This document provides guidance on how to analyze and interpret literature. It discusses approaching the text, reading characters based on their clothes, language, body language, actions, thoughts, attitudes and relationships. It also covers hearing others based on their tone. When analyzing fiction, it is important to examine the plot, characters, setting, point of view, tone and theme. The plot involves conflict, typically having an exposition, complication, climax and resolution. Characters may change over time based on events. The setting establishes mood. Point of view can be first person, third person omniscient or third person limited. Tone reflects the author's attitude. Theme deals with human nature and experiences.
Most existing approaches to Twitter sentiment analysis assume that sentiment is explicitly expressed through affective words. Nevertheless, sentiment is often implicitly expressed via latent semantic relations, patterns and dependencies among words in tweets. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that automatically captures patterns of words of similar contextual semantics and sentiment in tweets. Unlike previous work on sentiment pattern extraction, our proposed approach does not rely on external and fixed sets of syntactical templates/patterns, nor requires deep analyses of the syntactic structure of sentences in tweets.
We evaluate our approach with tweet- and entity-level sentiment analysis tasks by using the extracted semantic patterns as classification features in both tasks. We use 9 Twitter datasets in our evaluation and compare the performance of our patterns against 6 state-of-the-art baselines. Results show that our patterns consistently outperform all other baselines on all datasets by 2.19% at the tweet-level and 7.5% at the entity-level in average F-measure.
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Reaction Paper # 2—After reading this week’s notes Reading Fi.docxaudeleypearl
Reaction Paper # 2—After reading this week’s notes “Reading Fiction” and “Graduation” by Maya
Angelou, complete reaction paper 2 as described below.
Discussed in the notes this week are 6 elements of fiction: Tone, Plot, Characterization, Setting, Theme
and Point of View. Choose one element (other than POV) and reflect on how Angelou uses it in her
writing. Give specific examples and quotes from the text to show how she uses the element and its
effect on the story. Be sure to quote correctly (using quotation marks and providing paragraph #s).
Remember that reaction papers should be 1-2 pages, double-spaced.
Below is a brief sample of how to discuss one of the elements with examples from the text. The example
discusses the use of point of view in the story:
Maya Angelou’s story “Graduation,” is told from first-person point of view, told through the
main character, Marguerite Johnson. Although it is not yet clear who the narrator is within the first 5
paragraphs, in paragraph 6 Angelou writes, “In the Store I was the person of the moment.” Thus, we are
introduced to the narrator of the story. The rest of the story uses pronouns such as we, me, my which
solidifies the narrator’s point of view.
Hearing the story unfold from first-person POV gives credibility to the theme of the story.
Maguerite Johnson is one of the graduates excited to be graduating, and is present at every point of the
story—from the events leading up to the day, the events during the ceremony, and her feelings about
what has occurred.
In paragraph 7, she tells us, “My class was wearing buttery-yellow piqué dresses, and Momma
launched out mine.” She goes on to describe the expert way her mother crafted her dress. It is clear
from all of her descriptions that she, her family and the community looked toward the day with great
anticipation, even though as the narrator states, “I was only twelve years old and merely graduating
from the eighth grade” (paragraph 8). She goes on to explain that many teachers in the Arkansas Negro
schools had the same diploma but were able to teach. This shows that at the time, an eighth-grade
graduation was quite an achievement which could lead to possible (anticipated) professions…
(continued)
Reading Fiction
Fiction creates imaginary worlds by telling stories written in prose (ordinary, unrhymed
language) about realistic characters, set in physical environments, and with attention to
descriptive detail.
Works of fiction narrate, or tell stories. Narrative is not specific to fiction or to any other
literary genre. Telling stories pervades almost every aspect of our daily lives. We learn
very early on how to recognize and tell stories, and we rely heavily on narrative to
organize and make sense of our experience. Even in our sleep, we tell stories in the
form of dreams. It is impossible to imagine our lives without these narratives; in fact,
every culture uses them to order a ...
2. Reading Others
♦ Clothes
♦ Language—speech
♦ Body Language
♦ Actions
♦ Thoughts
♦ Attitudes
♦ Background
♦ Physical characteristics
♦ Friends—relationships with others
♦ Name
3. Hearing Others
♦ Tone
The reflection in a work of the author’s attitude
Toward his or her subject, characters, and readers.
– humorous -- condescending
– grim -- apologetic
– nostalgic -- playful
– tender -- serious
– brusque -- ironic
4. Analyzing Fiction
♦ Plot
♦ Characters
♦ Setting
♦ Point of view
♦ Tone
♦ Theme
5. Analyzing Fiction
♦Plot
Plot is the careful arrangement by an author of incidents in a
narrative to achieve a desired effect.
Plot is more than simply the series of happenings in a literary
work.
It is the result of the writer’s deliberate selection of
interrelated
actions (what happens) and choice of arrangement
(the order of happening) in presenting and resolving a
conflict.
In Aspects of the Novel, E. M. Forster explains the difference
between plot and story in this way:
We have defined a story as a narrative of events arranged in
their time sequence. A plot is also a narrative of events, the
emphasis falling on causality. “The king died and then the
queen died” is a story. “The king died and then the queen
died of grief” is a plot. The time-sequence is preserved, but
the sense of causality overshadows it.
6. Analyzing Fiction
♦ Most plots involve conflict:
– External conflict: one person against another or a person
against nature or fate.
– Internal conflict: two elements at war within the same person.
♦ Typical plot structure:
– Exposition: presentation of important background
information
– Complication: building of tension between opposing forces
– Climax: the turning point of the action towards the final
resolution of the conflict
– Denouement: sometimes called the resolution of the conflict
7. Analyzing Fiction
♦ Characters
ο List traits of main characters. Note whether
characters change by the end of the story.
ο Describe each event that influences a
character's change. Explain, for each event,
what happens to the character and how he or
she changes.
ο Describe a scene in which a character has an
epiphany. Explain what happens and what the
character comes to see.
ο Mark the places where the author or other
characters make revealing statements about a
character.
8. Analyzing Fiction
♦Setting
The general locale, time in history, or social
milieu in which the action of a work of literature
takes place. Setting is often important in
establishing the mood or atmosphere of a work.
Mood: the prevailing emotional attitude--such as
regret, hopefulness, or bitterness--in a literary
work or in part of a work. Mood is often used
interchangeably with tone.
9. Analyzing Fiction
♦Point of view
The vantage point, or stance, from which a story is
told; the eye and mind through which the action is
perceived and filtered, sometimes called narrative
perspective.
10. Analyzing Fiction
♦Point of view
♦ first person: (I) the narrator stands inside the story and
relates first hand experience—can create a feeling of
intimacy.
– If this narrator does not fully understand the implications of
his or her tale, the character is called a naïve narrator.
– If the first-person narrator presents only the unspoken
thoughts of the protagonist, the result is an interior
monologue.
♦ third person: (he, she, they) the narrator stands outside the
story and comments
– omniscient third person narrator: assumes a godlike persona,
moving about freely in time and space, revealing the thoughts
and motives of all the characters, knowing the present, past,
and future, and (sometimes) commenting on or interpreting
the actions of the characters.
11. Analyzing Fiction
♦ Tone
The reflection in a work of the author’s attitude
Toward his or her subject, characters, and readers.
– humorous -- condescending
– grim -- apologetic
– nostalgic -- playful
– tender -- serious
– brusque -- ironic
12. Irony: results from the reader’s sense
of some discrepancy.
♦ Verbal irony
A simple kind of irony—saying one thing but meaning the
opposite. “A marvelous time” means a boring time. Not to
be confused with sarcasm. Sarcasm has a cutting edge and
may at times be ironic, but it may also be straight malice.
♦ Dramatic irony
Saying or doing something while unaware of its ironic
contrast with the whole truth. A character says, “This is the
happiest day of my life,” and the audience knows what the
character doesn’t—his family has just died in a plane crash.
♦ Situational irony
Events turn to the opposite of what is expected. It rains on
the Weather Bureau’s annual picnic. Evil or horror occurs
on a bright sunny day.
13. Analyzing Fiction
♦ Theme is the central idea of the work--
whether fiction, poetry, or drama.
For many readers, theme is an attractive element
because it gives works meaning; it makes them
relevant.
The theme deals with the four general areas
of human experience:
the nature of humanity
the nature of society
the nature of humankind's relationship to the world
the nature of our ethical responsibilities
Theme answers questions such as these:
Are human beings innately "sinful" or "good"?
Does fate control us or do we control it?
14. Analyzing Fiction
♦ Theme vs. Subject
Theme is not the same as the subject or topic of a work.
The subject is what the work is about. You can state the
subject in a word or phrase.
In contrast, theme is what the work says about the subject.
The statement of a work's theme requires a complete
sentence and sometimes several sentences. Furthermore,
a work's theme must apply to people outside the work.
An example would be the following: Rapid change in
environment causes many people to feel their identity
threatened.
Remember that a work can have many subjects and thus
more than one theme. This concept is especially true of
complex works.
15. Analyzing Fiction
♦ Theme: multiple perspectives
Themes are interpretive in nature; although an
author may introduce a thematic element into a
work, the response of the reader also
contributes.
Any given work will have multiple meanings.
For example, Margaret Atwood's "Happy
Endings" is a treatise about
how one should savor the development of one's life
and move beyond its structure to focus on its
meaning,
or a treatise on how to write,
or both
--all depending upon one's reading of the work.
16. Analyzing Fiction
♦ Theme
ο Explain how title, subtitle, epigraph, and
names of characters may be related to
theme.
ο Describe author's apparent attitude toward
human behavior.
ο Describe author's apparent attitude toward
society.
ο List the moral issues raised by the work.
ο Name the character who is the moral center
of the work. List his or her traits.
ο Mark statements by the author or characters
that seem to state themes.