This paper presents a new perspective in modeling and analyzing efficiency of CO2 and miscible gas injection for potential enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage in shale oil plays. Our major focuses are conceptual and fundamental understanding of the dominant trapping and oil recovery mechanisms behind miscible gas injection. The efficiency of the CO2 Huff-n-Puff process in shale oil production has been widely investigated in recent years because of the ultra-low permeability (1 to 100 µD) of shale oil reservoirs and poor geological connectivity between hydraulic fractured wells. Here we used hydrocarbon fluid properties of a Middle Bakken tight oil reservoir, and considered a wide range of permeability (from 1 to 100µD) and isotherm adsorption properties for CO2 and CH4. A large scale numerical model was set up to simulate and capture the important mechanisms behind various miscible gas injection scenarios.
Simulation results reveal that CO2 adsorption and CH4 desorption along with molecular diffusion of hydrocarbon components are crucial in the presence of organic matter content and pores, however, recycle enriched gas injection demonstrated a high oil recovery compared to miscible CO2 injection. Although CO2 adsorption is large in organic rich shale oil based on literature measurements, CO2 efficiency in enhancing oil recovery is not as much as recycle enriched gas with ethane (C2). However, CO2 trapping may be substantial due to adsorption (5.0% to 10%) and other conventional trapping mechanisms, and the amount of CO2 trapped could be a significant fraction of the total injected amount (25% to 50% considering other trapping mechanisms such as CO¬2 dissolution, residual, and free gas). Simulation results strongly support that CO2 molecular diffusion can assist in the deep penetration of CO2 to touch larger surface area of matrix to become adsorbed, as well as dissolved in other coexisting phases and residual trapping.
Apresentação de Victor Manuel Salazar Araque, da Computer Modelling Group, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
Apresentação de Victor Manuel Salazar Araque, da Computer Modelling Group, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
What is a Typical Unconventional Gas Reservoir?
Compare between Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoir
What are Unconventional Resources…!
Why Do We Need Unconventional Reservoirs ?
Unconventional Gas Reservoir; Unconventional Resources; Worldwide Unconventional Gas Production; Types of Natural Gas Resource; The Resource Triangle
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Oil and Gas Exploration
This brief overview of exploration includes segments on exploration processes, some historical perspective including an explanation of hydrocarbons, and finally we’ll discuss the ‘basin-play concept’.
There are 4 key steps to summarize the oil and gas exploration process:
First is understanding and evaluating the geologic setting, called a play,
Next is obtaining access to the potential reserves usually in the form of a lease.
The third step is determining where to drill and completing a successful discovery or “wildcat” well.
Finally, additional hydrocarbon reserves can be added to the portfolio of an oil company using guidelines set by the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Oil and gas is composed of compressed hydrocarbons. It was formed millions of years ago in a process that began when plant and animal remains were covered by very deep layers of sediment – minute particles of rock and minerals. With time, extreme pressure and high temperatures, these particles became a mix of both solid (coal) and liquid hydrocarbons. Even diamonds are a form of hydrocarbons.
Early oil discoveries were traced from natural hydrocarbon seeps at the surface. Many major fields of California, Oklahoma, Mexico, Iran, Iraq and Indonesia were related to surface hydrocarbon seeps.
What is tight reservoir?
To Understanding Tight Oil
Principle Types of Tight Reservoir; CHARACTERISTIC OF TIGHT RESERVOIR; FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR; LOGGING IN TIGHT RESERVOIR;TECHNIQUES TO PRODUCE FROM TIGHT RESERVOIR; Light Tight Oil (LTO) Recovery; TIGHT OIL CHALLENGES; TIGHT OIL SOLUTIONS; WORLD ESTIMATE of TIGHT OIL
Introduction-Alpha….. Betical PRINCIPLES of Petroleum Geology; Classification of fossil fuels as hydrocarbon resources and hydrocarbon producing resources; Oil/Gas Generation and Diagenesis; Types of Oil & Natural Gas Plays; Occurrence of Oil and Gas; umbrella terms given to petroleum: Conventional oil and Unconventional oil; Associated Gas and Non-associated Gas; In Situ Oil and Gas Resources versus Supply; Natural Gas Resource and Quality Types; Natural GAS; Oil and Gas Process; Oil/Gas Field Life Cycle; Oil Field Pyramid ; Giant Oil Field
What is a Typical Unconventional Gas Reservoir?
Compare between Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoir
What are Unconventional Resources…!
Why Do We Need Unconventional Reservoirs ?
Unconventional Gas Reservoir; Unconventional Resources; Worldwide Unconventional Gas Production; Types of Natural Gas Resource; The Resource Triangle
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Oil and Gas Exploration
This brief overview of exploration includes segments on exploration processes, some historical perspective including an explanation of hydrocarbons, and finally we’ll discuss the ‘basin-play concept’.
There are 4 key steps to summarize the oil and gas exploration process:
First is understanding and evaluating the geologic setting, called a play,
Next is obtaining access to the potential reserves usually in the form of a lease.
The third step is determining where to drill and completing a successful discovery or “wildcat” well.
Finally, additional hydrocarbon reserves can be added to the portfolio of an oil company using guidelines set by the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Oil and gas is composed of compressed hydrocarbons. It was formed millions of years ago in a process that began when plant and animal remains were covered by very deep layers of sediment – minute particles of rock and minerals. With time, extreme pressure and high temperatures, these particles became a mix of both solid (coal) and liquid hydrocarbons. Even diamonds are a form of hydrocarbons.
Early oil discoveries were traced from natural hydrocarbon seeps at the surface. Many major fields of California, Oklahoma, Mexico, Iran, Iraq and Indonesia were related to surface hydrocarbon seeps.
GE / Texaco Gasifier Feed to a Lurgi Methanol Plant and its Effect on Methano...Gerard B. Hawkins
GE / Texaco Gasifier Feed to a Lurgi Methanol Plant and its Effect on Methanol Production
CONTENTS
0 Methanol Synthesis Introduction
1 Executive Summary
2 Design Basis
2.1.1 Train I Design Basis
2.1.2 Train II Design Basis
2.1.3 Train III Design Basis
2.2 Design Philosophy
2.2.1 Operability Review
2.3 Assumptions
2.4 Train IV Flowsheet
2.4.1 CO2 Removal
3 Discussion
3.1 Natural Gas Consumption Figures
3.1.1 Base Case
3.1.2 Case 1 – Coal Gasification in Service
3.1.3 Case 2 – Coal Gasification in Service – No CO2 Export
3.2 Methanol Production Figures
3.2.1 Base Case
3.2.2 Case 1 – Coal Gasification in Service
3.2.3 Case 2 – Coal Gasification in Service – No CO2 Export
3.3 85% Natural Gas Availability
3.4 100% Natural Gas Availability
3.5 CO2 Emissions
3.5.1 Base Case
3.5.2 Case 1 – Coal Gasification in Service
3.5.3 Case 2 – Coal Gasification in Service – No CO2 Export
3.6 Specific Consumption Figures
3.6.1 Base Case
3.6.2 Case 1 – Coal Gasification and CO2 Import
3.6.3 Case 2 – Coal Gasification and No CO2 Import
3.7 Train IV Synthesis Gas Composition
4 Further Work
5 Conclusion
APPENDIX
Important Stream Data – Material Balance Stream Data
Texaco Gasifier with HP Steam Raising Boiler
CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL
Material Balance Considerations
Methanol Casale Advanced Reactor Concept (ARC) Converter Retrofit CASE STUDY #10231406
For older methanol plants, efficiency is worse than for a modern plant
• To maximize profit we must improve either
– Plant efficiency
– Plant production rate
This case study highlights the revamp of a Middle Eastern Methanol Plant ARC converter with part IMC internals, to improve efficiency and production; with no CO2 addition to the Synloop, and with CO2 addition to the Synloop.
- 250 TPD CO2
- 500 TPD CO2
SYNGAS CONDITIONING UNIT FEASIBILITY CASE STUDY: COAL-TO-LIQUIDSGerard B. Hawkins
SYNGAS CONDITIONING UNIT FEASIBILITY CASE STUDY: COAL-TO-LIQUIDS
Case Study: #0953616GB/H
HT SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATION
Process Specification
This process duty specification refers to a Syngas Conditioning Unit which utilizes HT Shift reaction technology on a slip stream of raw gas to produce a recombined gas stream with a H2:CO ratio of 1.57:1. This is an important consideration as the Shift reactor is not required to minimize CO at outlet, and this specification refers to the expected performance that can be achieved in a single stage reactor scheme.
The Syngas Conditioning Unit is part of a proposed coal-to-liquids complex in which synthesis gas is produced by gasification of coal for downstream processing in a Fischer Tropsch reactor and Hydrocracker unit.
Heavy Oil recovery traditionally starts with depletion drive and (natural) waterdrive with very low recoveries as a result. As EOR technique, steam injection has been matured since the 1950s using CSS (cyclic steam stimulation), steam drive or steam flooding, and SAGD (steam assisted gravity drainage). The high energy cost of heating up the oil bearing formation to steam temperature and the associated high CO2 footprint make steam based technology less attractive today and many companies in the industry have been actively trying to find alternatives or improvements. As a result there are now many more energy efficient recovery technologies that can unlock heavy oil resources compared with only a decade ago. This presentation will discuss breakthrough alternatives to steam based recovery as well as incremental improvement options to steam injection techniques. The key message is the importance to consider these techniques because steam injection is costly and has a high CO2 footprint
Johan van Dorp holds an MSc in Experimental Physics from Utrecht University and joined Shell in 1981. He has served on several international assignments, mainly in petroleum and reservoir engineering roles. He recently led the extra heavy-oil research team at the Shell Technology Centre in Calgary, focusing on improved in-situ heavy-oil recovery technologies. Van Dorp also was Shell Group Principal Technical Expert in Thermal EOR and has been involved with most thermal projects in Shell throughout the world, including in California, Oman, the Netherlands, and Canada. He retired from Shell after more than 35 years in Oct 2016. Van Dorp (co-)authored 13 SPE papers on diverse subjects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
4. Background: Shale and Tight Oil Production
• Problem: Production growth rates are not sustainable
– Overall shale oil productivity is declining (Pressure declineing)
– GOR or/and WOR are getting higher
– Very low recovery factor ~ 6%
• Solution : EOR technology
– The best EOR candidate: Miscible gas-based EOR
– Take advantage of high density and number of wells (50,000 horizontal wells)
– Benefits will be enhancing oil production and CO2 trapped
5. Objective(s)
• Evaluate efficiency of CO2-EOR
Trapping and EOR Mechanisms
in Shale oil plays
The Bakken shale oil reservoirs
• Evaluate potential CO2 storage
capacity
6. Critical Gaps in Unconventional
Fluid flow mechanisms in nanoscale pores?
o Is Darcy flow (no-slip flow) still valid?
o How important is molecular diffusion?
Phase behavior and thermodynamic state in
nanoscale pores?
o Phase equilibrium and dissolution states
o Capillarity and confinement effect on phase
behavior?
o Contact angle and interfacial tension (IFT)?
o Pores sizes and wettability of OM and IOM?
(modified after Javadpour et al., 2015)
(Zhang and Lashgari, 2016)
7. Conventional Vs. Unconventional
• Fluid and Multiphase Flow in nanoscale
– Darcy flow?
– Gas diffusion?
– Adsorption and desorption?
– Relative permeability?
– Capillary pressure?
– Hysteresis effects?
– Contact angle and wettability
– IFT between coexisting phases
– Pores sizes in OM and IOM
8. Typical Parameters for Bakken Shale Oil
Reservoir Model
o Natural Depletion
o Huff-n-Puff CO2 Injection
Reservoir model (1610 m×805 m×16 m)
Well Configuration and 15 HFs per well
1610 m
805m
9. Typical Parameters for Bakken Shale Oil
Reservoir Model
Basic Reservoir and Fracture Properties from Middle Bakken for Simulation Study of
CO2 Huff-n-Puff Process
97 m
183 m
Parameter Value Unit
Reservoir dimension 1610×805×16 m×m×m
Number of gridblocks 132×66×1 --
Initial reservoir pressure 55.16 MPa
Production time 20 year
Reservoir temperature 115.6 oC
Initial water saturation 0.25 fraction
Total compressibility 1.45×10-4 MPa-1
Matrix permeability 1, 10, 100 µD
Matrix porosity 0.06 [-]
Stage spacing 97.5 m
Fracture conductivity 61 mD-m
Fracture half-length 91.5 m
10. Well Schedule with injection and production
Scenario (Huff-n-Puff Process)
(a) Gas Injection for 70 days (b)Soaking for 50 days (c) Production for 960 days
Natural
production
1st cycle gas
injection and
production
2nd cycle gas
injection and
production
3rd cycle gas
injection and
production
4th cycle gas
injection and
production
5th cycle gas
injection and
production
6th cycle gas
injection and
production
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Natural
production
1st cycle gas
injection and
production
2nd cycle gas
injection and
production
3rd cycle gas
injection and
production
4th cycle gas
injection and
production
5th cycle gas
injection and
production
6th cycle gas
injection and
production
Years
Well 2
Well 1
14. Relative Permeability
History match
Wettability:
Neutral or mixed wet
Constant IFT:
O/G: 0 or 27 dyn/cm2
W/O: 38 dyn/cm2
Capillary number:
1 or 3.8×10-6
Petrophyscial
properties
Oil and water Oil and Gas
Wei and Lashgari et al.
2015
Alfarge et al. 2017
15. Dominant Mechanisms: Miscibility
Full miscibility of hydrocarbon composition develops a single phase described as:
• IFT value =0
• Capillary pressure value =0
• Relative permeability values =1
• Residual saturations =0
Gas Composition CO2 case
CO2 (mole fraction) 1.0
CH4(mole fraction) 0
C2(mole fraction) 0
C3(mole fraction) 0
MMP (@ Temp. 240 oF ) 2460 psi
Total surface injection rate
(scf/day) *
2×106
16. Dominant Mechanisms: Diffusion
i
i i
D
J c
Flux
Conductivity Driving force
Diffusion
Darcy flow
(Bulk flow)
rj
j j
j
kk
J P
Flux
Conductivity Driving force
• A concentration-based mass transfer
phenomena
• Bulk diffusivity
• Tortuosity
• Porosity
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Concentration
17. Dominant Mechanisms: Adsorption
Adsorption and desorption are
significant in organic rich
shale plays.
Main factors:
o TOC
o Pressure
o Temperature
(Heller and Zoback, 2014)
TOC= 5.3%
TOC= 1.2%
TOC= 5.3%
TOC= 1.8%
CO2
CH4
CO2
CH4
CO2
CH4
CO2
CH4
18. Molecular Diffusion and Adsorption
Parameters
Parameters CO2 CH4 Rock
diffusivity (cm2
/sec) in oil 0.0075 0.0005 --
diffusivity (cm2
/sec) in gas 0.0075 0.0005 --
Density (lb/ft3
) -- -- 155
Tortuosity (ft/ft) -- -- 100
Langmuir sorption constant i (1/psi) 0.0005 0.00015 --
Maximal sorption gas
max,i (gmol/lb)
3.3 1.2 --
** 1 cm2
/sec = 8.64 m2
/day; 1gm/lb =2.2046 gmol/kg
Hysteresis in sorption (Example)
CO2 adsorption and desorption experimental data
and Langmuir model
Core samples of Power River Basin (Wyoming)
19. Simulation Test Cases with Three
Different Permeability Cases
Case ID Case Description
Nd Natural depletion
CO2 CO2 injection
CO2Md
CO2 injection considering only molecular
diffusion
CO2MdAd
CO2 Injection considering molecular diffusion
and adsorption
20. Gas Diffusion
Average Gas Saturation after 20 yrs.
Case: 1µD
Case 100µD
High Gas
Saturation
Adsorption
Lower Gas
Saturation
Perm, Press , Temp, TOC, Tortuosity
25. Daily Oil Production over 20 yrs.
Case: 1µD Case 10µD
Diffusion and
miscibility effects
26. injection
Prod3
Prod2
Prod4 Prod5 Prod6 Prod7
N Prod1
CO2 Storage Capacity
2
2
2
1
Cumulative CO Production
Relative CO Storage
Cumulative CO Injection
Gas
Diffusion
Higher CO2
Trapping
Adsorption
More CO2
TrappingCase: 100µD
29. Summary and Conclusions
• The efficiency of CO2 injection is widely investigated using Huff-n-
Puff process in ultra-low permeability (1µD to 100 µD) and poor
geological connectivity.
o Miscibility plays a main role to boost oil production with high CO2
dissolution
o Diffusion contributes between 31% to 47% in oil production and
10% to 14% in CO2 trapping
o Adsorption can potentially trap CO2 in around 0.1% to 5%