tree resistance such that above 5 wt%, the tree resistance performance has been abruptly reduced, subjected to the agglomeration issue.
This document discusses selecting heating elements for electrically heated furnaces and kilns. It describes the main classes of heating elements used - metallic, silicon carbide, and molybdenum disilicide. Metallic elements are cheaper but have lower maximum temperatures, while molybdenum disilicide can withstand the highest temperatures. The document provides guidelines for selecting an element based on the maximum furnace temperature and considers other factors like watt loading and element lifespan. Metallic elements require more careful material selection and configuration to optimize performance based on the furnace atmosphere and operating conditions.
The document discusses electron beam welding (EBW). EBW uses a beam of high velocity electrons to melt and join materials in a vacuum. The electron beam is produced by heating a tungsten filament in an electron gun. The beam is focused using electromagnetic coils to a diameter of 0.25-1mm and power density of 10kW/mm2. EBW can weld almost any material combination and produces a narrow heat affected zone and deep penetration. It is useful for welding in applications like aerospace, medical devices, electronics and automotive transmissions.
Comparative study of power cables and testing as per indian standardsIAEME Publication
The document discusses power cables and provides a comparative study of PVC, XLPE, and elastomeric insulated cables. It summarizes that PVC cables are widely used for power transmission and distribution. XLPE cables were developed to overcome moisture ingress issues with PILC cables. Elastomeric cables are flexible and used in industries like mining. A table compares characteristics of the three cable types such as definitions, properties, Indian testing standards, insulation material, and physical tests. The document provides an overview of power cables and their comparative qualities.
Dielectric heating occurs when a non-conducting material is subjected to an alternating electric field, causing dielectric losses that generate heat within the material. The heat generated is proportional to frequency and voltage. Common applications include heating plastics, food processing, and industrial uses like curing and drying. Induction heating uses electromagnetic induction to generate eddy currents within a conductive material, heating it through resistive losses. It can be applied directly by inducing currents in the target material or indirectly by first heating a container that then transfers heat through radiation or convection. Proper selection of frequency allows controlling the heating depth and uniformity.
Iwt unit 5 electron beam welding sushant bhattSRMUBarabanki
Electron beam welding is a fusion welding process that uses a beam of high-velocity electrons to join materials. The process works by accelerating electrons in an electron gun and focusing them via magnetic lenses to produce heat from kinetic energy. This heat is used to fuse materials in a vacuum chamber. Key advantages are the ability to weld dissimilar metals without filler and produce high quality, low defect welds. However, the process requires expensive equipment and high skill levels.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Electrical Engineering Material Part-XIXAsif Jamadar
This document discusses different electrical engineering materials including fuses, resistors, and conducting materials. It explains what a fuse is and fuse ratings like rated carrying current and fusing time. It also lists different metal fuse elements and fusible alloy compositions and melting points. Resistors are described as integral circuit components, and materials used for precision and potentiometer resistors are covered. Conducting materials applications include transmission lines, electrical machines, transformers, DC machines, induction motors and synchronous generators.
This document discusses modifications made to improve the energy efficiency of a high-power consuming holding furnace. The key modifications included:
1. Replacing the existing copper coil with a longer 9-meter coil to reduce the number of joints from 80 to 22, improving reliability.
2. Improving the hydraulic system, instrument panel cooling, and implementing monitoring systems to reduce failures and downtime.
3. Strengthening mechanical structures and implementing procedures to optimize the fume extraction system, reducing electrical energy usage.
The modifications are estimated to reduce the furnace's energy consumption per ton of metal and lower maintenance costs, with a payback period of less than 2 years for the investment.
Electron Beam Machining (Modern ManufacturingProcess)Dinesh Panchal
The document summarizes electron beam machining (EBM). EBM uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to melt and vaporize metal, allowing for precise machining. There are two types - thermal EBM uses the beam's heat to selectively vaporize material, while non-thermal EBM causes surface chemical reactions. The document discusses the generation and control of electron beams, the physical processes involved in thermal EBM, and a phenomenological theory of non-thermal EBM film growth proposed by Christly.
Current Advanced Research Development of Electric Discharge Machining (EDM): ...sushil Choudhary
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used nonconventional
precise material removal processes. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a process for
shaping hard metals and forming deep complex shaped holes by arc erosion in all kinds of electroconductive
materials. Erosion pulse discharge occurs in a small gap between the work piece and the
electrode. This removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through melting and vaporizing in
presence of dielectric fluid. In recent years, EDM researchers have explored a number of ways to improve
EDM Process parameters such as Electrical parameters, Non-Electrical Parameters, tool Electrode based
parameters & Powder based parameters. This new research shares the same objectives of achieving more
efficient metal removal rate reduction in tool wear and improved surface quality. This paper reviews the
research work carried out from the inception to the development of die-sinking EDM, Water in EDM, dry
EDM, and Powder mixed electric Discharge Machining. Within the past decade. & also briefly describing the Current Research technique Trend in EDM, future EDM research direction.
Common thermocouple types and characteristicsYiDan Li
The document discusses several common types of thermocouples, including their materials, temperature ranges, characteristics, and applications. It describes K-type, S-type, E-type, N-type, J-type, T-type, and R-type thermocouples, explaining their positive and negative electrode materials as well as traits such as sensitivity, accuracy, temperature limits, cost, and suitability for different environments.
APPLICATION AND ADVNTAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIELECTRIC.Raj Raythatha
This document discusses different types of dielectric materials and their applications. It begins by defining dielectrics as materials that can be polarized by an electric field but do not allow electric current to pass through. It then describes three main types of dielectric materials - solid, liquid, and gaseous. Examples are given for each type. The document focuses on applications of dielectrics in capacitors and transformers, explaining how different materials are used depending on their properties and the voltage/precision needs of the application. It concludes by listing several advantages of various dielectric materials.
This document discusses plasma arc machining (PAM) and provides details on the process. It begins with an introduction and then describes the working principle of PAM where gases are heated to a plasma state over 5000°C and directed as a high velocity stream onto the workpiece. The document outlines the process details including the plasma gun, power supply, cooling mechanism and types of workpieces. It discusses applications of PAM and advantages such as fast production rate and ability to machine hard materials. The document concludes that while PAM has been successful in welding and machining due to improved quality, its high costs and ozone production have led to other advanced techniques becoming more common.
Electron beam machining by Himanshu VaidHimanshu Vaid
Electron beam machining uses a stream of electrons accelerated to high velocities by a potential difference of around 30kv. The electron beam is focused and directed towards the workpiece, where the kinetic energy of the electrons is transferred as heat to melt or vaporize small areas of the material. This process must occur in a vacuum to prevent energy loss from collisions with air molecules. Electron beam machining is used for cutting narrow slots, drilling fine holes, marking, welding, and other thermal processing applications where precise localized heating is needed.
Electrical Engineering Material Part-XVIIIAsif Jamadar
This document discusses different materials used for electrical purposes. It describes soft and hard solder materials, with soft solder being a tin-lead alloy and hard solder being a copper-zinc alloy. Electrical contact materials are discussed next, noting that successful operation depends on factors like voltage, current, and contact make/break cycles. Commonly used electrical contact materials include pure metals like copper and silver, as well as alloys of silver, copper-tungsten mixtures, and noble metals like platinum, palladium, and tungsten. High resistivity materials and carbon/graphite are also referenced.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes an experiment on using photovoltaic (solar) energy to power electroplating of copper. The experiment used solar panels to generate electricity and power an electrolysis system for copper plating on small metal plates. Key results were that under ideal conditions, the solar system could plate copper on areas up to around 1.1-4.4 dm2. The document provides details on the experimental setup, electrolysis process, and results which found the plating rate was around 0.0007 g/s and thickness achieved was around 19 microns for a sample using a 50W solar panel. In conclusion, the system demonstrated solar energy could be used for small-scale copper electroplating applications.
Electron beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high velocity electrons is directed to the materials being joined.The workpieces melts as the kinetic energy of the lectrons is transformed
into heat upon impact.
The document summarizes electron beam machining (EBM). EBM works by converting the kinetic energy of high-speed electrons into heat energy when they impinge on a workpiece. This heat energy vaporizes material. The process requires vacuum. An electron gun generates electrons that pass through magnetic lenses to focus the beam on the workpiece. Material removal occurs through melting and vaporization. EBM can machine small, complex holes and is used in aerospace and nuclear industries. It offers good finishes but has low material removal rates and high costs.
This document discusses different types of dielectric materials including solids, liquids, and gases. Some key solid dielectrics mentioned are mica, glass, rubber, and ceramics. The main liquid dielectrics described are mineral oils, synthetic oils, and miscellaneous oils. Gaseous dielectrics include air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride, and inert gases. The document also discusses specific dielectric materials like mica, glass, asbestos, and rubber. It describes the composition and properties of each and their applications, particularly in capacitors and transformers.
Project Smart City ,Project AMRUT, Project Solar PV Power ,Muncipal Corporation , ProjectStreet Light LED,Project Traffic Light, Project out door CCTV,Project Variable Moving Display,all Architect,MEP,Electrical Consultants ,Project Engineering Department Electrical, Project Telecom and Broadband
Investigation into possible electrical fire outbreaks at welders’ worksho...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an investigation into potential electrical fire risks at welding workshops in Siwdo Kokompe, Ghana. The researcher examined the wiring, electricity distribution, and welding practices. The wiring and fittings at most workshops were found to be in good condition. However, the overuse and improper handling of sockets could pose fire risks due to power overload. The researcher concluded that their investigation did not find significant risks, but improvements could still be made to electrical safety.
Electron beam welding utilizes a focused beam of high-energy electrons to melt and join metal surfaces. The beam is generated by heating a tungsten filament in a high vacuum, which accelerates and focuses electrons into a narrow beam with a density of 0.5 to 10 kW/mm2. This generates heat of around 2500°C, enough to melt metals and fill narrow weld gaps. Electron beam welding is used for automotive, aerospace, and other metal components due to its ability to produce clean, porous-free welds at speeds up to 2500mm/min without distortion.
This document describes a system for personal thermal management using metallic nanowire-coated textiles. Metallic nanowires are coated onto cloth to form a conductive network. This network reflects infrared radiation from the human body back towards the body, providing thermal insulation. It also allows for Joule heating by running electricity through the conductive nanowire network. The nanowire coating maintains the breathability and flexibility of the original cloth. Silver nanowires and carbon nanotubes are used to create coated fabrics for personal thermal management.
A low cost electromagnetic sensor for detecting holes in metallic sheetTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Unwanted hole in metal sheet that use for vehicle body or structure is proved dangerous situation.
To prevent disaster this hole needs to be found before its installation, or other wise it will be time and
money consuming once its found when already finished installation. Therefore, an inspection using sensor
for metal sheet is recommended to prevent this problem. In this paper, we proposed a new sensor using
radio wave propagation to detect holes in metal sheet. We propose to use RSSI methods to detect hole
based on electromagnetic wave propagation signal strength. Using this method we success to detect
8 mm hole diameter in metal sheet with 1mm thickness. Using this method, we transmit electromagnetic
wave energy at about 20 dBm, and we receive with average -27.53 dBm for iron sheet and -23.13 dBm for
aluminum sheet.
This document provides a review of research on electrical discharge machining (EDM) of non-conductive ceramic materials. It discusses how ceramics can be made electrically conductive through doping with conductive materials like titanium carbide. It then summarizes several studies that investigated EDM of doped ceramics and the effects of process parameters on material removal rate and surface finish. It also describes an "assisting electrode method" where a conductive layer forms on the ceramic surface during EDM, allowing discharges and machining to occur even for insulating materials. The document aims to demonstrate the feasibility of EDM for machining ceramics and potential applications of this innovative processing technique.
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processingijsrd.com
Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
Electrical Engineering Material Part-XIXAsif Jamadar
This document discusses different electrical engineering materials including fuses, resistors, and conducting materials. It explains what a fuse is and fuse ratings like rated carrying current and fusing time. It also lists different metal fuse elements and fusible alloy compositions and melting points. Resistors are described as integral circuit components, and materials used for precision and potentiometer resistors are covered. Conducting materials applications include transmission lines, electrical machines, transformers, DC machines, induction motors and synchronous generators.
This document discusses modifications made to improve the energy efficiency of a high-power consuming holding furnace. The key modifications included:
1. Replacing the existing copper coil with a longer 9-meter coil to reduce the number of joints from 80 to 22, improving reliability.
2. Improving the hydraulic system, instrument panel cooling, and implementing monitoring systems to reduce failures and downtime.
3. Strengthening mechanical structures and implementing procedures to optimize the fume extraction system, reducing electrical energy usage.
The modifications are estimated to reduce the furnace's energy consumption per ton of metal and lower maintenance costs, with a payback period of less than 2 years for the investment.
Electron Beam Machining (Modern ManufacturingProcess)Dinesh Panchal
The document summarizes electron beam machining (EBM). EBM uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons to melt and vaporize metal, allowing for precise machining. There are two types - thermal EBM uses the beam's heat to selectively vaporize material, while non-thermal EBM causes surface chemical reactions. The document discusses the generation and control of electron beams, the physical processes involved in thermal EBM, and a phenomenological theory of non-thermal EBM film growth proposed by Christly.
Current Advanced Research Development of Electric Discharge Machining (EDM): ...sushil Choudhary
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process is one of the most commonly used nonconventional
precise material removal processes. Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a process for
shaping hard metals and forming deep complex shaped holes by arc erosion in all kinds of electroconductive
materials. Erosion pulse discharge occurs in a small gap between the work piece and the
electrode. This removes the unwanted material from the parent metal through melting and vaporizing in
presence of dielectric fluid. In recent years, EDM researchers have explored a number of ways to improve
EDM Process parameters such as Electrical parameters, Non-Electrical Parameters, tool Electrode based
parameters & Powder based parameters. This new research shares the same objectives of achieving more
efficient metal removal rate reduction in tool wear and improved surface quality. This paper reviews the
research work carried out from the inception to the development of die-sinking EDM, Water in EDM, dry
EDM, and Powder mixed electric Discharge Machining. Within the past decade. & also briefly describing the Current Research technique Trend in EDM, future EDM research direction.
Common thermocouple types and characteristicsYiDan Li
The document discusses several common types of thermocouples, including their materials, temperature ranges, characteristics, and applications. It describes K-type, S-type, E-type, N-type, J-type, T-type, and R-type thermocouples, explaining their positive and negative electrode materials as well as traits such as sensitivity, accuracy, temperature limits, cost, and suitability for different environments.
APPLICATION AND ADVNTAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIELECTRIC.Raj Raythatha
This document discusses different types of dielectric materials and their applications. It begins by defining dielectrics as materials that can be polarized by an electric field but do not allow electric current to pass through. It then describes three main types of dielectric materials - solid, liquid, and gaseous. Examples are given for each type. The document focuses on applications of dielectrics in capacitors and transformers, explaining how different materials are used depending on their properties and the voltage/precision needs of the application. It concludes by listing several advantages of various dielectric materials.
This document discusses plasma arc machining (PAM) and provides details on the process. It begins with an introduction and then describes the working principle of PAM where gases are heated to a plasma state over 5000°C and directed as a high velocity stream onto the workpiece. The document outlines the process details including the plasma gun, power supply, cooling mechanism and types of workpieces. It discusses applications of PAM and advantages such as fast production rate and ability to machine hard materials. The document concludes that while PAM has been successful in welding and machining due to improved quality, its high costs and ozone production have led to other advanced techniques becoming more common.
Electron beam machining by Himanshu VaidHimanshu Vaid
Electron beam machining uses a stream of electrons accelerated to high velocities by a potential difference of around 30kv. The electron beam is focused and directed towards the workpiece, where the kinetic energy of the electrons is transferred as heat to melt or vaporize small areas of the material. This process must occur in a vacuum to prevent energy loss from collisions with air molecules. Electron beam machining is used for cutting narrow slots, drilling fine holes, marking, welding, and other thermal processing applications where precise localized heating is needed.
Electrical Engineering Material Part-XVIIIAsif Jamadar
This document discusses different materials used for electrical purposes. It describes soft and hard solder materials, with soft solder being a tin-lead alloy and hard solder being a copper-zinc alloy. Electrical contact materials are discussed next, noting that successful operation depends on factors like voltage, current, and contact make/break cycles. Commonly used electrical contact materials include pure metals like copper and silver, as well as alloys of silver, copper-tungsten mixtures, and noble metals like platinum, palladium, and tungsten. High resistivity materials and carbon/graphite are also referenced.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes an experiment on using photovoltaic (solar) energy to power electroplating of copper. The experiment used solar panels to generate electricity and power an electrolysis system for copper plating on small metal plates. Key results were that under ideal conditions, the solar system could plate copper on areas up to around 1.1-4.4 dm2. The document provides details on the experimental setup, electrolysis process, and results which found the plating rate was around 0.0007 g/s and thickness achieved was around 19 microns for a sample using a 50W solar panel. In conclusion, the system demonstrated solar energy could be used for small-scale copper electroplating applications.
Electron beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high velocity electrons is directed to the materials being joined.The workpieces melts as the kinetic energy of the lectrons is transformed
into heat upon impact.
The document summarizes electron beam machining (EBM). EBM works by converting the kinetic energy of high-speed electrons into heat energy when they impinge on a workpiece. This heat energy vaporizes material. The process requires vacuum. An electron gun generates electrons that pass through magnetic lenses to focus the beam on the workpiece. Material removal occurs through melting and vaporization. EBM can machine small, complex holes and is used in aerospace and nuclear industries. It offers good finishes but has low material removal rates and high costs.
This document discusses different types of dielectric materials including solids, liquids, and gases. Some key solid dielectrics mentioned are mica, glass, rubber, and ceramics. The main liquid dielectrics described are mineral oils, synthetic oils, and miscellaneous oils. Gaseous dielectrics include air, nitrogen, sulfur hexafluoride, and inert gases. The document also discusses specific dielectric materials like mica, glass, asbestos, and rubber. It describes the composition and properties of each and their applications, particularly in capacitors and transformers.
Project Smart City ,Project AMRUT, Project Solar PV Power ,Muncipal Corporation , ProjectStreet Light LED,Project Traffic Light, Project out door CCTV,Project Variable Moving Display,all Architect,MEP,Electrical Consultants ,Project Engineering Department Electrical, Project Telecom and Broadband
Investigation into possible electrical fire outbreaks at welders’ worksho...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes an investigation into potential electrical fire risks at welding workshops in Siwdo Kokompe, Ghana. The researcher examined the wiring, electricity distribution, and welding practices. The wiring and fittings at most workshops were found to be in good condition. However, the overuse and improper handling of sockets could pose fire risks due to power overload. The researcher concluded that their investigation did not find significant risks, but improvements could still be made to electrical safety.
Electron beam welding utilizes a focused beam of high-energy electrons to melt and join metal surfaces. The beam is generated by heating a tungsten filament in a high vacuum, which accelerates and focuses electrons into a narrow beam with a density of 0.5 to 10 kW/mm2. This generates heat of around 2500°C, enough to melt metals and fill narrow weld gaps. Electron beam welding is used for automotive, aerospace, and other metal components due to its ability to produce clean, porous-free welds at speeds up to 2500mm/min without distortion.
This document describes a system for personal thermal management using metallic nanowire-coated textiles. Metallic nanowires are coated onto cloth to form a conductive network. This network reflects infrared radiation from the human body back towards the body, providing thermal insulation. It also allows for Joule heating by running electricity through the conductive nanowire network. The nanowire coating maintains the breathability and flexibility of the original cloth. Silver nanowires and carbon nanotubes are used to create coated fabrics for personal thermal management.
A low cost electromagnetic sensor for detecting holes in metallic sheetTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Unwanted hole in metal sheet that use for vehicle body or structure is proved dangerous situation.
To prevent disaster this hole needs to be found before its installation, or other wise it will be time and
money consuming once its found when already finished installation. Therefore, an inspection using sensor
for metal sheet is recommended to prevent this problem. In this paper, we proposed a new sensor using
radio wave propagation to detect holes in metal sheet. We propose to use RSSI methods to detect hole
based on electromagnetic wave propagation signal strength. Using this method we success to detect
8 mm hole diameter in metal sheet with 1mm thickness. Using this method, we transmit electromagnetic
wave energy at about 20 dBm, and we receive with average -27.53 dBm for iron sheet and -23.13 dBm for
aluminum sheet.
This document provides a review of research on electrical discharge machining (EDM) of non-conductive ceramic materials. It discusses how ceramics can be made electrically conductive through doping with conductive materials like titanium carbide. It then summarizes several studies that investigated EDM of doped ceramics and the effects of process parameters on material removal rate and surface finish. It also describes an "assisting electrode method" where a conductive layer forms on the ceramic surface during EDM, allowing discharges and machining to occur even for insulating materials. The document aims to demonstrate the feasibility of EDM for machining ceramics and potential applications of this innovative processing technique.
This document provides a review of research on wire electric discharge machining (WEDM). It begins with an abstract that describes WEDM as a process that uses a continuously traveling wire electrode to produce complex shapes in electrically conductive materials by generating sparks between the wire and workpiece. The document then reviews research on WEDM, including studies optimizing process parameters to improve machining performance and productivity and reduce wire breakage. It also discusses the basic principles and cutting process of WEDM, noting that the exact sparking phenomena remains disputed, and lists common wire materials and their applications.
In this article, we studied the past and existing research in nanowire (NW) especially based on SiGe NWs. The basic Thermoelectric (TE) principles and theories are introduced and the factors that may influence the TE performance of SiGe NWs are discussed. The superiority of the group IV material-based NWs as TE materials are detailed with feasible structures while their fabrication methods and TE measurements are also reviewed. The existing SiGe NW are discussed for their potential applications and the feasible applications are illustrated. Finally, the variation of parameter TE on Temperature and carrier concentration is discussed and compare theoretically with the available experimental data.
This document summarizes research on the electrical properties of zinc-copper-telluride (ZnCuTe) ternary nanowires. ZnCuTe nanowires of diameters 200nm, 100nm, and 50nm were electrodeposited in polycarbonate track-etch membranes. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the nanowires had uniform diameters matching the membrane pores. Current-voltage measurements showed the nanowires had linear and ohmic characteristics, with larger diameter nanowires exhibiting higher electron transport. Temperature-dependent conductivity increased with temperature and decreased with smaller nanowire size. ZnCuTe nanowires also showed negative temperature coefficients of resistance.
Silicon carbide schottky diodes forward and reverse current properties upon f...journalBEEI
This paper investigates on the reaction of 10 and 15MGy, 3MeV electron irradiation upon off-the-shelves (commercial) Silicon Carbide Schottky diodes from Infineon Technologies (model: IDH08SG60C) and STMicroelectronics (model: STPSC806). Such irradiation reduces the forward-bias current. The reduction is mainly due to the significant increase of the series resistance (i.e. Infineon: 1.45Ω at before irradiation → 121×103 Ω at 15MGy); STMicroelectronics: 1.44Ω at before irradiation → 2.1×109 Ω at 15MGy). This increase in series resistance gives 4.6 and 8.2 orders of magnitude reduction for the forward-bias current density of Infineon and STMicroelectronics respectively. It is also observed that the ideality factor and the saturation current of the diodes increases with increasing dose (i.e. ideality factor- Infineon: 1.01 at before irradiation → 1.05 at 15MGy; STMicroelectronics: 1.02 at before irradiation → 1.3 at 15MGy | saturation current- Infineon: 1.6×10-17A at before irradiation → 2.5×10-17A at 15MGy; STMicroelectronics: 2.4×10-15A at before irradiation → 8×10-15A at 15MGy). Reverse-bias leakage current density in model by Infineon increases by one order of magnitude after 15MGy irradiation, however, in model by STMicroelectronics decreases by one order of magnitude. Overall, for these particular samples studied, Infineon devices have shown to be better in quality and more radiation resistance toward electron irradiation in forward-bias operation while STMicroelectronics exhibit better characteristics in reverse-bias operation.
Mechanical workshop practice 2 by sudarshan.bollapuDr B Sudarshan
The document provides instructions for students in the Mechanical Workshop Practice Lab at Centurion University. It outlines 12 total experiments divided into 4 categories: foundry, welding, plumbing, and blacksmithing. The experiments cover skills like pattern making, mold preparation, casting, joint preparation, and pipe installation. The document also provides an introduction to welding techniques, tools, and safety equipment used in the lab. Students are instructed to maintain a lab manual to document their experiments and procedures.
Arc mapping an effective tool to determine fire area of origin in fire invest...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis of (Poly-methyl Methacrylate-lead Oxide) Nanocomposites and Studyin...journalBEEI
Piezoelectric materials have been prepared from (poly-methyl methacrylate-lead oxide) nanocomposites for electronic applications. The lead oxide nanoparticles were added to poly-methyl methacrylate by different concentrations are (4, 8, and 12) wt%. The structural and dielectric properties of nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of nanocomposites decrease with increase in frequency of applied electric field. The A.C electrical conductivity increases with increase in frequency. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and A.C electrical conductivity of poly-methyl methacrylate increase with increase in lead oxide nanoparticles concentrations. The results of pressure sensor showed that the electrical resistance of (PMMA-PbO2) nanocomposites decreases with increase in pressure.
Highly thermally conductive dielectric coatings produced by Plasma Electrolyt...Tamires Tah
The document describes research on producing highly thermally conductive dielectric coatings on aluminum substrates using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). Key findings:
1. PEO was used to produce porous oxide coatings on aluminum in sodium silicate solutions. Coatings contained Al2O3, silicon, and had electrical resistivities suitable for heat sinks.
2. Thermal diffusivity and conductivity of coatings were significantly higher than aluminum, Al2O3, and AlN - up to 900% higher for some coatings.
3. The best performing coatings had thermal diffusivity of 1.38 x 10-4 m2/s and conductivity of 287 Wm-1K-
Hello, everyone, this is the thesis of the project Indirect Power Savings From Air Conditioners. I have made this report with a thorough understanding of the concepts and guided help from my mentor. I hope this can be helpful. here is the link to the PPT of the project https://www.slideshare.net/SandipKumarSahoo/indirect-power-saving-from-air-conditioner
Dielectric and Thermal Characterization of Insulating Organic Varnish Used in...Editor IJCATR
This document discusses the dielectric and thermal characterization of an organic varnish used as an insulating material in electrical machines. It was filled with carbon nanotubes to improve its properties. The document provides background on polymer nanocomposites and carbon nanotubes. It then describes the objectives of studying the chemical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the organic varnish and carbon nanotubes. The remainder of the document details the various properties of the organic varnish and carbon nanotubes that were analyzed, including dielectric properties, thermal properties, and mechanical properties. Tables are provided listing key properties.
IRJET- Development of MGO-EPOXY Composites with Enhanced Thermal ConductivityIRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of MgO-epoxy composites with enhanced thermal conductivity. Researchers successfully prepared MgO-epoxy composites by infiltrating magnesium oxide (MgO) powder into epoxy resin. Testing found that thermal conductivity increased with MgO content, reaching a maximum of 0.207 W/(mK) at 20 wt% MgO, higher than neat epoxy. This demonstrates a potential method for manufacturing epoxy composites with extremely high thermal conductivity suitable for electronic device packaging and heat dissipation applications. The document provides background on thermal interface materials and discusses various ceramic fillers used to increase the thermal conductivity of polymer composites.
The Effects of Heat on Electronic ComponentsIJERA Editor
Regardless of the cause of overheating, the general and primary effect of overheating on an electronic component is damage. In this paper, the effects of excessive levels heat on different types of electronic components are explored and discussed. Take note that included in this discussion are the causes of overheating to better understand and appreciate the overheating phenomenon as it applies to electronic components, as well as electronic assemblies and electronic devices. Through a review of literature, especially studies and engineering reference materials, this paper found out that at the micro-level, overheating causes material degradation on or in a specific electronic component. This degradation is further caused by cracks, expansion, and other structural deformation. Note that this degradation is also caused by different changes in the physical and chemical properties of a specific material due to exposure to high levels of heat. At macro-level, the effects of overheating center on systems failure due to degradation of different constituents and components, causeeffect loop, and neighboring-effect. Both micro-level and macro-level effects of overheating on electronic components increase the health and safety risk of an entire electronic assembly and electronic device. Hence, through a review of literature, this paper also discusses the techniques or processes for preventing overheating or reducing the negative effects of excessive levels of heat.
This document summarizes the state of modern resistance spot welding. It discusses how resistance spot welding works, involving applying pressure and an electric current to heat and fuse metals being welded. It also describes the welding cycle and temperature distribution during welding. The document outlines the historical development of resistance spot welding and reviews modern practices, materials used for welding electrodes, and factors that influence electrode life.
1) N-type InAs thin films grown on silicon wafers were annealed at 550°C and analyzed to observe the effects on electrical properties and microstructure.
2) Hall effect measurements showed annealed samples had lower electron mobility, higher sheet resistance, and similar carrier concentration compared to non-annealed samples.
3) Transmission electron microscopy images revealed strains and defects remained distributed in annealed samples, accounting for lower mobility. Annealing increased defects in the InAs crystal structure.
In this paper, new thermal techniques for silicon-based thermoelectric materials were revealed as well as the characterisation processes involved in the manufacturing of silicon-based thermoelectric (TE) materials. The functionality of the silicon-based thermoelectric materials was emphasized in the course of writing this paper. The background, improvement & the physics of thermoelectric materials were examined.
This document summarizes a study on the electrical properties of electrodeposited zinc-copper-telluride (ZnCuTe) ternary nanowires embedded in polycarbonate membranes. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of uniform diameter nanowires equal to the pore diameters of 200nm, 100nm, and 50nm templates used. Electrical measurements found the nanowires exhibited linear and ohmic characteristics. Larger diameter nanowires showed higher electron transport than smaller ones. Temperature-dependent measurements from 308K-423K revealed electrical conductivity increased with temperature and decreased with smaller nanowire size, with ZnCuTe nanowires exhibiting negative temperature coefficients of resistance.
Fractal analysis of electrical tree grown in silicone rubber nanocompositesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Electrical treeing is one of the main reasons for long-term degradation of high voltage insulation especially in the cable accessory which commonly made from silicone rubber due to non-uniformly structures of the cable accessories. Recently, the combination of nanofillers with the silicone rubber matrix can reduce the possibility of the electrical treeing to grow further by changing its patterns and slow-down its propagation. However, the influences of nanofillers on the tree hindrance and its patterns are not well understood. This paper explores the influence of nanofiller on tree pattern in silicon rubber. The electrical tree patterns were characterized using fractal analysis. The box-counting method was used to measure the fractal dimension and lacunarity to obtain the structure of the tree pattern during the electrical tree growth. The structure of the electrical tree in silicone rubber nanocomposites has higher fractal dimension and lacunarity. Sample with nanofiller possesses dominant fractal dimension of tree growth compared to the sample without nanofiller.
Similar to Analyzing the deformation of copper conductor from a fire impact (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
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fibrous tissue, without the power of the copper wire is annealed organization. In the normal
power state, the copper wire still obvious orientation, only to stress the annealing temperature is
200-280˚C and under a certain time, the direction will disappear. Recrystallization annealing
temperature is between 600-700˚C [1].
Fire can occur when there are three elements: combustible, oxygen and heat. Fire is an
oxidation reaction of the three elements (fuel, oxygen, heat) which results in loss of property,
injury, even death [6]. Electrical causes can be identified by various events such as short circuit,
electrical overload, loose contact, errors in the material usage or in the electricity installation,
and electrical equipment defects [7].
Electrical fire is described as structure fire that involved some kind of electrical failure or
malfunction to ignite a fire that can only be assumed after all possible accidental causes of fire
are eliminated by the fire investigator [8]. Copper wires that are widely used in structure wiring
and electrical appliances are frequently associated with fire. Electrical overcurrent is a condition
where the current flows exceed the acceptable safety standards of that particular conductor,
depending on the duration and magnitude of the overcurrent [9, 10].
SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) and
MICRO XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry) are the supporting instruments of forensic
examination that couples each other to examine the elements and compounds on copper wires
based on Electron-Based Microscopes and X-Rays.
Until now there haven’t been any research that conducts forensic short circuit on
a single or stranded copper conductor using a modern instrument like SEM-EDS and
MICRO-XRF to analyze the source and cause of the fire so to gives an accurate value of what
causing fires in multi-story buildings, industries, or households. Fires only need 16% of oxygen
for them to lit up. The air that we breathe contains 21% oxygen, so a fuel is already surrounded
with adequate oxygen for them to burn. Some fuels however contain enough oxygen in
themselves to burn in an environment without oxygen [11].
This purpose of this study is to analyze the short circuit characteristic on copper wire
in fire cases by finding the difference in structure between the short-circuited cable that causes
the fire and the other cable that is due to the fire using SEM EDS and MICRO XRF. Researches
using SEM-EDS and MICRO XRF will be very helpful for the police to do forensic analysis on a
building, industry or a household so it can differentiate whether or not the fire caused by a short
circuit or burned intentionally where in most cases before these two instruments were invented,
it would prove to be very difficult to determine.
2. Theory of Electric Fires
2.1. Fire Cause due to Electricity
Electricity plays a role as one of the sources that can cause fire. The process in which
an ignition occurred can be started from various causes; they are electrical short circuit,
electrical overload, or the current leakage from loose contact. Electrical fire is described as
structure fire that involved some kind of electrical failure or malfunction to ignite a fire that can
only be assumed after all possible accidental causes of fire are eliminated by the fire
investigator [8]. When overcurrent occurs, the entire circuit is heated through which the current
flows which could then affect the thermoplastic insulator of the conductor and prolong heating of
the conductor could lead to fire ignition [12].
Electrical potential that can cause fires is short circuit that occurs on the available
electrical installation equipment and components. If the circuit breaker (fuse and MCB) is not
working properly, they can cause an increase in temperature on the cable and its isolation which
in turns could burn themselves and its surroundings. Other problems that could cause fires are
aging, standardization, planning, installation, and operation available electrical installation
equipment and components [11].
2.2. Copper Characteristics on Conducting Wire
Copper is an element from periodic table with the symbol Cu, originated from the Latin
Cuprum, has an atomic number 29, mass number 63,54, is a metal with reddish color scheme.
Copper is a good conductor for heat and electricity. This can be seen on the Table 1.
Macro structural Inspection Characteristics from a damaged conductor (melting) caused by
various events by the conductor, damage caused by electricity and receiving heat from
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environment. Figure 1 is derived from research result conducted by US Police Bureau that
handles fire cases [13].
Table 1. Physical, Mechanical, Heat Properties of Copper [3]
Physical Unit
Density 8920 kg / m3
Tensile Strength 200 N / mm2
Modulus of Elasticity 130 GPa
Brinnel Hardness 874 MN m-2
Thermal Expansion Coefficient 16,5 x 10-6 K-1
Heat Conductivity 400 W / Mk
Figure 1. Macro Structural Inspection for conductor [16]
Delplace and Vos (1983) characterised the internal electrical damages with
the presence of beads on the copper conductor, abrupt changes in cross sectional appearance
of the wires, and also damage on adjacent conductors or metal cable shielding [14].
Liu et al. [15] also added that the inner PVC insulator layer experienced a lot of damage in
internal heating. Examination of beads and globules frequently utilised for determination of
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electrical as the source of fire but many researchers, i.e. Levinson [16], Babrauskas [17] and
Wright et al. [18] agreed that the examination solely based on the external appearance of beads
and globules was not a reliable indicator on the cause of their formation.
2.3. Electrical Fire Cause
The flow of electric current may cause heat to a conductor. This heating mechanism
can be either conductive or inductive. Conductive heating is a direct heating process with DRH
(Direct Resistance Heating) where direct heat occurs due to current flowing through electric
conductor having certain resistance. Those heating cause losses to existing electrical
equipment conductor losses, dielectric conductor.
On an inductive heating, heat is obtained from current flow on a conductor. The current
comes from the inductive electricity that occurs outside the heating plane. Inductive heating is
always related with an ever-changing magnetic field. Inductive heating can be depicted in
transformator where the heating surface acts as a secondary coil [11].
In every fire cases, a fire investigator is required to determine the cause of fires.
Therefore, it is important for a forensic investigator to have an in-depth investigation on the
copper wires as to conclude whether or not a fire could have due to faulty electrical appliances
or by the exertion of flame due to other consequences. This work was conducted to study the
morphological features of the cross section of copper wire due to external flame and eletrical
means [19].
2.4. Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is one of the electron microscopes that use
electron beams to draw the surface shape of the analyzed material. The working principle of this
SEM is to draw the surface of an object or material with a reflected electron beam with high
energy. SEM-EDS has the ability to provide information directly about topography (sample
surface texture), morphology (shape and size), composition (sample compilers), even
crystallization information (atomic arrangement of samples).
Using SEM, Gray et al. [20] observed numerous square and rectangular pockmarks on
FCABs. Erlandsson and Strand [21] found copious voids in the cross sections of arc beads.
A study by the Tokyo Fire Department revealed that even arc beads formed in the air at 1000°C
contained voids, albeit smaller and more likely to be near the surface of the FCAB. On the other
hand, large voids have been observed deeper inside FRABs [22]. Lee et al. [23] found that
the spacing between the dendrite arms reflected the ambient temperature where the beads
solidified; thus, the dendrite arm spacings of FCABs were smaller than those of FRABs.
As seen in Figure 2, there are several important signals generated by SEM.
From the inelastic reflection, secondary electron signals are obtained. From the elastic
reflection, backscattered electron signal is obtained. Those signals are described in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Important signals generated by SEM
2.5. Scanning X-RAY Fluoroscence (XRF)
The XRF method is widely used to determine the elemental composition of a material.
Because this method is fast and does not damage the sample, this method is selected for field
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and industrial applications for material control. Depending on its use, XRF can be generated
not only by X-rays but also other primary excitation sources such as alpha particles, protons or
high energy electron sources. Figure 3 shows the X-Ray Fluoroscience Scanning Device.
Figure 3. Scanning X-Ray fluoroscence equipment
3. Research Methodology
This study was conducted only for NYM (single) and NYMH (Fiber) size 1.5 mm
2
, with
simulation in PLN Puslitbang’s Cable and Low Voltage Laboratory, simulated using load
addition (overload) to short circuit the connector of NYM and NYMH cable that causes fire.
The samples from the simulation in the lab PLN Puslitbang’s Cable and Low Voltage Laboratory
are then inspected using SEM EDS and MICRO XRF in Polri Bareskrim’s Forensic Laboratory.
Research only limited to find the structural characters on a short-circuited copper cable or fire
source by checking the cable structure which covers topographic sample, morphology, and
composition. The analytical method used in this study was scanning electron microscopy with
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM⁄EDS). SEM⁄EDS is a reliable and reproducible
technique that produces images of high resolution as well as an X-ray spectrum that represents
an elemental fingerprint of that product [24].
4. Analysis and Discussion
The morphologies and compositions of the dried samples were investigated using
field-emission Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray
Spectroscopy (EDS) [25]. In the fire simulation, maximum fire flash over temperature
measurements using FLIR proves that the melting points of copper wire 1083˚ Celsius is still
above the the maximum fire temperature that is 1015˚ Celsius as seen on the Figure 4.
Figure 4. Thermal imaging of FTIR tool on a mock house
with electrical cable installation inside set on fire (flash over)
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According to the simulation result with copper wire on the fire case caused by a short
circuit on the electrical cable installation, and analyzed using SEM-EDS and MICRO-XRF
instrument. It can be seen that there is a deformation on the copper wires caused by the fire.
MICRO-XRF examination result on the dominant element shows that the difference between
a cable causing the fire and burned one is the composition of copper on the burned NYM cable
is, at 93.05%, much lower than the NYM Cable which causes the fire, at 97.8195%.
While burned NYM fiber cable at 92.46% copper composition against 97.8195% on the NYM
fiber cable which causes the fire. The difference can also be seen on the element of calcium
where the burned single NYM cable at 4.968% is higher than the NYM cable causing the fire at
0.3205% calcium composition. For the NYM fiber, the burned is at 4.9165% and the causal
NYM fiber cable is at 1.315%. More details can be seen in Figures 5 and 6.
From the Micro-XRF graphic below, it can be seen that there is a significant difference
on a single copper cable causing the fire and due to fire by seeing the single copper cable due
to fire element percentage is 93.057% which is lower than the one causing the fire 97.8195%.
From the analysis, the graphic will be very useful for the police or the authority to determine
the whether the cause of fire in a building, industry or a household is purely caused by short
circuit or intentional.
According to analysis result using Micro-XRF instrument with the graphic result, there is
a significant difference between the stranded cable due to fire which is 92.746% and the one
that causes the fire which is 96.9885%. The calcium element on the stranded NYM cable use to
fire is 4.916% which is higher than the one causing the fire which is at 1.3215%.
Figure 5. Micro-XRF Result NYM single cable
Figure 6. Micro-XRF Result on NYM fiber cable
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Forensic analysis of the single NYM cable from Figure 5 is not much different from
stranded NYM cable from Figure 6, research result shows that stranded copper cables causing
the fire is higher than the one due to fire despite the overall value is lower for stranded cables
but it can be a basis for the police or the authority to determine the cause of the fire.
Examination using SEM-EDS result on dominant element composition between
the cause and effect of fire on the cable shows that the amount of Oxygen on the NYM cable
which causes fire, at 35.69%, is much higher than the burned NYM cable at 19.54%. While
Oxygen elements on NYM fiber which causes fire, at 21.24, is also much higher than the burned
NYM fiber at 12.1%. Figure 7 shows that the cable which causes the fire has more oxygen than
the burned one.
From the forensic analysis using SEM-EDS it can be affirmed that the oxygen
percentage could be an indicator for the cause of fire. The percentage of oxygen both on
the single and stranded cable which causes the fire is higher than the ones due to fire. This will
also be helpful for the police to determine the fire cause if it happens on a building, industry, or
household accurately using the difference in oxygen percentage. As seen in Figure 8, oxygen
element on NYM Stranded cable sample causing the fire is 21.24% which is higher than the one
due to fire 17.7%. This shows that the short-circuited cable causing the fire has more oxygen
than the one due to fire while the copper element of the stranded cable causing the fire is
38.04% which is lower than the stranded cable due to fire.
Figure 7. SEM-EDS result on single NYM cable cause of fire and burned of Fire
Figure 8. SEM-EDS result on NYM fiber cable cause of Fire and due to fire
On Figure 9, as a result from morphology sample inspection using Micro XRF and
SEM-EDS on a NYM single cable causing the fire, it can be seen its tight microstructure and
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other black elements attachment. The shape of the cable which caused the fire looks like
irregular clumps with the conductor severely damaged while the cable effected by the fire takes
shape of blobs in group.
Analysis result also conducted on the NYM single cable burned from the fire as seen on
Figure 10, from morphology analysis, it can see that the microstructure looks like subtle bubble
that protrudes the surface unlike the NYM single cable that causes the fire. The microstructure
of the single NYM cable and the fire-causing fibers appear to be tightly structured, while the fires
appear to resemble the fine bubbles that protrude the surface of the cable.
Figure 9. NYM Single Cable cause of fire Figure 10. Single NYM cable effected by fire
5. Conclusion
Based on the MICRO-XRF result on dominant element composition between the cable
that causes fire and the due to fire, on the copper composition, the burned cable contains
93.057% copper composition while the causal cable contains 97.8195%. For NYM Fiber cables,
the cable due to fire contains 92.4%, a lower value than the fiber cable causing the fire which
contains 96.9885%.
Based on the SEM-EDS on determining the element composition, the composition of
Oxygen on the NYM single cable which causes the fire is 35.96%, a higher value than NYM
single cable due to the fire at 19.54%. For the Fiber cables, the composition of Oxygen on
the causal cable is 21.24%, a higher value than the fiber cable due to the fire at 12.1%.
The microstructure of the cable causing the fire looks like irregular clump with a severe damage
on its conductor while the cable that is burned looks like a blob in group.
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