Integrated Oil Field Development Plan - FDP. Criteria, strategy and process f...Giuseppe Moricca
Integrated Oil Field Development Plan - FDP.
The integrated oil field development plan describes process, explores options, and targets, aimed at the optimal oil and gas field development in line with the oil company strategy.
The spine in the process is the specialist teams who navigate, manage and integrate the subsurface and surface complexities, uncertainties and opportunities into a single development plan, maximizing the overall field recovery and asset value.
What is a Typical Unconventional Gas Reservoir?
Compare between Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoir
What are Unconventional Resources…!
Why Do We Need Unconventional Reservoirs ?
Unconventional Gas Reservoir; Unconventional Resources; Worldwide Unconventional Gas Production; Types of Natural Gas Resource; The Resource Triangle
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
Integrated Oil Field Development Plan - FDP. Criteria, strategy and process f...Giuseppe Moricca
Integrated Oil Field Development Plan - FDP.
The integrated oil field development plan describes process, explores options, and targets, aimed at the optimal oil and gas field development in line with the oil company strategy.
The spine in the process is the specialist teams who navigate, manage and integrate the subsurface and surface complexities, uncertainties and opportunities into a single development plan, maximizing the overall field recovery and asset value.
What is a Typical Unconventional Gas Reservoir?
Compare between Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoir
What are Unconventional Resources…!
Why Do We Need Unconventional Reservoirs ?
Unconventional Gas Reservoir; Unconventional Resources; Worldwide Unconventional Gas Production; Types of Natural Gas Resource; The Resource Triangle
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
Overview of Reservoir Simulation by Prem Dayal Saini
Reservoir simulation is the study of how fluids flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir when put under production conditions. The purpose is usually to predict the behavior of a reservoir to different production scenarios, or to increase the understanding of its geological properties by comparing known behavior to a simulation using different geological representations.
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - UpstreamEKT Interactive
Oil 101: Introduction to Oil and Gas - Upstream
What is Upstream? This Midstream content is derived from our Oil 101 Upstream ebook and can be found in our oil and gas learning community.
This Upstream module includes the following sections (use the links below for quick access):
-Introduction to Upstream
-Upstream Business Characteristics
-Oilfield Services
-Reserves – Formation and Importance
-Production – The First Step in Adding Value
-The Unconventional Future of Upstream
Upstream
What is Upstream? Most oil and gas companies’ business structures are segmented and organized according to business segment, assets, or function.
The upstream segment of the business is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector because it encompasses activities related to searching for, recovering and producing crude oil and natural gas.
The upstream segment is all about wells: where to locate them; how deep and how far to drill them; and how to design, construct, operate and manage them to deliver the greatest possible return on investment with the lightest, safest and smallest operational footprint.
Exploration
The exploration sector involves obtaining a lease and permission to drill from the owners of onshore or offshore acreage thought to contain oil or gas, and conducting necessary geological and geophysical (G&G) surveys required to explore for (and hopefully find) economic accumulations of oil or gas.
Drilling
There is always uncertainty in the geological and geophysical survey results. The only way to be sure that a prospect is favorable is to drill an exploratory well. Drilling is physically creating the “borehole” in the ground that will eventually become an oil or gas well. This work is done by rig contractors and service companies in the Oilfield Services business sector.
Production
The production sector of the upstream segment maximizes recovery of petroleum from subsurface reservoirs.
Evaluation of CO2 Storage Capacity and EOR in the Bakken Shale Oil ReservoirsHamid Lashgari
This paper presents a new perspective in modeling and analyzing efficiency of CO2 and miscible gas injection for potential enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage in shale oil plays. Our major focuses are conceptual and fundamental understanding of the dominant trapping and oil recovery mechanisms behind miscible gas injection. The efficiency of the CO2 Huff-n-Puff process in shale oil production has been widely investigated in recent years because of the ultra-low permeability (1 to 100 µD) of shale oil reservoirs and poor geological connectivity between hydraulic fractured wells. Here we used hydrocarbon fluid properties of a Middle Bakken tight oil reservoir, and considered a wide range of permeability (from 1 to 100µD) and isotherm adsorption properties for CO2 and CH4. A large scale numerical model was set up to simulate and capture the important mechanisms behind various miscible gas injection scenarios.
Simulation results reveal that CO2 adsorption and CH4 desorption along with molecular diffusion of hydrocarbon components are crucial in the presence of organic matter content and pores, however, recycle enriched gas injection demonstrated a high oil recovery compared to miscible CO2 injection. Although CO2 adsorption is large in organic rich shale oil based on literature measurements, CO2 efficiency in enhancing oil recovery is not as much as recycle enriched gas with ethane (C2). However, CO2 trapping may be substantial due to adsorption (5.0% to 10%) and other conventional trapping mechanisms, and the amount of CO2 trapped could be a significant fraction of the total injected amount (25% to 50% considering other trapping mechanisms such as CO¬2 dissolution, residual, and free gas). Simulation results strongly support that CO2 molecular diffusion can assist in the deep penetration of CO2 to touch larger surface area of matrix to become adsorbed, as well as dissolved in other coexisting phases and residual trapping.
Introduction to Project Economics in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (Upstream) Industry, including basic project economics method and example of calculation.
Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan AliyevaFidan Aliyeva
This document presents five stages of the oil field life cycle, their description and some disciplines involved as well as some general facts about the oil and gas.
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Study of Behavioural Decision MakingJerome Dauvergne
This report analyses the genesis of the Deepwater Horizon disaster from a behavioural decision making perspective. In order to write this original paper I borrowed from the investigative work of the environmental journalist Abrahm Lustgarten, and from concepts developed by behavioural finance and emotional finance academics such as the Canadian Hersh Shefrin, the American John Nofsinger, and the Britons Richard Taffler and David Tuckett.
I hope you'll enjoy the read!
Evaluation of CO2 Storage Capacity and EOR in the Bakken Shale Oil ReservoirsHamid Lashgari
This paper presents a new perspective in modeling and analyzing efficiency of CO2 and miscible gas injection for potential enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage in shale oil plays. Our major focuses are conceptual and fundamental understanding of the dominant trapping and oil recovery mechanisms behind miscible gas injection. The efficiency of the CO2 Huff-n-Puff process in shale oil production has been widely investigated in recent years because of the ultra-low permeability (1 to 100 µD) of shale oil reservoirs and poor geological connectivity between hydraulic fractured wells. Here we used hydrocarbon fluid properties of a Middle Bakken tight oil reservoir, and considered a wide range of permeability (from 1 to 100µD) and isotherm adsorption properties for CO2 and CH4. A large scale numerical model was set up to simulate and capture the important mechanisms behind various miscible gas injection scenarios.
Simulation results reveal that CO2 adsorption and CH4 desorption along with molecular diffusion of hydrocarbon components are crucial in the presence of organic matter content and pores, however, recycle enriched gas injection demonstrated a high oil recovery compared to miscible CO2 injection. Although CO2 adsorption is large in organic rich shale oil based on literature measurements, CO2 efficiency in enhancing oil recovery is not as much as recycle enriched gas with ethane (C2). However, CO2 trapping may be substantial due to adsorption (5.0% to 10%) and other conventional trapping mechanisms, and the amount of CO2 trapped could be a significant fraction of the total injected amount (25% to 50% considering other trapping mechanisms such as CO¬2 dissolution, residual, and free gas). Simulation results strongly support that CO2 molecular diffusion can assist in the deep penetration of CO2 to touch larger surface area of matrix to become adsorbed, as well as dissolved in other coexisting phases and residual trapping.
Introduction to Project Economics in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (Upstream) Industry, including basic project economics method and example of calculation.
Brief Introduction into Oil & Gas Industry by Fidan AliyevaFidan Aliyeva
This document presents five stages of the oil field life cycle, their description and some disciplines involved as well as some general facts about the oil and gas.
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Study of Behavioural Decision MakingJerome Dauvergne
This report analyses the genesis of the Deepwater Horizon disaster from a behavioural decision making perspective. In order to write this original paper I borrowed from the investigative work of the environmental journalist Abrahm Lustgarten, and from concepts developed by behavioural finance and emotional finance academics such as the Canadian Hersh Shefrin, the American John Nofsinger, and the Britons Richard Taffler and David Tuckett.
I hope you'll enjoy the read!
Environmental Impact Assessment of Sentosa Integrated ResortNovember Tan
An assignment for a class on Environmental Management and Assessment, we are asked to conduct an Environmental Impact Assessment on the reclamation on Sentosa island for the construction of a integrated resort.
It is important to note that this is in many ways a hypothetical EIA. There were assumptions made and we did NOT do any baseline surveys or studies. Information were all taken from other sources and projected for this site.
In refining process, physical and chemical processes are combined to remove undesirable natural as well as environmental-related components from the crude oil.
Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) is a process which ensures that all environmental matters are taken into account quite early in the project at planning process itself.It takes into consideration not only technical and economic considerations but also, traditional aspects like impact on local people, biodiversity etc.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite-Magnesium Sulphate-Sodium Dodecyl...GIFT KIISI NKIN
Pollution caused by crude oil has become a major problem in Nigeria. It is dangerous to human health, fueling climate change, poisoning soil dwelling organisms amongst others. However, physical and chemical approaches for its remediation are in use but most of these methods are less-effective, costly and even non-environmentally friendly. In this research, magnetite-magnesium sulphate- sodium dodecyl sulphate clay composite that is eco-friendly and less expensive were synthesized, characterized and applied in remediation of crude oil polluted soil. Magnetite was synthesized by co-precipitation of ferric and ferrous Sulphate. Magnesium Sulphate was prepared by recrystallization of Epsom salt and SDS clay was prepared by dissolving 0.6g of SDS in 250ml of distilled water which was further homogenized with calcined clay. Characterization of the composite and constituents were done using the following techniques; XRD, FTIR, XRF and SEM for the determination of mineral structure, functional groups, elemental composition and surface morphology respectively. In remediation, varying concentrations of the composite were added to fixed amount of the polluted soil sample. i.e 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% to 10g of soil sample. The remediation was conducted within the period of 7 and 14 days on parameters of interest such as Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Zylene (BTEX), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) and the soil samples were further, analyzed using GC-MS for the determination of BTEX and PAHs while GC-FID for TPHs before and after treatment with the composite. XRD results showed mixed mineral compounds of Silica, MgSO4, Alumina and Fe3O4 as expected. FTIR results showed prominent bands at 872cm-1 for bending mode of Si-O-Si group in the composite, 1028cm-1 for Si-O-Al group in the SDS clay, 864 cm-1 for bending vibration of SO42- in Magnesium Sulphate and 582 cm-1 for Fe-O group in Magnetite. EDXRF results showed Fe2O3, SiO2, MgO as significant elemental composition in the composite. SO3, MgO, Al2O3 as significant elemental oxides in Magnesium Sulphate, Fe2SO3 in Magnetite and SiO2, Al2O3, CeO2 in SDS clay. The results of SEM micrographs showed apparently porous, platy and irregular sized polycrystallites. BTEX, PAHs and TPHs analysis in 7 and 14 days remediation showed decreased in concentration of pollutants as the concentration of composite increases from 2% to 10%. The efficiency of degradation of BTEX, PAHs and TPHs was found to be higher in 14 days remediation compared with 7 days. Moreover, above 91% was recorded on PAHs and TPHs while 100% was achieved on BTEX. The order of magnitude of degradation by the three constituents of the composite on BTEX, PAHs and TPHs pollutants in the soil sample was SDS clay>MgSO4>Fe3O4. Above all, the efficiency of degradation of BTEX, PAHs, and TPHs increases due to increase in concentration of the composite with respect to time.
Global CCS Institute Meeting 20 June 2013. Presentation on CCS initiatives in Indonesia by Prof. Dr. Wawan Gunawan A. Kadir, Vice Rector for Research and Innovation, Institute Technology Bandung (ITB).
The Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) together with US-ASEAN Connect and the US Mission to ASEAN, hosted a discussion on with Ambassador Virginia E. Palmer, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary in the U.S. State Department’s Bureau of Energy Resources. This is a presentation by Prof Jun Arima, ERIA's Senior Policy Fellow for Energy Environment.
In support of the Institute’s strategic plan to assist CCS projects through knowledge sharing, the North American team hosted its Second Annual North American Forum on CCS: Global Opportunities and Strategic Directions at the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C. on 5 February 2013.
Ijaems apr-2016-2 Experimental Parametric Study of Biodiesel to Develop Econo...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this globalization realm, there in constant growth in the rate of expenditure of fossil fuels, consequent on ever increasing population and urbanization. This gives charge to depletion of finite resources in the near future. Fossil fuel emission causes global-warming also green-house gases are intangible factor which collectively degrading the planet. As such, the situation demands for an alternate source of energy that can be used to overcome the conjectured energy crisis. In contrast to this, if the energy source is clean and renewable, it will reduce the environmental trouble as well. In the quest an alternate and renewable energy resources, scientists have plead with a variety of options among which biodiesel-diesel blends as alternative fuels has become a popular option and is getting the attention of many researchers. This is because scientists have enlist the properties of biodiesel prepared from vegetable oils are very close to commercial diesel and thus it has a promising future as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel being renewable, biodegradable and green fuel can reduce our dependence on conventional/non-renewable fossil fuels and it also helps to keep pure quality of air by reducing obnoxious automotive/vehicular emissions. Possible solution of this problem is to replace or find renewable and economically feasible fuel as an alternative source. Already a lot of work for source which fulfill the criteria of sustainability and economical carried out. But the effluent is critical issues. So characterization and formation of biodiesel with zero effluent is prime objective.
Koji Nakui – Agency for Natural Resources and Energy – Role of CCS and the fu...Global CCS Institute
Koji Nakui, Senior Analyst for International coal policy, Coal Division, Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), presented on the role of CCS and the future direction of energy policy in Japan at the Global CCS Institute's Japanese Members' Meeting held in Tokyo on 8 June 2012
The Role of Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) and Carbon Capture Utilization (CCU)...Ofori Kwabena
The role of Carbon Capture and Storage & Carbon Capture and Utilization-
Capturing carbon dioxide and storing (CCS) is a climate change mitigation technology which is aimed at reducing CO2 emissions. The utilization of CO2 (CCU) in the manufacture of commercial products is also a technology used to complement CCS technology.
This paper presents a literature review on the mechanisms, developments, cost analysis, life cycle environmental impacts, challenges and policy options that are associated with these technologies.
Prospect of Coal Based IGCC to Meet the Clean Energy ChallengeIJERA Editor
The development of a country is nearly proportional to the average per person energy consumption rate, which is very low in our country. However, the rate of average energy consumption is increasing day by day throughout the world. With increasing the production of energy, the problem of environment pollution from the power generation sources and energy efficiency becomes more imperative. Coal is the major source of primary energy of the world, however, the energy efficiency of coal based power plant is low, and also it significantly polluted the environment. Therefore, to improve the energy efficiency and reduce the pollution from coal based power plant is an important issue to discuss. In this paper, the primary reserves of energy throughout the world are discussed. Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a latest technology used to improve the performance of coal based power plant. The process of IGCC and the present condition of IGCC throughout the world is discussed. Finally the advantages of IGCC and necessity of moving towards IGCC from convention coal based power plant is discussed in terms of cost, efficiency and environmental issues.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
India Orthopedic Devices Market: Unlocking Growth Secrets, Trends and Develop...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, “India Orthopedic Devices Market -Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2030”, the India Orthopedic Devices Market stood at USD 1,280.54 Million in 2024 and is anticipated to grow with a CAGR of 7.84% in the forecast period, 2026-2030F. The India Orthopedic Devices Market is being driven by several factors. The most prominent ones include an increase in the elderly population, who are more prone to orthopedic conditions such as osteoporosis and arthritis. Moreover, the rise in sports injuries and road accidents are also contributing to the demand for orthopedic devices. Advances in technology and the introduction of innovative implants and prosthetics have further propelled the market growth. Additionally, government initiatives aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing prevalence of lifestyle diseases have led to an upward trend in orthopedic surgeries, thereby fueling the market demand for these devices.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
effectively manage the convert Accpac to QuickBooks , with a particular focus on utilizing online accounting services to streamline the process.
Analysis of environmental impact on oil & gas company
1. Oil and Gas majors
School of Petroleum Management,
Analysis of impact of climate change on
2011
Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar
The Oil & Gas Sector has a variety of impacts on the environment. These
impacts depends upon the stage of the process, the size and complexity of the
project, the nature and sensitivity of the surrounding environment and the
effectiveness of planning, pollution prevention, mitigation and control
techniques. This paper consists of macro-Analysis of Impact as well as potential
risk faced by Oil & Gas Majors because of Climate Change.
15 Month Executive MBA Programme
Anil Kumar Sahu (20104004)
Sandeep Prasad (20104005)
Sarjeevan Sainbhi (20104006)
2. Analysis of impact of climate change on Oil and Gas majors Exe-MBA10
CONTENT
Sr. Page
Description
No. No.
1. INTRODUCTION 4
2. WORLD OIL & GAS MAJORS 4
3. WORLD ENERGY BASKET & RELATED FACTS 5
4. INDIA’S NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR CLIMATE CHANGE 7
5. LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN INDIA 8
6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR THE INDIAN OIL & GAS SECTOR 9
7. A NEW RISK LANDSCAPE CREATED BY INEVITABLE CLIMATE CHANGE 13
8. CHANGE DRIVER FOR OIL AND GAS COMPANY 17
9. SUMMARY: BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE 20
10. REFERENCES 21
Anil Kumar Sahu (20104004); Sandeep Prasad (20104005); Sarjeevan Sainbhi (20104006)
3. Analysis of impact of climate change on Oil and Gas majors Exe-MBA10
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
E&P Exploration & Production
EPA Environmental Protection Act (India)
GHG Greenhouse Gas
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests of India
SPCB State Pollution Control Board
Anil Kumar Sahu (20104004); Sandeep Prasad (20104005); Sarjeevan Sainbhi (20104006)
4. Analysis of impact of climate change on Oil and Gas majors Exe-MBA10
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The oil and gas industry is truly global, with operations conducted in every corner of the globe, from Alaska to
Australia, from Peru to China, and in every habitat from Arctic to desert, from tropical rainforest to
temperate woodland, from mangrove to offshore. The global community will rely heavily on oil and gas
supplies for the foreseeable future. World primary energy consumption in 2010 stood at nearly 12002
million tonnes of oil equivalents (BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2011); oil and gas represented
57 per cent of world energy supply, with coal providing 29 per cent, nuclear energy 5 per cent and hydro-
electric 7 per cent. The challenge is to meet world energy demands, whilst minimizing adverse impact on the
environment by conforming to current good practice.
2.0 WORLD OIL & GAS MAJORS
Below Figures details Oil & Gas producing Nations in the world?
Oil Producing Nations
Source: https://scsenergygeneration.wikispaces.com/Fossil+Fuels+Coal,+Oil+%26+Gas
Natural Gas Producing Nations
Source: http://baftechnologies.com/blog/natural-gas-vehicles-around-the-world/
Anil Kumar Sahu (20104004); Sandeep Prasad (20104005); Sarjeevan Sainbhi (20104006) Page 4 of 21
5. Analysis of impact of climate change on Oil and Gas majors Exe-MBA10
Source: 1. Ranked in order of 2007 worldwide oil equivalent reserves as reported in "OGJ 200/100", Oil & Gas Journal,
September 15, 2008.
3.0 WORLD ENERGY BASKET & RELATED FACTS
Renewable
Energy
Energy
hydro
2%
Nuclear
7%
5%
Oil and Gas
Coal
Nuclear
Coal Oil and Gas hydro
29% 57%
Renewable Energy
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2011
Anil Kumar Sahu (20104004); Sandeep Prasad (20104005); Sarjeevan Sainbhi (20104006) Page 5 of 21
6. Analysis of impact of climate change on Oil and Gas majors Exe-MBA10
World CO2 emission by sector and fuel
Energy supply sector is contributing most to the world CO 2 emission compare to other sector in 2004, followed by
industry with 21%
Waste and
wastewater GHG emissions by sector
3%
Waste and wastewater
Forestry Energy Supply
19%
Transport
Energy Supply
Agriculture 28%
14% Residential and commercial
Building
Transport Industry
14% Residential
Industry
and
21%
commercial Agriculture
Building
1%
Source: IPCC
GHG emissions by sector in 2004
In 2009, nearly 57% of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion were produced from oil and gas (oil 37% and
20% Gas). Coal contributed 37%.
GHG emission by Fuel
Others
0.4%
Oil
Coal Oil
36.7%
43.0% Natural Gas
Coal
Others
Natural Gas
19.9%
Source: IEA
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7. Analysis of impact of climate change on Oil and Gas majors Exe-MBA10
The exploitation of oil and gas reserves has not always been without some ecological side effects. Oil
spills, damaged land, accidents and fires, and incidents of air and water pollution have all been recorded at
various times and places.
4.0 INDIA’S NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
The Action Plan is based upon seven guiding principles, presented below, that will form the basis for a
sustainable development path that also advances economic and environmental objectives. The Plan
emphasizes the overriding priority of maintaining high economic growth rates to raise living standards in
the country and identifies “measures that promote our development objectives while also yielding co-
benefits for addressing climate change effectively.” The Plan also pledges that India’s per capita GHG
emissions “will at no point exceed that of developed countries even as we pursue our development
objectives.”
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5.0 LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN INDIA
There is no specific legislation at present dealing exclusively with regulations of sources of GHG emissions
in India, but several environmental regulations have climate co-benefits. In the recent initiatives for
mitigating GHG emissions, the sectoral approach is being considered an important tool to combat climate
change by regulating emissions at the sources in various sectors of the economy. India has taken
important policy measures at the sectoral level with regard to GHG emissions (see below table).
5.1 Gaps for Regulatory Framework for GHG Emissions in India
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6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR THE INDIAN OIL & GAS SECTOR
6.1 Human, socio-economic and cultural impacts
Source: http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tomchivers/100045477/the-met-offices-climate-change-report-
between-denial-and-alarm-lies-reality/
Exploration and production operations are likely to induce economic, social and cultural changes. The
extent of these changes is especially important to local groups, particularly indigenous people who may
have their traditional lifestyle affected. The key impacts may include changes in:
land-use patterns, such as agriculture, fishing, logging, hunting, as a direct consequence or as a
secondary consequence by providing new access routes, leading to unplanned settlement and
exploitation of natural resources;
local population levels, as a result of immigration and in-migration of a remote population due to
increased access and opportunities;
socio-economic systems due to new employment opportunities, income differentials, inflation,
differences in per capita income, when different members of local groups benefit unevenly from
induced changes;
socio-cultural systems such as social structure, organization and cultural heritage, practices and
beliefs, and secondary impacts such as effects on natural resources, rights of access, and change in
value systems influenced by foreigners
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6.3 Aquatic impacts
Source: http://sanunewa.hubpages.com/hub/Global-Climate-Change-Effects-on-Ocean
The principal aqueous waste streams resulting from exploration and production operations are:
produced water;
drilling fluids, cuttings and well treatment chemicals;
process, wash and drainage water;
sewerage, sanitary and domestic wastes;
spills and leakage; and
Cooling water.
The volumes of waste produced depend on the stage of the exploration and production process.
During seismic operations, waste volumes are minimal and relate mainly to camp or vessel activities. In
exploratory drilling the main aqueous effluents are drilling fluids and cuttings, whilst in production
operations—after the development wells are completed—the primary effluent is produced water.
6.4 Terrestrial impacts
Source: http://adelinemccarthy.blogspot.com/
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Potential impacts to soil arise from three basic sources:
physical disturbance as a result of construction;
contamination resulting from spillage and leakage or solid waste disposal; and
Indirect impact arising from opening access and social change.
Potential impacts that may result from poor design and construction include soil erosion due to soil
structure, slope or rainfall. Left undisturbed and vegetated, soils will maintain their integrity, but, once
vegetation is removed and soil is exposed, soil erosion may result. Alterations to soil conditions may result
in widespread secondary impacts such as changes in surface hydrology and drainage patterns, increased
siltation and habitat damage, reducing the capacity of the environment to support vegetation and wildlife.
6.5 Ecosystem Impact
Source: http://www.cop.noaa.gov/stressors/climatechange/features/fs-2008-02-14-cc.aspx
Plant and animal communities may be directly affected by changes in their environment through variations
in water, air and soil quality and through disturbance by noise. Such changes may directly affect the
ecology: for example, habitat, food and nutrient supplies, breeding areas, migration routes etc. The effect is
upsetting of the nutrient balances and microbial activity of the soil.
6.6 Potential emergencies
Plans for all seismic, drilling and production operations should incorporate measures to deal with potential
emergencies that threaten people, the environment or property. However, even with proper planning,
design and the implementation of correct procedures and personnel training, incidents can occur such as:
spillage of fuel, oil, gas, chemicals and hazardous materials;
oil or gas well blowout;
explosions;
fires (facility and surrounds);
unplanned plant upset and shutdown events;
natural disasters and their implications on operations, for example flood, earthquake, lightning; and
War and sabotage.
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7.0 A NEW RISK LANDSCAPE CREATED BY INEVITABLE CLIMATE CHANGE
Brand value
Climate
Change Physical risk
Risk on
Oil and Business risk
Gas Competiveness risk
Sector
Regulatory risk
Finance
Threat from renewable
7.1 Brand Value:
Managing carbon emissions can enhance brand value; recent marketing studies from UK show that 67% of
consumers more inclined to buy a product with a low carbon footprint; 49% more likely to buy if carbon
footprint details are on packaging of products. COMPANIES that manage their carbon emissions
responsibly can significantly enhance their brand value and make themselves and their products more
attractive to potential customers as well as investors.
Carbon foot-printing is a hugely valuable tool for understanding the impact a business has on climate
change and how to use that footprint as part of a long-term plan to reduce carbon emissions. Foot-
printing can also help businesses to improve processes, cut costs and meet reporting requirements for
environmental legislation.
There are two types of carbon footprint that need to be addressed. An organizational carbon footprint
can measure the direct greenhouse gas emissions from all activities across the organization, including
energy used in buildings, industrial processes and company vehicles, as well as indirect emissions such as
business travel. A product carbon footprint measures greenhouse gas emissions over the whole life of a
product, goods or service, from the extraction of raw materials and manufacturing right through to its
use, recycling and disposal.
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Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions through a carbon foot-printing exercise will help organizations to
identify the opportunities for carbon emission reduction. The next step is to develop a carbon reduction
plan, action it, and measure and monitor ongoing progress.
Once an organizational carbon footprint has been calculated, it can be published and independently
certified. Communicating this footprint to employees will help engage them in the carbon reduction and
energy management process and independent certification gives employees something to aim for as an
eco-aware workforce. Communicating an organizational footprint outside the company – for example as
part of a corporate social responsibility report – will demonstrate to customers and stakeholders that the
business takes tackling climate change seriously.
A product carbon footprint also considers greenhouse gas emissions of an organization’s suppliers,
customers and distributors related to a product’s manufacture and use. It also covers emissions created
by disposing of any waste and the impact of recycling. A product carbon footprint can help to differentiate
a product or service and enhance brand image as well as providing a better management of an
organization’s supply chains. Once calculated, a product carbon footprint can be communicated in a
number of ways including on product labeling.
7.2 Physical Risks
Global warming poses threat of sea level rise, hurricanes/ other natural calamities for especially those
situated in the coastal regions. Coastal E&P facilities, Refineries can face huge damage due to cyclones
and hurricanes. Rising sea levels pose threats of high tides and low tides and flooding of coastal refineries
which depend on shipping. Water shortages due to depletion of snow or glacier fed rivers changing course
or getting dried out. Extreme temperatures may bring in inefficiency in refining. The following are among
the possible physical effects that could result from climate change:
Sea level rise: Melting of the polar icecaps and a resulting rise in the sea level could be one of the
most serious consequences of climate change. The potential for damage is enormous, especially
as coastal areas become more developed. Companies could be affected not only through direct
loss of facilities and real estate, but also through potential impacts on their workers, many of
whom could be forced to move if seawaters rise significantly. Not only might some areas be
submerged, but areas not previously at risk to storm surge could become so.
Hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones: Hurricane Katrina focused world attention on the damage a
massive hurricane causes when it strikes a populated area. As with a rising sea level, coastal areas
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could expect to bear the brunt of the damage from increased storm activity; although tropical-
storm damage from floods and wind can extend hundreds of miles inland. Asian countries
dependent on monsoon season could be damaged by any change in the timing and intensity of
storms.
Drought: Some areas of the world may become more prone to drought; already-dry areas may
find the delicate balance they now live under tilted to one of desertification. Among the potential
losses are destroyed crops, loss or reduction of water resources, damage to ecosystems, and
forced migration of people.
Wildfires: Along with increased drought conditions comes the possibility of an increase in
wildfires, both in forests and grasslands. Wildfires tourism centers; timber, grazing, and
agricultural land; wildlife habitat; private homes; and more.
Heat waves: The European heat wave of 2003—widely cited as being related to climate change—
caused the deaths of an estimated 22,000 people. Demand for air conditioning during periods of
extreme heat could lead to massive power outages.
7.3 Business Risks
Extreme weather conditions results in increased energy cost & higher contingency requirement results in
erosion of profit margins. Business risk due to climate change includes:
Climate Change Policy Risk: With climate change mitigation driven by lawmakers, the risk of
politically motivated changes to public policy towards climate change is high. Businesses that are
in a carbon-intensive industry or reliant on climate change-motivated subsidies or other favorable
regulation are particularly vulnerable. Conversely, most investors avoid projects with high policy
risk due to its unpredictability.
Market Risk: Naturally, businesses face the risk of changes in the prices of oil, gas, electricity and,
where required, carbon. To mitigate these risks, companies can either reduce their exposure or
hedge the risk. At 2009 levels of carbon price, the cost of carbon is almost negligible. However:
At $60 per ton carbon price, 10% of total cash flow of listed companies will be transferred from
companies with below average carbon efficiency to those with above average efficiency.
Reputational Risk: Since climate change issues are high in the public mind, not to engage in the
debate could cause a public backlash.
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Credit Risk: Due to increased business risk exposure to carbon price, credit rating of such entities
may be at risk. For instance, Drax Power, which operates a coal fired power plant in the UK, has
been downgraded in 2009 to below investment grade, thus increasing the cost of borrowing and
making it unsuitable for institutional funds to invest.
Other Classification for Business Risk Include risk related to:
Natural Capital: This risk threatens the natural resources or capital that many businesses rely on
for raw materials (forests, fisheries, agriculture) or indirectly (real estate, tourism, retail,
restaurant). For example, even if your business does not depend directly on natural capital you
still need to ask about your suppliers and customers.
Government Policies: There is a risk that policies will influence the market to favor less
greenhouse gas-intensive businesses, products and services.
Customer and Public Pressure: Whether you sell business-to-business or directly to consumers,
your customers will increasingly prefer climate-friendly products.
7.4 Competitiveness Risk
Has Effect on Gross Refining Margin. As energy costs increase, Oil industries using conventional and
carbon intensive energy sources will see a reduction in the GRM.
7.5 Regulatory risks
‘Carbon ’tax’ implementation on states by Central government can affect profitability of the Oil & Gas
sector
7.6 Financial risks
Just as continuing with business as usual poses financial risks for society, and insurers in particular, so a switch
to renewable could result in the loss of value in investments in the fossil fuel economy. This has been used as
an argument by the affected lobbies to deter action on limiting emissions. The cost of mitigation depends
crucially on the target level of greenhouse gases that is selected as "safe" and the timing of action. For a level
of CO2 around of 550 ppmv (parts per million by volume), which is roughly twice the pre-industrial level, the
pure economic costs are at a global level are minimal, and are in fact offset by side-benefits e.g. cleaner air
quality, provided that an early start is made on addressing the problem to avoid locking-in further investment
in "dead-end" technologies.
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This point becomes more acute at the level of industry sector or individual company, since they are
vulnerable to substitution by the new technologies. For example " Changing Drivers", a recent study by
World Resources Institute & Sustainable Asset Management of the automobile industry, suggested a
range of potential impacts, from +10% for Toyota, to -15% of company value for Ford if emission
constraints become significant. Perceptive investors have realized this, and are now beginning to
challenge company management to address these issues through a number of initiatives - Institutional
Investors on Global Climate Change, Investors Network on Climate Risk, and The Carbon Disclosure
Project. What is clear is that European companies are already aware of the issue and have started to plan
for a carbon-constrained world, but other regions, particularly USA are lagging behind. This is
symptomatic of a second key point that the commercial world needs clear.
7.7 Threat from Renewable energy
Renewable energy facilities generally require less maintenance than traditional generators. Their fuel
being derived from natural and available resources reduces the costs of operation. Even more
importantly, renewable energy produces little or no waste products such as carbon dioxide or other
chemical pollutants, so has minimal impact on the environment. Renewable energy projects can also bring
economic benefits to many regional areas, as most projects are located away from large urban centers
and suburbs of the capital cities. These economic benefits may be from the increased use of local services
as well as tourism.
8.0 CHANGE DRIVER FOR OIL AND GAS COMPANY
Inevitable climate change will have impacts for all companies, but oil and gas companies can be
particularly vulnerable. The key drivers for adaption will be found in regulatory and legal liabilities,
changes in cost and revenue profiles, market transformations, stakeholder interest. Some examples of
how these drivers are beginning to affect oil and gas companies and how they are anticipated to change
over the next few years are outlined below:
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CHANGE DRIVERS
StakeHolder
s
Oil and
Regulations Gas Market
Company
Cost and
Revenue
8.1 Regulatory and legal drivers:
As the impacts of climate change become more direct, we are likely to see governments resort to
prescriptive regulation and statutory controls to ensure that oil and gas companies providing essential
infrastructure take appropriate action on adaptation. In the United Kingdom the Climate Change Act 2008
gives the government the power to require oil and gas companies to assess and disclose the impacts
climate change might have on their business. The wealth of information on the impacts of climate change
from the scientific community, academia, research institutions, government, trade associations, and
NGOs is so great that it would be difficult for a senior executive or professional advisor to claim ignorance
when challenged. As the financial impacts of climate change are further recognized, we are likely to see
litigation used to recover costs incurred as a consequence of failures to account for changing climatic
conditions.
There is increasing pressure for companies to disclose how much the decommissioning of oil and gas
infrastructure will cost the company. The UK government recently updated the Petroleum Act, tightening
the laws on decommissioning, making it compulsory for companies to take the impacts of climate change
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into account in their activities. This is bolstered by 70 countries that have mandated the use of the IFRS
(International Finance Reporting Standards), which includes obligations on decommissioning. More
stringent design standards from regulatory bodies are likely to continue to arise.
8.2 Cost/revenue drivers
Operational costs at refineries are likely to increase in response to changes in asset efficiency and
resilience with higher ambient air temperatures. Disruptions to transport links due to permafrost thaw is
already having significant impacts with companies having to hold and maintain larger onsite spare parts
and materials stores. Increasing water resource issues has become a major incentive for companies to
introduce water management measures. Operational costs could increase in response to changes in
design standards for offshore platforms. Hurricanes Ivan, Katrina and Rita all produced conditions that
exceeded the offshore platform design wave height requirements. Climate change will put more pressure
on insurance for oil and gas companies.
8.3 Stakeholder
Investors and other stakeholders, including market and financial analysts, governments and regulatory
agencies, research institutions, consumers, local communities and NGOs – are already starting to place
greater pressure on oil and gas companies to address climate risks and opportunities. Corporate
operations are increasingly scrutinized in the context of climate change, for example:
• There are signs that there could be increasing numbers of lawsuits filed against oil and gas
companies due to their activities
• Banks are looking at the lending risks associated with project finance.
8.4 Market Drivers
Energy underpins our social and economic systems. Access to reliable and increased supplies of low-
carbon energy are essential to meet the adaptation needs arising from, for example, increasing
urbanisation, agriculture (to improve yields and manage drought), transportation, the built environment
(to cool buildings), potable water supplies, drainage and waste water treatment. Peak demands will
increase in summer months in response to increasing temperatures and the need for energy for cooling.
Changes in energy demands for space heating, transportation and other climate sensitive processes such
as pumping water for agricultural irrigation and other industrial and domestic uses are already taking
place. Oil and gas consumption has fallen in the USA, Europe and Australia with warmer winters reducing
the need for energy for heating.
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9.0 SUMMARY: BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE
► Climate change and global warming: major threat to the Oil & Gas industries.
► The Oil & Gas sector will be a significant part of an evolving solution to the CO2 challenge and
certainly drive the ushering of a cleaner hydro carbon age in future.
► Companies have already started pursuing strategies to position themselves in the cleaner, more
sustainable and low carbon growth trajectory by conscious reorganization of their product
portfolio and restructuring of their multi-location operations.
► Big Oil Companies like British Petroleum is planning to invest USD 8 billion in low carbon power
and alternative energy business over the next decade and aims at USD 1 billion of operating profit
by 2015 from this business only.
► Adoption of the right strategy for mitigating long term climate change risks can provide distinct
competitive advantage.
► Companies seeking to develop their strategies should first analyze their ‘value-at-stake’ or ‘value-
at-risk’ under a variety of scenarios from current and emerging policies to reduce carbon
emissions.
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10.0 REFERENCES
1. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-ts.pdf
2. http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf
3. Ernest & Young, Climate change issues in Oil & Gas Sector; PPT.
4. Strengthening Legal and Policy Frameworks for Addressing Climate Change in Asia: India. Professor Dr.
Bharat H. Desai. Center for International Legal Studies, SIS Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi.
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