Abstract Payment card fraud is causing billions of dollars in losses for the card payment industry. Besides direct losses, the brand name can be affected by loss of consumer confidence due to the fraud. As a result of these growing losses, financial institutions and card issuers are continually seeking new techniques and innovation in payment card fraud detection and prevention. Credit card fraud falls broadly into two categories: behavioral fraud and application fraud. Credit card transactions continue to grow in number, taking an ever-larger share of the US payment system and leading to a higher rate of stolen account numbers and subsequent losses by banks. Improved fraud detection thus has become essential to maintain the viability of the US payment system. Increasingly, the card not present scenario, such as shopping on the internet poses a greater threat as the merchant (the web site) is no longer protected with advantages of physical verification such as signature check, photo identification, etc. In fact, it is almost impossible to perform any of the ‘physical world’ checks necessary to detect who is at the other end of the transaction. This makes the internet extremely attractive to fraud perpetrators. According to a recent survey, the rate at which internet fraud occurs is 20 to25 times higher than ‘physical world’ fraud. However, recent technical developments are showing some promise to check fraud in the card not present scenario. This paper provides an overview of payment card fraud and begins with payment card statistics and the definition of payment card fraud. It also describes various methods used by identity thieves to obtain personal and financial information for the purpose of payment card fraud. In addition, relationship between payment card fraud detection is provided. Finally, some solutions for detecting payment card fraud are also given. Index Terms: Online Frauds, Fraudsters, card fraud, CNP, CVV, AVS
IRJET- Credit Card Fraud Detection using Hybrid ModelsIRJET Journal
This document discusses credit card fraud detection using hybrid models. It begins by introducing the problem of credit card fraud and how billions of dollars are lost to fraud each year. The document then discusses how standard models and hybrid techniques using AdaBoost and majority voting are used to detect fraud. Experimental results on a public credit card dataset and a private dataset from a financial institution show that the majority voting technique achieves good accuracy in detecting fraud cases. The key challenges in credit card fraud detection are also summarized, such as imbalanced data, different costs of misclassification, overlapping data patterns, lack of flexibility, and fraud detection costs.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BANK FRAUD AND ITS DETECTION TECHNIQUES THROUGH DATA MININGijmnct
Using modern methods of the electronic commerce in daily life transactions is increasing because of the growth and the comfortable access of the people to the internet and social networks. The electronic payment systems are one of the most important electronic commerce methods and the electronic payment fraud is a major problem.For example, the credit card fraud loss increases every year and is regarded as one of the important issues in the credit card institutes and corporations. Therefore, fraud detection is considered as an important research challenge. Fraud reduction is a complicated process requiring a body of knowledge in many scientific fields. Based on the kind of the fraud the banks or the credit card institutes face, different measures may be taken. This paper compares and analyzes the available recent findings on the credit card fraud detection techniques. The objectives of the present study are first to detect different credit card and electronic commerce fraud and then to investigate the strategies used for the purpose of detection.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BANK FRAUD AND ITS DETECTION TECHNIQUES THROUGH DATA MININGijmnct
Using modern methods of the electronic commerce in daily life transactions is increasing because of the
growth and the comfortable access of the people to the internet and social networks. The electronic
payment systems are one of the most important electronic commerce methods and the electronic payment
fraud is a major problem.For example, the credit card fraud loss increases every year and is regarded as
one of the important issues in the credit card institutes and corporations. Therefore, fraud detection is
considered as an important research challenge. Fraud reduction is a complicated process requiring a body
of knowledge in many scientific fields. Based on the kind of the fraud the banks or the credit card institutes
face, different measures may be taken. This paper compares and analyzes the available recent findings on
the credit card fraud detection techniques. The objectives of the present study are first to detect different
credit card and electronic commerce fraud and then to investigate the strategies used for the purpose of
detection.
The document discusses the evolving landscape of card and identity fraud, noting that:
1) Today's fraud is more sophisticated, complex, and organized than historical fraud, with criminal groups acquiring large volumes of consumer data from multiple sources and using it for various fraud schemes.
2) A key development is the targeting of PIN data, allowing criminals to withdraw cash directly from ATMs or make PIN debit purchases.
3) "Phishing" scams, where consumers are tricked into providing sensitive details, have become a major data acquisition method for criminals. Financial institutions are the most common phishing targets.
This document summarizes a research article about the acceptability of cash loading systems for online purchases and transactions. The study surveyed 257 respondents about their familiarity with and views on cash loading accounts. It found that while most respondents were familiar with cash loading, only a minority had accounts. Interestingly, those without accounts viewed cash loading more favorably than account holders. In general, respondents displayed moderate acceptability of cash loading despite cybersecurity concerns, rejecting the hypothesis that people largely reject such systems. Cash basis users surprisingly had high acceptability of cash loading. The study provides insight into perceptions of emerging digital payment methods.
Consumer Sentinel Network - Federal Trade Commission 2013- Mark - Fullbright
The document is a 102-page report from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) summarizing data from the Consumer Sentinel Network (CSN) for calendar year 2013. Some key details:
- The CSN is a secure online database containing over 9 million consumer complaints available to law enforcement. It receives data from FTC and numerous state/federal agencies and organizations.
- In 2013, the CSN received over 2 million complaints - 55% related to fraud, 14% to identity theft, and 31% other. The top complaint categories were identity theft, debt collection, and banks/lenders.
- For fraud complaints, consumers reported paying over $1.6 billion. Identity theft most
This document provides a stock analysis report on Visa by Birkey Investment Group. It summarizes the payment card industry, analyzes Visa's financial performance and position within the industry, and recommends purchasing Visa stock. Visa dominates the global payment processing market with over 50% of transactions. It has strong financial trends in revenue, earnings, and margins that distinguish it from competitors like MasterCard. Visa's recent acquisition of Visa Europe will help it grow further in the European market. Based on this analysis, the report recommends Visa as a solid investment opportunity.
Money Laundering in the Art, Collectibles, and Luxury Goods IndustryBrandonRuse1
Money laundering and fraud cases in the rare art and luxury goods industry are increasing as the gap between resources and budgets is being widened by COVID-19.
IRJET- Credit Card Fraud Detection using Hybrid ModelsIRJET Journal
This document discusses credit card fraud detection using hybrid models. It begins by introducing the problem of credit card fraud and how billions of dollars are lost to fraud each year. The document then discusses how standard models and hybrid techniques using AdaBoost and majority voting are used to detect fraud. Experimental results on a public credit card dataset and a private dataset from a financial institution show that the majority voting technique achieves good accuracy in detecting fraud cases. The key challenges in credit card fraud detection are also summarized, such as imbalanced data, different costs of misclassification, overlapping data patterns, lack of flexibility, and fraud detection costs.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BANK FRAUD AND ITS DETECTION TECHNIQUES THROUGH DATA MININGijmnct
Using modern methods of the electronic commerce in daily life transactions is increasing because of the growth and the comfortable access of the people to the internet and social networks. The electronic payment systems are one of the most important electronic commerce methods and the electronic payment fraud is a major problem.For example, the credit card fraud loss increases every year and is regarded as one of the important issues in the credit card institutes and corporations. Therefore, fraud detection is considered as an important research challenge. Fraud reduction is a complicated process requiring a body of knowledge in many scientific fields. Based on the kind of the fraud the banks or the credit card institutes face, different measures may be taken. This paper compares and analyzes the available recent findings on the credit card fraud detection techniques. The objectives of the present study are first to detect different credit card and electronic commerce fraud and then to investigate the strategies used for the purpose of detection.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BANK FRAUD AND ITS DETECTION TECHNIQUES THROUGH DATA MININGijmnct
Using modern methods of the electronic commerce in daily life transactions is increasing because of the
growth and the comfortable access of the people to the internet and social networks. The electronic
payment systems are one of the most important electronic commerce methods and the electronic payment
fraud is a major problem.For example, the credit card fraud loss increases every year and is regarded as
one of the important issues in the credit card institutes and corporations. Therefore, fraud detection is
considered as an important research challenge. Fraud reduction is a complicated process requiring a body
of knowledge in many scientific fields. Based on the kind of the fraud the banks or the credit card institutes
face, different measures may be taken. This paper compares and analyzes the available recent findings on
the credit card fraud detection techniques. The objectives of the present study are first to detect different
credit card and electronic commerce fraud and then to investigate the strategies used for the purpose of
detection.
The document discusses the evolving landscape of card and identity fraud, noting that:
1) Today's fraud is more sophisticated, complex, and organized than historical fraud, with criminal groups acquiring large volumes of consumer data from multiple sources and using it for various fraud schemes.
2) A key development is the targeting of PIN data, allowing criminals to withdraw cash directly from ATMs or make PIN debit purchases.
3) "Phishing" scams, where consumers are tricked into providing sensitive details, have become a major data acquisition method for criminals. Financial institutions are the most common phishing targets.
This document summarizes a research article about the acceptability of cash loading systems for online purchases and transactions. The study surveyed 257 respondents about their familiarity with and views on cash loading accounts. It found that while most respondents were familiar with cash loading, only a minority had accounts. Interestingly, those without accounts viewed cash loading more favorably than account holders. In general, respondents displayed moderate acceptability of cash loading despite cybersecurity concerns, rejecting the hypothesis that people largely reject such systems. Cash basis users surprisingly had high acceptability of cash loading. The study provides insight into perceptions of emerging digital payment methods.
Consumer Sentinel Network - Federal Trade Commission 2013- Mark - Fullbright
The document is a 102-page report from the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) summarizing data from the Consumer Sentinel Network (CSN) for calendar year 2013. Some key details:
- The CSN is a secure online database containing over 9 million consumer complaints available to law enforcement. It receives data from FTC and numerous state/federal agencies and organizations.
- In 2013, the CSN received over 2 million complaints - 55% related to fraud, 14% to identity theft, and 31% other. The top complaint categories were identity theft, debt collection, and banks/lenders.
- For fraud complaints, consumers reported paying over $1.6 billion. Identity theft most
This document provides a stock analysis report on Visa by Birkey Investment Group. It summarizes the payment card industry, analyzes Visa's financial performance and position within the industry, and recommends purchasing Visa stock. Visa dominates the global payment processing market with over 50% of transactions. It has strong financial trends in revenue, earnings, and margins that distinguish it from competitors like MasterCard. Visa's recent acquisition of Visa Europe will help it grow further in the European market. Based on this analysis, the report recommends Visa as a solid investment opportunity.
Money Laundering in the Art, Collectibles, and Luxury Goods IndustryBrandonRuse1
Money laundering and fraud cases in the rare art and luxury goods industry are increasing as the gap between resources and budgets is being widened by COVID-19.
A paradigm shift in the modus operandi of commerce across the globe has been significantly influenced by the payment card industry with brisk strides in digital technology. The blooming payment card industry has escorted the prosperity in economic growth of most of the countries. Besides, there exists a divergent level in subsuming card payment by different countries due to distinct social, economic and cultural background. In India, excessive use cash payments are due to offbeat business models and varied distinction in literacy levels. This paper aims to analyse outstanding payment cards in India by examining the number of cards in operation and the value of transaction in the past decade. Data from RBI source is collected to analyse for a period of eight years (2011-2019). The research finds that credit card penetration has increased by threefold with average growth of 15% YoY and debit cards increased by more than threefold with average growth of 19% YoY during the period of analysis. Yet, asymmetry between debit cards holders and credit card holders exists in India indicating credit card is still niche product. This provides platform for the payment card industry to unleash the potential to tap market in India.
The document is a 59-page report from Euromonitor International published in November 2012 about consumer finance in Ukraine. It provides an overview of the size and structure of the market for various payment cards in Ukraine such as ATM cards, credit cards, debit cards, and prepaid cards. The report analyzes key players in the market, the number of cards in circulation, transaction numbers and values, and provides strategic analysis and forecasts for sector trends. It is available for single user purchase for $1900.
Visa Inc. is a leading global payments technology company that processes over $7 trillion in transactions annually. The document analyzes Visa's business, industry, and financials. It recommends a bull call spread strategy for Visa due to its strong fundamentals and leadership position, though notes increasing regulation, technology changes, and macroeconomic uncertainty could impact performance. Visa is expected to grow revenues and earnings in the coming years driven by its global network expansion and new payment solutions.
According to the U.S. Department of Treasury, businesses are 125 times more likely to encounter issues with paper checks than electronic payments. While technology has led companies to outsource payroll and other departments to reduce costs, a similar transition is underway for payment systems. However, many businesses still rely on paper checks for over half of B2B payments due to concerns about security, supplier acceptance of cards, integration challenges, and lack of control. Leading electronic payment solutions like CSI's globalVCard address these concerns by offering higher security than checks, a 40-50% supplier acceptance rate, simple integration processes, and greater control and monitoring of payments through mobile devices. Adopting such solutions can help businesses significantly reduce payment costs
This 75-page report from Euromonitor International provides an analysis of the financial cards and payments market in Singapore between 2007-2012. It includes historical data on transactions, cards in circulation and market value for different card types. The report also forecasts market trends until 2017. It finds that while consumer spending has slowed due to economic uncertainty, the use of financial cards continues to grow as Singapore shifts to becoming a cashless society. Major local banks like DBS, OCBC and UOB remain the leading issuers of cards.
The document provides an 80-page report on financial cards and payments in the US published in December 2012. It includes historical data from 2007-2012 on various card categories (e.g. credit cards, debit cards), number of cards in circulation, transaction values, and forecasts to 2017. It also profiles major players like JP Morgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and provides 13 summaries on company backgrounds and competitive positions. The report aims to help readers understand the size and structure of the US payments market.
FIS Research - Accelerating Paper Check MigrationPaul McAdam
Recent research conducted by FIS with 3,205 consumers reveals that migration away from paper checks to debit card, credit card, automated clearing house and other electronic payment services could be accelerated through a combination of motivators and removal of barriers especially for consumer-to-consumer payments. The demise of paper checks would represent a substantial expense reduction for financial institutions as well as revenue enhancement opportunity through shifting check volume to card payments, which generate interchange revenue. However, checks won’t disappear overnight and likely won’t decline much at all among some consumers without significant intervention.
This 77-page report from Euromonitor International analyzes the financial cards and payments market in Australia. It provides historical data from 2007-2012 on metrics like the number of transactions, cards in circulation, and transaction values. It also includes forecasts for 2012-2017. The report profiles the major players in the Australian market like the Big Four banks and establishes the size and structure of the market for different card types. It aims to help readers understand trends, identify growth areas, and assess the competitive landscape and major players.
This document discusses protecting personal identity in the age of increased information tracking. It outlines the risks of identity theft, how thieves steal identities, and statistics on identity theft victims. Key points include that identity theft costs the US economy an estimated $100 billion annually, 47% of victims in 2015 experienced tax or wage-related identity theft, and children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable targets. The document provides tips on reducing identity theft risks and resolving identity theft issues.
The document discusses various types of fraud that occur on the internet, including fraudulent promotions on electronic bulletin boards, disguised advertising in discussion groups, e-mail scams involving worthless products and pyramid schemes, risky investment opportunities and stock manipulations. It provides tips for protecting yourself such as being wary of sites you are unfamiliar with, not revealing personal financial information online unless you are sure where it is going, and knowing the company you plan to do business with. Consumers should report any suspected fraudulent activity to organizations like the National Fraud Information Center.
The document summarizes recent developments in the credit card market in the Czech Republic. It finds that while debit cards dominate the payment card market, the number and use of credit cards issued by both banks and non-bank lenders has grown significantly from 2000 to 2004. The growth in the number of credit cards significantly exceeded the growth in debit cards during this period. It also outlines the key features of bank-issued credit cards and revolving credit cards issued by non-bank lenders.
All product and company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
This document discusses identity theft in several languages. It defines identity theft as illegally obtaining and using someone's identity, usually for financial gain. It describes common types of identity theft like email theft, keylogging, fake job offers on social media. The document outlines how thieves steal personal information from online sources or by hacking accounts, and how they use the stolen data for crimes like credit card fraud, phone/utilities fraud, loans and taxes. It provides an example of identity theft and statistics on its prevalence and costs. Finally, it gives tips to protect from and respond to identity theft.
Company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
Dr. Barbara O'Neill and Carol Kando-Pineda, of the Federal Trade Commission, will present this 90-minute webinar on behalf of the Military Families Learning Network. This 90-minute webinar will include two sections: a general overview of identity theft and discussion about military-specific scams. Topics covered during the first section, presented by Dr. O’Neill, include a definition of identity theft, signs of identity theft, an identity theft risk assessment quiz, types of identity theft, how identity theft occurs, ways to reduce identity theft risk, phishing scams, proactive and reactive identity theft actions, and identity theft resources. Ms. Kando-Pineda plans to discuss getting help for identity theft victims, including the steps they need to take immediately, walking through the new features for consumers on Identitytheft.gov and how they help victims develop a recovery plan, get a heads-up on the latest “imposter” scams, and an update on the Military Consumer campaign and new resources on the way for the military community.
1. Identity theft involves criminals using someone's personal information like Social Security number or credit card to commit fraud.
2. There are several common types of identity theft including financial identity theft, medical identity theft, and criminal identity theft.
3. Identity theft costs billions of dollars each year and can take victims a long time and money to resolve. It is important for individuals and businesses to take steps to protect personal information and monitor for signs of identity theft.
Identity theft is a crime that affects many people and can have significant negative consequences. It involves a criminal obtaining and using someone's personal information, such as their name, Social Security number, bank or credit card details, without permission to commit fraud or other crimes. Common types of identity theft include drivers license identity theft, social security identity theft, medical identity theft, criminal identity theft, and financial identity theft. Victims often do not know how their information was originally stolen. Criminals may obtain it through lost or stolen wallets or mail, computer hacking, phishing scams, or by working for companies that store personal data.
This paper was presented at several conferences around the world, it is a few years old, but the concepts, trends and risks identfied in the is paper are still relevant today
This white paper discusses the various cyber threats targeting healthcare organizations and the challenges security professionals face in securing access to protected health information.
The development of solar energy gas coupling system (scada) in buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract The system mainly use wall-mounted gas boiler and give priority in use of solar energy in order to maximize the utilization of solar resources. The excess heat will be added to domestic water when the heat for floor radiant heating is enough. The PLC of Siemens is set as slave computer in the monitoring system and it is used to collect thermal parameters such as temperature, flow rate, etc. by temperature sensors, pressure sensors and flow rate sensors. WinCC is set as the host computer to monitor the operating conditions of the entire system. Real-time tracing, monitoring and alarming function can be achieved based on the SQL database, which has realized archive management of the date. The system has been debugged after the whole experiment platform is completed, and the running state of the system shows that this system has high reliability and good stability. Keywords: Solar Energy, Gas, PLC, WinCC, Database
Performance study of photovoltaic solar celleSAT Journals
Abstract
Energy is the driving force for any kind of economic and scientific development, automation, and innovation. Due to high
excursion rate of conventional energy sources, availability of conventional fuels is reducing day by day. Consequently their prices
are increasing very rapidly. Along with these they pollute atmosphere due to combustion and chemical process associated with
them. Considering all these it is needed to find nonconventional sources to meet up energy requirements. Worldwide ‘Solar
Energy’ is one of the most effective and popular nonconventional energy sources. Solar energy does not produce any pollutants
and is one of the cleanest energy sources. This can be used to produce electricity from sunlight, named solar power. Solar power
can be directly generated from PV cell or indirectly from concentrated solar power (CSP).
This paper focuses on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell for solar power. Therefore simulation is done to observe
efficiency for different changing conditions and parameters of solar cell electrical model and observe better efficiency for InGaAs
alloy.
Key Words: Solar power; Solar cell; PV; PV operation; Electricity generation; Electrical model; Solar cell materials;
Efficiency; Different parameters; Silicon; Indium Gallium Arsenide alloy.
A paradigm shift in the modus operandi of commerce across the globe has been significantly influenced by the payment card industry with brisk strides in digital technology. The blooming payment card industry has escorted the prosperity in economic growth of most of the countries. Besides, there exists a divergent level in subsuming card payment by different countries due to distinct social, economic and cultural background. In India, excessive use cash payments are due to offbeat business models and varied distinction in literacy levels. This paper aims to analyse outstanding payment cards in India by examining the number of cards in operation and the value of transaction in the past decade. Data from RBI source is collected to analyse for a period of eight years (2011-2019). The research finds that credit card penetration has increased by threefold with average growth of 15% YoY and debit cards increased by more than threefold with average growth of 19% YoY during the period of analysis. Yet, asymmetry between debit cards holders and credit card holders exists in India indicating credit card is still niche product. This provides platform for the payment card industry to unleash the potential to tap market in India.
The document is a 59-page report from Euromonitor International published in November 2012 about consumer finance in Ukraine. It provides an overview of the size and structure of the market for various payment cards in Ukraine such as ATM cards, credit cards, debit cards, and prepaid cards. The report analyzes key players in the market, the number of cards in circulation, transaction numbers and values, and provides strategic analysis and forecasts for sector trends. It is available for single user purchase for $1900.
Visa Inc. is a leading global payments technology company that processes over $7 trillion in transactions annually. The document analyzes Visa's business, industry, and financials. It recommends a bull call spread strategy for Visa due to its strong fundamentals and leadership position, though notes increasing regulation, technology changes, and macroeconomic uncertainty could impact performance. Visa is expected to grow revenues and earnings in the coming years driven by its global network expansion and new payment solutions.
According to the U.S. Department of Treasury, businesses are 125 times more likely to encounter issues with paper checks than electronic payments. While technology has led companies to outsource payroll and other departments to reduce costs, a similar transition is underway for payment systems. However, many businesses still rely on paper checks for over half of B2B payments due to concerns about security, supplier acceptance of cards, integration challenges, and lack of control. Leading electronic payment solutions like CSI's globalVCard address these concerns by offering higher security than checks, a 40-50% supplier acceptance rate, simple integration processes, and greater control and monitoring of payments through mobile devices. Adopting such solutions can help businesses significantly reduce payment costs
This 75-page report from Euromonitor International provides an analysis of the financial cards and payments market in Singapore between 2007-2012. It includes historical data on transactions, cards in circulation and market value for different card types. The report also forecasts market trends until 2017. It finds that while consumer spending has slowed due to economic uncertainty, the use of financial cards continues to grow as Singapore shifts to becoming a cashless society. Major local banks like DBS, OCBC and UOB remain the leading issuers of cards.
The document provides an 80-page report on financial cards and payments in the US published in December 2012. It includes historical data from 2007-2012 on various card categories (e.g. credit cards, debit cards), number of cards in circulation, transaction values, and forecasts to 2017. It also profiles major players like JP Morgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and provides 13 summaries on company backgrounds and competitive positions. The report aims to help readers understand the size and structure of the US payments market.
FIS Research - Accelerating Paper Check MigrationPaul McAdam
Recent research conducted by FIS with 3,205 consumers reveals that migration away from paper checks to debit card, credit card, automated clearing house and other electronic payment services could be accelerated through a combination of motivators and removal of barriers especially for consumer-to-consumer payments. The demise of paper checks would represent a substantial expense reduction for financial institutions as well as revenue enhancement opportunity through shifting check volume to card payments, which generate interchange revenue. However, checks won’t disappear overnight and likely won’t decline much at all among some consumers without significant intervention.
This 77-page report from Euromonitor International analyzes the financial cards and payments market in Australia. It provides historical data from 2007-2012 on metrics like the number of transactions, cards in circulation, and transaction values. It also includes forecasts for 2012-2017. The report profiles the major players in the Australian market like the Big Four banks and establishes the size and structure of the market for different card types. It aims to help readers understand trends, identify growth areas, and assess the competitive landscape and major players.
This document discusses protecting personal identity in the age of increased information tracking. It outlines the risks of identity theft, how thieves steal identities, and statistics on identity theft victims. Key points include that identity theft costs the US economy an estimated $100 billion annually, 47% of victims in 2015 experienced tax or wage-related identity theft, and children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable targets. The document provides tips on reducing identity theft risks and resolving identity theft issues.
The document discusses various types of fraud that occur on the internet, including fraudulent promotions on electronic bulletin boards, disguised advertising in discussion groups, e-mail scams involving worthless products and pyramid schemes, risky investment opportunities and stock manipulations. It provides tips for protecting yourself such as being wary of sites you are unfamiliar with, not revealing personal financial information online unless you are sure where it is going, and knowing the company you plan to do business with. Consumers should report any suspected fraudulent activity to organizations like the National Fraud Information Center.
The document summarizes recent developments in the credit card market in the Czech Republic. It finds that while debit cards dominate the payment card market, the number and use of credit cards issued by both banks and non-bank lenders has grown significantly from 2000 to 2004. The growth in the number of credit cards significantly exceeded the growth in debit cards during this period. It also outlines the key features of bank-issued credit cards and revolving credit cards issued by non-bank lenders.
All product and company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
This document discusses identity theft in several languages. It defines identity theft as illegally obtaining and using someone's identity, usually for financial gain. It describes common types of identity theft like email theft, keylogging, fake job offers on social media. The document outlines how thieves steal personal information from online sources or by hacking accounts, and how they use the stolen data for crimes like credit card fraud, phone/utilities fraud, loans and taxes. It provides an example of identity theft and statistics on its prevalence and costs. Finally, it gives tips to protect from and respond to identity theft.
Company names mentioned herein are for identification and educational purposes only and are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners.
Dr. Barbara O'Neill and Carol Kando-Pineda, of the Federal Trade Commission, will present this 90-minute webinar on behalf of the Military Families Learning Network. This 90-minute webinar will include two sections: a general overview of identity theft and discussion about military-specific scams. Topics covered during the first section, presented by Dr. O’Neill, include a definition of identity theft, signs of identity theft, an identity theft risk assessment quiz, types of identity theft, how identity theft occurs, ways to reduce identity theft risk, phishing scams, proactive and reactive identity theft actions, and identity theft resources. Ms. Kando-Pineda plans to discuss getting help for identity theft victims, including the steps they need to take immediately, walking through the new features for consumers on Identitytheft.gov and how they help victims develop a recovery plan, get a heads-up on the latest “imposter” scams, and an update on the Military Consumer campaign and new resources on the way for the military community.
1. Identity theft involves criminals using someone's personal information like Social Security number or credit card to commit fraud.
2. There are several common types of identity theft including financial identity theft, medical identity theft, and criminal identity theft.
3. Identity theft costs billions of dollars each year and can take victims a long time and money to resolve. It is important for individuals and businesses to take steps to protect personal information and monitor for signs of identity theft.
Identity theft is a crime that affects many people and can have significant negative consequences. It involves a criminal obtaining and using someone's personal information, such as their name, Social Security number, bank or credit card details, without permission to commit fraud or other crimes. Common types of identity theft include drivers license identity theft, social security identity theft, medical identity theft, criminal identity theft, and financial identity theft. Victims often do not know how their information was originally stolen. Criminals may obtain it through lost or stolen wallets or mail, computer hacking, phishing scams, or by working for companies that store personal data.
This paper was presented at several conferences around the world, it is a few years old, but the concepts, trends and risks identfied in the is paper are still relevant today
This white paper discusses the various cyber threats targeting healthcare organizations and the challenges security professionals face in securing access to protected health information.
The development of solar energy gas coupling system (scada) in buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract The system mainly use wall-mounted gas boiler and give priority in use of solar energy in order to maximize the utilization of solar resources. The excess heat will be added to domestic water when the heat for floor radiant heating is enough. The PLC of Siemens is set as slave computer in the monitoring system and it is used to collect thermal parameters such as temperature, flow rate, etc. by temperature sensors, pressure sensors and flow rate sensors. WinCC is set as the host computer to monitor the operating conditions of the entire system. Real-time tracing, monitoring and alarming function can be achieved based on the SQL database, which has realized archive management of the date. The system has been debugged after the whole experiment platform is completed, and the running state of the system shows that this system has high reliability and good stability. Keywords: Solar Energy, Gas, PLC, WinCC, Database
Performance study of photovoltaic solar celleSAT Journals
Abstract
Energy is the driving force for any kind of economic and scientific development, automation, and innovation. Due to high
excursion rate of conventional energy sources, availability of conventional fuels is reducing day by day. Consequently their prices
are increasing very rapidly. Along with these they pollute atmosphere due to combustion and chemical process associated with
them. Considering all these it is needed to find nonconventional sources to meet up energy requirements. Worldwide ‘Solar
Energy’ is one of the most effective and popular nonconventional energy sources. Solar energy does not produce any pollutants
and is one of the cleanest energy sources. This can be used to produce electricity from sunlight, named solar power. Solar power
can be directly generated from PV cell or indirectly from concentrated solar power (CSP).
This paper focuses on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell for solar power. Therefore simulation is done to observe
efficiency for different changing conditions and parameters of solar cell electrical model and observe better efficiency for InGaAs
alloy.
Key Words: Solar power; Solar cell; PV; PV operation; Electricity generation; Electrical model; Solar cell materials;
Efficiency; Different parameters; Silicon; Indium Gallium Arsenide alloy.
Study on groundwater resources and drinking water safety of xiangcheng county...eSAT Journals
Abstract: Through literature research, questionnaire survey, the method of combining of xiangcheng groundwater resource distribution and the investigation of rural drinking water safety, and by the methods of probability and statistics for the data collection, investigation and data analysis, summed up the county of groundwater resources and the basic situation of the safety of drinking water, underground project form the survey data of detailed and reliable, and can provide effective reference for decision-making for the relevant government departments, for the county water resources utilization, protection and planning management is of great significance. Keywords: Water Resource, Drinking Water Safety, Resources Investigation, Rural Environmental Protection
A novel approach for high speed convolution of finite and infinite length seq...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Digital signal processing, Digital control systems, Telecommunication, Audio and Video processing are important applications in
VLSI. Design and implementation of DSP systems with advances in VLSI demands low power, efficiency in energy, portability,
reliability and miniaturization. In digital signal processing, linear-time invariant systems are important sub-class of systems and are
the heart and soul of DSP.
In many application areas, linear and circular convolution are fundamental computations. Convolution with very long sequences is
often required. Discrete linear convolution of two finite-length and infinite length sequences using circular convolution on for
Overlap-Add and Overlap-Save methods can be computed. In real-time signal processing, circular convolution is much more
effective than linear convolution. Circular convolution is simpler to compute and produces less output samples compared to linear
convolution. Also linear convolution can be computed from circular convolution. In this paper, both linear, circular convolutions are
performed using vedic multiplier architecture based on vertical and cross wise algorithm of Urdhva-Tiryabhyam. The implementation
uses hierarchical design approach which leads to improvement in computational speed, power reduction, minimization in hardware
resources and area. Coding is done using Verilog HDL. Simulation and synthesis are performed using Xilinx FPGA.
Keywords: Linear and Circular convolution, Urdhva - Tiryagbhyam, carry save multiplier, Overlap –Add/ Save Verilog
HDL.
Agile software development and challengeseSAT Journals
Abstract Loyal and steady customer base alone can keep the organizations successful in the current turbulent business environment. In the current era of software engineering, the success of a business process is measured in terms of „customer satisfaction‟ rather than any other criteria like meeting deadlines for delivery, optimization of data, architecture etc. Day by day, customers are turning out to be more demanding, as their expectations from the software are growing. In order to achieve customer satisfaction in a meaningful way, software engineers are looking for more effective development models. “Agile” is one such model, that fits the bill and therefore industry is looking at with interest .Is agile better than traditional waterfall model will agile work effectively with distributed teams which is most common in the current software engineering Phenomenon. This paper highlights a few challenges with Agile->scrum and gives an insight to the user whether the agile is THE SILVER BULLET . Index Terms: waterfall, Agile, Scrum, XP, distributed teams
Holographic optical elements for beautificationeSAT Journals
Abstract In this research, holographic optical element applied for beautification recorded in holographic surface relief photoresist. Various symmetric periodic structure with high diffraction efficiency in photosensitive material depends on various recording geometry parameters are explained. We used holographic dual beam multiple interference method for this pattern creation. A long range periodicity confirmed with the help of optical microscope, laser light diffraction and scanning electron microscope. Combination of symmetric structured holographic optical elements, DPSS laser source and bi-directional RPM controller results the proto type HOLO-DRZZLER product. Our auspicious aim is to commercialize and our product is mainly meant for outdoor beautification application. Index Terms: Holography, photoresist, holographic decoration, laser and holographic optical element
Removal of turbidity using electrocoagulationeSAT Journals
Abstract Electrocoagulation (EC) is a technique involving the electrolytic addition of coagulating metal ions directly from electrodes, this electrode also known as sacrificial electrode. These ions work as a coagulating agent in the water, similar manner to the addition of chemicals such as alum and ferric chloride. Electrode allows the easier removal of the turbidity. In this study experimental investigation is carried out to removal of turbidity using electrocoagulation method with the help of aluminum electrodes in a batch reactor. Several working parameters, such as pH, current density, and operating time were varied to achieve a higher removal efficiency of turbidity. Two type of water sample were used1) synthetic turbid water and 2) back wash water synthetic water was made from crushed sand with initial turbidity of 200 NTU whereas back wash water was collected from Nigadi water treatment plant . Current intensity was varied from 2 to 6 A. and detention time between 5 to 20 minutes with pH range from pH 3 to pH 11. The removal efficiencies for synthetic turbidity were found about 91% at 6A for 20 minutes at neutral pH, whereas removal efficiencies for backwash water were found about 89% at 6A for 20 minutes at neutral pH. The results of the study indicated that the turbidity can be removed effectively by EC process using Al electrodes. Keywords: Electrocoagulation, sacrificial electrode, Turbidity, Water Treatment
A new technique near minimum material zone, to reduce the weight of the com...eSAT Journals
Abstract Customers buy a product when the quality of the product is high. So manufacturers produce their components to high quality. The product such as aircraft, automobile, motorcycle, etc. not only need to be produced at high quality but also at reduced weight. This is because these products performance is depend on weight of the product. A component could consist of several components. So all relevant component weights are reduced, then the overall weight of the component could be reduced. This paper introduces as new technique called "near minimum material zone" where not only the weight of the component could be reduced but also helps to increase the quality. To demonstrate this technique, two sets of experiments with 20 samples were conducted using Deckel Maho CTX310 ECO VI CNC machine. The first experiment was conducted under normal machining condition. The second experiment was conducted under this new technique. Several tools such as process capability analysis (Cp, Cpk), cause and effect diagram, X Hi/Lo and R-charts were used to analyze the case study data. The paper outcome suggests that this new technique not only helped to control the weight of the components but also improved the desired quality by minimizing the dispersion of the component dimensions to obtain higher sigma level. Keywords: Near Minimum Material Zone, Process Capability, Cpk, Cause and Effect diagram, X Hi/Lo chart, R chart, Quality.
Finite element analysis and parametric study of curved concrete box girder us...eSAT Journals
Abstract The horizontally curved bridges are becoming the norm of highway interchanges and urban expressways as a result of complicated geometrics, limited rights of way, and traffic mitigation. This type of superstructure has gained popularity because it addresses the needs of transportation engineering. A study of box girder curved in plan with rectangular cross-section has been carried out in the present investigation. The finite element software ABAQUS is used to carryout analysis of these box girders. The analysis is carried out for the dead load, super imposed dead load and live load of IRC Class A loading. The paper presents a parametric study of curved box girders by varying span and radius of curvature and by keeping the span to depth ratio constant. The parametric investigations performed on curved box girders helps to evaluate the effects of different parameters on the behavior of the girder. This study would enable bridge engineers to better understand the behavior of curved concrete box girders. Key Words: Curved concrete box girder, ABAQUS
Replication of attacks in a wireless sensor network using ns2eSAT Journals
Abstract A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises of sovereign sensor devices that are used to supervise physical and environmental conditions like temperature and pressure. The WSN is built of hundreds and thousands of recognizing stations called nodes, where each node consists of one or more sensors having a radio transceiver, an internal/external antenna, a microcontroller and a battery. Wireless sensor networks are the systems that are used to communicate by sensing the behavioral changes and the sensing nodes will collect the data and it will get handled. After data handling, the data will be sent to the receiver. The wireless sensor networks have to be fortified from network attacks especially at unfavorable situations because data can easily be obtained by the attackers. There are also some security protocols being implemented in sensor networks. There are some limitations in a wireless sensor network like they have limited storage capacity, limited capability of processing and limited energy to transmit data. These drawbacks can make wireless sensor network different from other networks. The imitation of the attacks are done in the NS2 simulator. By imitating, the performance of the network can be monitored. Keywords: Network Security, Wireless, Sensor, Internet, System Security, Simulator, NS2, Simulation of attacks.
Research on simulation of banking system for measuring the productivity of th...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Simulation of banking system is mainly focused as to how much average time each type of customer takes in a bank for a transaction and how much percentage of time the teller is busy. The Arena software plays a vital role in determining these aspects nevertheless it can help us in decision making by giving a probable forecast as to how we might expect for example-the number of products that can be sold if the process, our current sales, methods go on the same way. This paper will serve as reference as in what ways we could alter the very way of the system to make it more efficient and excluding anything which might bottleneck the full performance. The paper is concluded with suggestions on improvement in the banking process. Keywords: entity, resources, utilization, idle time.
Hand gesture based wheel chair with obstacle detection,wireless & gps tec...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper is to develop a wheelchair control which is useful to the physically disabled person with his hand movement or his hand gesture recognition using Acceleration technology. Various Projects have been undertaken previously to develop automatic wheelchair using various technology like button control, Retina controlled. But none have such combined features like Navigation, Dark Room Sensor, Automatic messaging, Obstacle detector. This project will make the user life more comfortable and more independent and is also cost effective and requires low maintenance. Tremendous leaps have been made in the field of wheelchair technology. However, even these significant advances haven’t been able to help quadriplegics navigate wheelchair unassisted. It is wheelchair which can be controlled by simple hand gestures. It employs a sensor which controls the wheelchair hand gestures made by the user and interprets the motion intended by user and moves accordingly. Microcontroller controls the wheelchair directions like LEFT, RIGHT, FRONT, and BACK. The aim of this paper is to implement wheelchair direction control with hand gesture reorganization. The features included in this project are, We are using touch plate sensors to control wheelchair movement, Obstacle detection with the message on mobile via Bluetooth and deviation from the obstacle, Panic Switch with the alert message to the near ones, Illumination of the LEDs in the dark places, Navigation through Google maps. Keywords: IR led, Obstacle sensor, Diode etc..
Adsorption of hydrogen sulfide using palm shell activated carboneSAT Journals
Abstract Removing H2S from biogas that is produced from anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent is a crucial step in order for the biogas to be utilized as a source of energy. In this study, palm shell activated carbon (PSAC) prepared by steam activation was used to adsorb H2S from simulated biogas. The parameters studied were H2S concentration, adsorption temperature and space velocity. The effect of these parameters towards breakthrough adsorption capacity was studied using statistical analysis with Design Expert Software. H2S concentration and space velocity were found to be significant in affecting the breakthrough adsorption capacity.Adsorption temperature on its own was found not to have significant effect on the breakthrough adsorption capacity but its interaction with other parameters was found to be significant. Characterization of fresh and spent PSAC confirmed and provided further information on the adsorption of sulfur species on PSAC pore surface. Keywords: Activated carbon; Biogas; Hydrogen sulfide; Adsorption
Design of an autonomous ornithopter with live video reception for military su...eSAT Journals
Abstract In recent years flying by propelled wings, also called as Ornithopter, has been an area of interest because of its application to Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAVs). In the field of Defence and during the war of Iraq, a need for live surveillance within a close distance was felt, which lead to research of various techniques for live surveillance in the battle ground to provide the necessary intelligence to the troops in the line of action. These miniature vehicles seek to mimic small birds to achieve never before seen agility in flight. In order to better study the control of flapping wing flight we have researched and modelled a large scale ornithopter called the ‘Garuda’. The ‘Garuda’ is capable of carrying a microcontroller, sensor package and an on board surveillance camera to transmit live video feed to the receiver in real time. The design takes special care to optimize payload capacity, crash survivability, and field repair abilities. This model has applications in the field of defence spy surveillance over enemy territories without being detected or arousing suspicion. Keywords: Ornithopter, Military, Surveillance, Autonomous, Video
Minimum distance based routing protocol for lifetime improvement in wireless ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Balanced utilization of energy of wireless sensor nodes is a challenge while designing wireless sensor network (WSN). This energy of sensor node is a limited resource and measure for the lifespan of WSN. Communication process consumes most of the energy of sensor node hence; energy of sensor node becomes a major design issue for WSN. Clustering is preferred while designing routing protocols for WSN for its many to one traffic pattern. In our minimum distance based routing protocol for lifetime improvement in WSN (MDBRP) clusters are formed once in a lifetime and their heads are selected rotationally based on minimum communication distance between nodes and their next hop. MDBRP considers minimum energy consumption which aims to increase the overall lifespan of WSN. Keywords— clustering, dynamic clustering, routing protocol, static clustering, wireless sensor network.
Design of intelligent transport related issue system based on arm7eSAT Journals
Abstract Now-a-days mode of transportation playing a major role in transport related problems. Every day millions of vehicles are passing through roads, mainly in this transport related issues Time, safety and efficiency are the major factors why because mode of transportation plays an important role in urbanization. Through this paper integrated solution has been offered to the transport related issues based on ARM7. Hence ARM7 is the core which has hardware modules such as RFID,GSM and SPEED SENSOR(split counter) to handle the new transport related problems viz., special zone(school zones, hospital zones, army zones) ,toll gate control, parking slot management and traffic rule violation control are explained in this paper. A professional exploitation of communication link between RF Modems over a wireless channel to facilitate vehicle monitoring, vehicle verification and automated toll collection on highways is proposed Keywords: GSM, IR SENSOR, RFIDTAG, RFID READER, SPEED SENSOR (SPLIT COUNTER)
Performance evaluation of an incorporation of a compact liquid desiccant syst...eSAT Journals
Abstract The primary goal of this paper is to suggest incorporation of a compact liquid desiccant system into an evaporative cooling-assisted 100% outdoor air system as an alternative proposal to the traditional vapor compression refrigeration system, especially with small loads, as well as to counteract the variation of climates. Current study presents an experimental analysis for building air conditioning system with using a LiCl aqueous solution as a liquid desiccant. Four air flow rate values are used for obtaining variable values of cooling capacity. Thermal and electrical COP is adopted to evaluate the system performance. The proposed system has the ability to improve indoor air quality, energy saving and environmental protection. Keywords: Air conditioning; Liquid desiccant; Evaporative cooling; 100% Outdoor air; Energy saving
Behaviour of randomly distributed fiber reinforced soileSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the engineering behavior of fiber-reinforced soil. Specifically, it investigates how adding polypropylene fibers to locally available soil affects the soil's California Bearing Ratio (CBR), shear strength parameters from direct shear tests, and unconfined compressive strength. The tests found that including fibers up to an optimum content of 0.4-0.6% increased the CBR, shear strength, and unconfined compressive strength of the soil. The maximum increases were 1.45 times higher CBR, 2.5 times higher unconfined compressive strength, and higher shear strength parameters compared to unreinforced soil. In conclusion, adding a small amount of fibers can
Credit Card Fraud Detection System Using Machine Learning AlgorithmIRJET Journal
This document discusses using machine learning algorithms to detect credit card fraud. It begins with an abstract that introduces credit card fraud as an increasing problem and machine learning as a solution. The introduction provides more background on credit card fraud and detection methods. It then discusses several machine learning algorithms that can be used for credit card fraud detection, including logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, and XGBoost. It concludes that hybrid models combining individual algorithms performed best on a publicly available credit card dataset, with the highest Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.823. References are provided on related work in credit card fraud detection techniques.
State of Cyber Crime Safety and Security in BankingIJSRED
The document discusses cybercrime threats facing the banking system, including online fraud, malware, and hacking. These threats have grown significantly over the past 20 years, costing banks billions annually. Common cybercrimes impacting banks are phishing, identity theft, ransomware, and money laundering. To improve security, banks need better authentication systems, employee training, and integrated cybercrime laws. Overall, the rising costs of cybercrime pose a major risk to banks that must be addressed through increased security efforts.
Credit Cards Frauds and Cybersecurity Threats Machine Learning Detection Algo...ijtsrd
Credit and Debit cards have become the choice mode of payment online as a result of the proliferation of electronic transactions and advancement in Information and Communication Technology ICT . Because of the increased use of credit cards for payment online, the number of fraud cases associated with it has also increased scammers and fraudsters are stealing credit card information of victims online and thereby stealing their monies. There is the need therefore to stop or abate these frauds using very powerful fraud detection system that detects patterns of credit card frauds in order to prevent it from occurring. In this paper we x rayed the concept of credit card frauds and how they are carried out by fraudsters. Python 3.7.6 programming language, Jupyter Notebook 6.0.3 and Anaconda Navigator 1.9.12 were used as experimental test bed. Also, we implemented two different supervised machine learning algorithms on an imbalanced dataset such as Decision Tree and Random forest techniques. A comparative analysis of the credit card detection capabilities of these machine learning algorithms were carried out to ascertain the best detection algorithm using different performance evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, f1 score, confusion matrix. Experimental results showed that Random Forest outperformed Decision Tree algorithm slightly in performance metrics used for performance evaluation. Obodoeze Fidelis C. | Oliver Ifeoma Catherine | Onyemachi George Olisamaka | Udeh Ifeanyi Frank Gideon | Obiokafor, Ifeyinwa Nkemdilim "Credit Cards Frauds and Cybersecurity Threats: Machine Learning Detection Algorithms as Countermeasures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52440.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/52440/credit-cards-frauds-and-cybersecurity-threats-machine-learning-detection-algorithms-as-countermeasures/obodoeze-fidelis-c
Payment card fraud costs billions each year and is becoming more sophisticated. An online carding course was designed to teach novice criminals carding techniques over 6 weeks with 20 lectures and instructors. The course cost nearly $1000 and taught students how to make thousands each month. It covered buying stolen credit card details from online shops, committing fraud, and cashing out illegally obtained goods. Understanding these courses helps defenders address the latest criminal methods.
Secure Payments: How Card Issuers and Merchants Can Stay Ahead of FraudstersCognizant
Our latest research reveals that merchants and card issuers should take a layered approach to mitigating risk, by working with consumers to improve fraud detection and prevention.
Economic offenses through Credit Card Frauds Dissectedamiable_indian
The document discusses credit card fraud, including types of fraud, statistics, and techniques used. It defines credit card fraud as theft carried out using stolen credit card information. Common methods for obtaining card information include skimming, theft, phishing, and buying/selling stolen numbers online. Fraudsters can then make unauthorized purchases or create cloned cards. The costs of fraud are high both for consumers through higher fees and merchants through chargebacks and lost business.
The document discusses types of credit card fraud, statistics on credit card fraud, and factors that contribute to credit card fraud. It provides an overview of common credit card fraud schemes and techniques used by fraudsters. The document also outlines recommended precautions for merchants to prevent online credit card fraud and detection techniques to control fraud. Glossary terms are defined that describe elements of credit cards and online payment processing relevant to understanding credit card fraud.
This white paper discusses challenges that financial institutions face in managing enterprisewide fraud. It notes that fraud is increasing in volume and sophistication, targeting the fastest growing channels like online and mobile that are most vulnerable. Traditionally, fraud has been managed within business unit silos rather than taking an enterprisewide view. This allows fraudsters, who view the institution holistically, to exploit inconsistencies. The paper recommends analyzing patterns and perpetrators across the entire enterprise to better prevent, detect, and investigate fraud.
Review on Fraud Detection in Electronic Payment GatewayIRJET Journal
This document reviews fraud detection in electronic payment gateways. It begins with an abstract that discusses how credit card fraud has increased with the rise of electronic commerce and online payments. It then provides background on payment gateways and discusses common types of credit card fraud like stolen cards, phishing, and internal theft. The literature review covers previous research on using techniques like hidden Markov models, support vector machines, and fingerprint recognition for fraud detection. The proposed system would add an additional layer of security to online transactions by generating a secret code and one-time password for each transaction and only proceeding if the user provides the correct code and password. This is intended to help verify the authenticity of transactions and reduce fraudulent activity.
This report analyzes card payment fraud trends from 2012. It contains 67 pages analyzing types of fraud, examples of fraud in different countries/regions, and strategies used by banks and organizations to combat fraud. The report examines challenges in reducing fraud and discusses technologies and initiatives used to detect and prevent fraud into the future.
A Comparative Study on Online Transaction Fraud Detection by using Machine Le...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used machine learning and Python to detect online transaction fraud. It describes how online transactions and fraud are increasing. The study used a real credit card dataset to train models like KNN, NB, and SVM to detect fraudulent transactions based on user behavior patterns and restrict fraudulent users after three failed attempts. The goal was to develop a system that can detect fraud in real-time and prevent losses for banks and credit card users.
This research paper analyzes ATM fraud, including cash withdrawal fraud, fund transfer fraud, password hacking, and pin misplacement. The paper proposes combining biometric identification like thumbprint scans with PINs to authenticate ATM users and reduce fraud. Currently, fraudsters can use stolen card information and PINs obtained through phishing emails to commit ATM fraud. The paper suggests designing ATMs with integrated biometric scanners without slowing down transaction speeds to strengthen security.
Big data analytical driven fraud detection for finance; banks and insuranceSyed Danish Ali
Big data and machine learning analytics can help banks and insurers combat fraud and reduce losses from hacking. Techniques like anomaly detection can flag suspicious transactions to identify issues before they become major problems. While not a perfect solution, these tools provide insights and alerts that go beyond traditional methods. Their use can decrease fraud incidents and strengthen organizations' technological defenses, but hacking will still remain an ongoing challenge given human factors and hackers' continuing innovation.
The credit card has become the most popular mode of payment for both online as well as
regular purchase, in cases of fraud associated with it are also rising. Credit card frauds are increasing
day by day regardless of the various techniques developed for its detection. Fraudsters are so expert that
they generate new ways for committing fraudulent transactions each day which demands constant
innovation for its detection techniques. Most of the techniques based on Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy
logic, neural network, logistic regression, naïve Bayesian, Machine learning, Sequence Alignment,
decision tree, Bayesian network, meta learning, Genetic Programming etc., these are evolved in
detecting various credit card fraudulent transactions. This paper presents a survey of various techniques
used in credit card fraud detection mechanisms.
Next generation payment technologies gain acceptanceDawn Kehr
Next generation payment technologies like contactless smart cards, biometrics, and e-commerce payment tools are gaining acceptance due to offering convenience and new security features. These technologies include contactless credit and debit cards that use radio frequencies for payment, fingerprint scanners for retail purchases, and online services like PayPal that allow shopping without sharing credit card information. While improving security, data protection is still a shared responsibility of technology providers and businesses implementing these solutions.
Corporate role in protecting consumers from the risk of identity theftIJCNCJournal
The Internet has made it possible for users to be robbed of their reputation, money and credit worthiness by
the click of a mouse. The impact of identity theft severely limits victims’ ability to participate in commerce,
education and normal societal functions. This paper evaluates resurgence in syndicated cyber attacks,
which includes but not limited to identity theft, corporate espionage and cyber warfare taking advantage of
the Internet as a medium of operations. The paper highlights the increase of cyber related attacks in the
past ten years due to lack of transatlantic international corporation between participating countries,
coherent information security policies, data aggregation and sound international laws to facilitate
prosecution of perpetrators. The cyber space coupled with availability of free hacking tools has contributed
to resurgence in syndicated identity theft, corporate espionage and identity theft by organized crime
elements taking advantage of the Internet as a medium of operations. This paper presents conclusive
solution that users, organizations and consumers can enact to protect themselves from the threat of cyber
attacks culminating into identity theft, financial loss or both.
Running head HOW TO AVOID INTERNET SCAMS AT THE WORKPLACE 1 .docxwlynn1
Running head: HOW TO AVOID INTERNET SCAMS AT THE WORKPLACE 1
How to avoid internet scams at the workplace
Christophe Bassono
CIST3000: Advanced Composition IS&T
Amanda L. Gutierrez, M.S. & M.A.
UNO-Fall 2018
HOW TO AVOID INTERNET SCAMS AT THE WORKPLACE 2
Online Fraud: How to Avoid Internet Scams in the Workplace
This section outlines how the researcher envisions presenting the report. The outline
demonstrates the different sections in which the report will be broken into and the
information that will be contained in each section
Introduction
Definition
Online fraud refers to deceitful schemes that are done using the internet. Online fraud may
come in the form of financial theft, identity theft or a combination of both.
History of Online Fraud
An influx of online fraud began to be experienced in the 1990s with the increased technology
use and e-commerce. In the beginning, online fraud was done by using the names of famous
celebrities of the time to commit internet crimes. Over time, more technical and sophisticated
plans were developed such as creating card-generator applications with real credit card
numbers, setting up dummy merchant websites and mass identity theft. Today, despite
attempts by various governments to regulate and mitigate online fraud, more sophisticated
online fraud schemes have been established ranging from credit card fraud to phishing,
hacking, and identity theft (Saeger & Probert, 2015).
In the recent past, computer fraud has evolved through a series of advancements outplaying
the traditional security defenses such as the two-factor authentication, antivirus, and SSL
encryption in the process. Zeus and SpyEye are the most common attack tools used by
hackers since they support the gathering of vast volumes of extremely sensitive
authentication data. It has been established that no single application is immune to attacks
and the malicious attackers are focusing more on online banking accounts because they offer
HOW TO AVOID INTERNET SCAMS AT THE WORKPLACE 3
most direct payoff. Online fraud is based on three core technologies: the botnet controllers
capable of handling hundreds of thousands of bots, highly effective data collection, and
sophisticated Trojans that are updateable.
Form grabbing for PCs running IE/Windows has been a simplified approach for fraud. The
technique helps attackers to extract data within browsers. The deployment of form grabbing
on compromised PCs allowed hackers to obtain numerous numbers of online bank account
IDs and passwords. The password-based authentication was termed no longer safe for online
banking prompting the introduction of two-factor authentication (Mellinger, 2011).
Nevertheless, criminals still found the loophole that helps them to challenge the security of
two-factor authentication through web injects. Malicious attackers that promote online fraud
have created various techniques.
An Enhanced Automated Teller Machine Security Prototype using Fingerprint Bio...Eswar Publications
The steady growth in electronic transactions has promoted the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) thereby making it the main transaction channel for carrying out financial transactions. However, this has also increased the amount of fraudulent activities carried out on Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) thereby calling for efficient security mechanisms and increasing the demand for fast and accurate user identification and
authentication in ATMs. This research analyses, designs and proposes a biometric authentication prototype for integrating fingerprint security with ATMs as an added layer of security. A fingerprint biometric technique was fused with personal identification numbers (PIN's) for authentication to ameliorate the security level. The prototype was simulated using a fingerprint scanner and Java Platform Enterprise Edition was used to develop an ATM application which was used to synchronize with a fingerprint scanner thereby providing a biometric authentication scheme for carrying out transactions on an ATM.
Survey on Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Different Data Mining Techniquesijsrd.com
In today's world of e-commerce, credit card payment is the most popular and most important mean of payment due to fast technology. As the usage of credit card has increased the number of fraud transaction is also increasing. Credit card fraud is very serious and growing problem throughout the world. This paper represents the survey of various fraud detection techniques through which fraud can be detected. Although there are serious fraud detection technology exits based on data mining, knowledge discovery but they are not capable to detect the fraud at a time when fraudulent transaction are in progress so two techniques Neural Network and Hidden Markov Model(HMM) are capable to detect the fraudulent transaction is in progress. HMM categorizes card holder profile as low, medium, and high spending on their spending behavior. A set of probability is assigned to each cardholder for amount of transaction. The amount of incoming transaction is matched with cardholder previous transaction, if it is justified a predefined threshold value then a transaction is considered as a legitimate else it is considered as a fraud.
Similar to An overview of plastic card frauds and solutions for avoiding fraudster transactions (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
An overview of plastic card frauds and solutions for avoiding fraudster transactions
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 215
AN OVERVIEW OF PLASTIC CARD FRAUDS AND SOLUTIONS FOR
AVOIDING FRAUDSTER TRANSACTIONS
Jangam Upendar1
, Etikala Gurumohan Rao2
1, 2
Asst. Prof., Dept. of CSE, SwarnaBharathi College of engineering, AP, INDIA
uppi24sr@gmail.com, gurumohanrao@gmail.com
Abstract
Payment card fraud is causing billions of dollars in losses for the card payment industry. Besides direct losses, the brand name can be
affected by loss of consumer confidence due to the fraud. As a result of these growing losses, financial institutions and card issuers
are continually seeking new techniques and innovation in payment card fraud detection and prevention. Credit card fraud falls
broadly into two categories: behavioral fraud and application fraud. Credit card transactions continue to grow in number, taking an
ever-larger share of the US payment system and leading to a higher rate of stolen account numbers and subsequent losses by banks.
Improved fraud detection thus has become essential to maintain the viability of the US payment system. Increasingly, the card not
present scenario, such as shopping on the internet poses a greater threat as the merchant (the web site) is no longer protected with
advantages of physical verification such as signature check, photo identification, etc. In fact, it is almost impossible to perform any of
the ‘physical world’ checks necessary to detect who is at the other end of the transaction. This makes the internet extremely attractive
to fraud perpetrators. According to a recent survey, the rate at which internet fraud occurs is 20 to25 times higher than ‘physical
world’ fraud. However, recent technical developments are showing some promise to check fraud in the card not present scenario. This
paper provides an overview of payment card fraud and begins with payment card statistics and the definition of payment card fraud. It
also describes various methods used by identity thieves to obtain personal and financial information for the purpose of payment card
fraud. In addition, relationship between payment card fraud detection is provided. Finally, some solutions for detecting payment card
fraud are also given.
Index Terms: Online Frauds, Fraudsters, card fraud, CNP, CVV, AVS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In the modern world, plastic cards are becoming the primary
payment method for in person and online purchases. Due to
the popularity of payment cards, the market for credit and
debit cards is continuously growing. According to the U.S.
Census Bureau, the number of U.S. credit and debit cards is
expected to reach 585 and 1,278 million respectively in 2011.
However, as the use of payment cards has become more
widespread, so has the amount of fraud related to these cards?
Fraudsters are becoming more organized and are using
increasingly sophisticated methods to obtain and misuse
consumer personal and financial information. Payment card
fraud is causing billions of dollars in losses for the card
payment industry. Besides direct losses, the brand name can
be affected by loss of consumer confidence due to the fraud.
As a result of these growing losses, financial institutions and
card issuers are continually seeking new techniques and
innovation in payment card fraud detection and prevention.
2. PAYMENT CARDS FRAUD: OVERVIEW
Technological and financial innovations in the payment
industry affect consumers‟ choice of payment vehicles by
offering more convenient payment methods. Consumers now
use electronic payment methods more extensively than in the
past. A recent Federal Reserve payments study found that in
2009 electronic payments exceeded three-quarters of all
noncash payments, with sixty percent attributed to payments
made with payment cards, such as debit, credit and prepaid
cards.
Source: Federal Reserve Payments Study [1]
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 216
As consumer spending patterns are changing, the global card
market has expanded rapidly in recent years. Cards are useful
and convenient for consumers, widely accepted by merchants,
and one of the most efficient ways of payments. They have
replaced cash and checks to a great extent. It is estimated that
there are 10,000 payment card transactions made every second
around the world. [2] According to data from the U.S. Census
Bureau, there were 176 million credit card holders and 181
million debit card holders in the United States in 2008. These
numbers are projected to grow to 183 and 188 million
respectively in 2011[3]. The number of U.S. credit and debit
cards continues to grow and is expected to reach 585 and
1,278 million respectively in 2011[4]. On the one hand,
innovation in payments has resulted in greater consumer
convenience and efficiency. On the other hand, innovations
and new technologies also created more complexity and
introduced new risks factors presented by new products, new
providers, and new technologies. Unfortunately, as cards have
become the primary payment vehicle in retail transactions,
they have also become an enticing target for criminals.
Payment card fraud existed since the introduction of cards into
the payment system. As the card market has expanded rapidly
in recent years, the fraud level associated with payment cards
has increased as well. Each year, card fraud costs billions of
dollars, and figures continue to rise. According to a report
released in January 2010 by Aite Group LLC, “card fraud
costs the U.S. card payments industry about $8.6 billion per
year. Although just 0.4% of the $2.1 trillion in U.S. card
volume per year, this number remains a troubling area for the
industry due to the volatile nature of fraud”[5]. In addition to
actual financial losses, payment card fraud affects consumer
confidence in electronic payments systems and card-issuers‟
reputations. For example, Visa stated in its annual
performance report (10K) “an increase in fraudulent and other
illegal activity involving our cards could lead to reputational
damage to our brands and reduce the use and acceptance of
our cards”[6]. In the U.S., credit and debit card fraud is the
number one fear. Concerns about fraud are greater than that of
terrorism, computer and health viruses and personal safety. [7]
Payment card fraud is related to identity fraud and its
definition can be derived from the identity fraud definition. As
defined in the Javelin identity fraud survey report [8], identity
theft occurs when someone‟s personal information is taken by
another individual without explicit permission. Identity fraud
is the actual misuse of information for financial gain and
occurs when illegally obtained personal information is used to
make payments, create new accounts and attempt to obtain
services such as employment or health care. Therefore
payment card fraud can be defined as a misuse of personally
identifiable information obtained by another individual
without explicit permission for financial gain. Modern
fraudsters are organized professionals using increasingly
sophisticated methods to capture cardholder account
information. Criminals continue to develop new attack
methods, using all kinds of sophisticated techniques [9].
3. METHODS OF IDENTITY FRAUD FOR THE
PURPOSE OF PAYMENT CARD FRAUD
As defined earlier, payment card fraud is a misuse of
personally identifiable information obtained by another
individual without explicit permission for financial gain.
There are numerous methods of identity theft committed for
the purpose of payment card fraud. Here are some methods
commonly used by the criminals to obtain personal
information:
3.1. Lost or Stolen Wallet
Most people carry bank cards and personal identification cards
in their wallets. This information can be used to commit a
fraud or it can be sold to criminals. As illustrated in Exhibit 2,
payment card fraud is most often a result of a lost or stolen
wallet or purse.
3.2. “Shoulder Surfing”
Identity thieves can simply use observation techniques, such
as looking over someone's shoulder to obtain personal
information when an unsuspecting individual fills out a form
or uses a PIN number. Shoulder surfing is particularly
effective in crowded places because it makes it easier to
observe someone.
3.3. “Dumpster Diving”
Dumpster diving is one of the very popular methods used for
identity theft. Thieves dig through trashcans or garbage
dumpsters searching for pieces of personal information such
as discarded trash for credit card offers, bank statements,
medical statements and other papers that contain personal
information. The average American uses 650 pounds of paper
a year. Americans receive almost 4 million tons of junk mail
every year [10] most of which goes to the landfill unopened.
Carelessly thrown away documents, bills, credit card and
banking statements, and other personal papers can make a
public dumpster or a personal trash a goldmine of information
for the identity thief. Besides consumers, businesses and
organizations such as hospitals, accounting firms and
profitable corporations discard millions of pounds of paper
containing personal information. Not always are reasonable
steps taken to destroy personal financial information and
personal identification numbers issued by government entities.
As a result, personal information ends up in the hands of
criminals. The simple solution to the problem is to use a
shredder to destroy documents and papers containing personal
information that might be used by the fraudsters.
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Fig1: Javelin Strategy & Research
3.4. Mail Theft
Fraudsters intercept mail to steal newly issued credit or debit
cards, bank statements, credit offers, new checkbooks and tax
forms. The theft of mail from businesses is also growing.
Incoming and outgoing mail can contain checks, new
checkbooks, financial records from the firm's CPA, bank cards
and bank statements, employee payroll records and other
important information.
3.5. Imposters
Thieves can pose as someone else to commit identity theft. For
example, in a number of raids in California, discarded postal
employee uniforms were found amongst bags of stolen mail,
suggesting that impersonating mail carriers is an effective
tactic for thieves. Another example is “pretesting” when
criminals call a bank posing as a customer in order to find out
personal information.
3.6. Home or Workplace
Unfortunately, family members, friends, co-workers and in-
home employees can steal personal information in our homes
and workplaces. As illustrated in Exhibit 3, Javelin Strategy &
Research data indicates that quite often fraud victims
personally knew the perpetrator, who was either a friend,
relative, or in-home employee. This is especially true for fraud
victims with less than $50,000 in annual household income.
Such occurrences highlight the need for consumers to protect
information not only at the point of transaction, but also in the
home.
Fig2: Javelin Strategy & Research
3.7. Inside Sources
As shown in Fig2, 15% of personal information obtained by
identity thieves is received through corrupt and dishonest
business employees with access to sensitive data such as
personal records, payroll information, insurance files, account
numbers, sales records, etc. Reports have shown that over
80% of financial institutions in the U.S. have been affected by
employee fraud, and 65% recognize that the threat is
becoming more serious.
3.8. Data Breaches
New technologies and the Internet have created new means for
criminals to gain access to consumers‟ personal information.
One of the "high-tech" methods of identity theft is hacking.
Some criminals have the ability to break into computer
databases at e-commerce merchants, credit card processors, or
payment gateway service providers to gain large scale access
to customer personal information that can be used to commit
payment card fraud. Databases at financial institutions,
hospitals, retailers, government agencies, schools, libraries
have all been breached, leaving millions of Americans
potentially exposed to fraud involving compromised data.
Several data breaches have been discussed in the media in the
last few years. For example, in January 2007, the T.J. Maxx
Company reported that 45.7 million credit and debit card
numbers were compromised, along with 455,000 merchandise
return records containing customers' driver's license numbers.
In March 2007, nearly 8.6 million records of customer
information were stolen from Dai Nippon printing company,
including names, addresses, and credit card numbers. In
January 2008, GE Money, which handles credit card
operations for J.C. Penney and many other retailers, disclosed
the loss of computer data backup tape containing 150,000
social security numbers and in-store credit card information
from 650,000 retail customers. Heartland Payment Systems,
one of the largest payment processors in the U.S., announced
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that its processing systems were breached in 2008 by self-
taught computer hacker, Albert Gonzalez. The breach
impacted an estimated 130 million credit/debit cards - the
largest such incident ever reported. The most recent massive
data breach was experienced by Sony Corporation in 2011.
The breach resulted in the theft of personal data for more than
100 million online accounts. Data breaches are not always a
result of computer hacking. A significant number of data
losses happen due to logistical difficulties in handling
consumer information. For example, data can be misplaced by
employees, exposed through an error, or lost in transport.
Therefore, attention should be paid to how data is stored,
transported and handled.
3.9. Skimming
The most commonly known type of payment card fraud
involves skimming card details. Skimming is copying the data
held in the magnetic strip on the back of the payment card.
This data is then used to make purchases where the card itself
is not present or to replicate the card. This type of crime is
hard to detect, as victims may not be aware of fraudulent
payments until their next statement arrives. Skimming can
occur both at the point-of-sale (especially in restaurants, bars
and gas stations where the card is often out of the cardholder‟s
control for some time) as well as at ATM machines. A
corrupted employee would use your card with an unauthorized
device that records the data contained on the magnetic strip.
Alternatively, the skimming device might be fitted around the
card entry slot of a cash machine so that the card's data is
copied when it is inserted into the ATM machine. A pinhole
camera is placed above the PIN pad, so that the PIN is also
recorded for use in a fraudulent transaction. Skimmed data is
often collected from hundreds of cards and sold to criminal
organizations who then manufacture the cloned cards. In 2010,
a skimming ring was broken up in Boston, Massachusetts.
Five men were accused of skimming bank cards from ATM
machines and then withdrawing money. The men allegedly
withdrew approximately $146,000 from customers of Citizens
Bank, Wells Fargo Bank and BNY Mellon Bank, according to
court papers. A T.G.I Friday‟s restaurant waiter in Coon
Rapids, West St. Paul, Minnesota was arrested for skimming
customers‟ payment cards. His skimming scam affected at
least 15 victims with losses totaling in excess of $30,000
3.10. Phishing
More sophisticated criminals are “fishing” for personal and
financial information through phishing schemes. Although the
loss from phishing is relatively low, it is one of the fastest
growing crimes on the Internet. Phishing involves creating
authentic-looking emails that appear to be from legitimate
businesses, such as an Internet service provider (ISP), bank,
online payment service, or even a government agency. These
e-mails might include official-looking logos and marketing
slogans and other identifying information taken directly from
legitimate websites. They also might include convincing
details about your personal history that criminals found on
your social networking page. The e-mail often describes a
situation that requires immediate attention and includes threat
of account closure unless the recipients “verify”, “update”,
“validate,” or “confirm” their account information
immediately by clicking on a provided web link. Consumers
then are re-directed to a bogus website, where victims are
persuaded into providing sensitive information, including
account information, usernames or passwords, Social Security
numbers, credit/debit card number, CVV code, ATM card
PIN, place of birth, mother‟s maiden name and other
identifiable information. There are some new versions of
phishing such as “smishing” and “vishing”. A smishing scam
involves SMS text messages instead of e-mail. As in
traditional phishing, the victim is told that an urgent matter
needs to be discussed. The text redirects the victim to a
legitimate looking website that asks you to "confirm" your
personal or financial information, or instructs the recipient to
call a toll-free number for confirmation. A phone number
normally directs victims to a legitimate sounding automated
voice response system, similar to the voice response systems
used by many financial institutions, which will ask for the
same personal and financial information. Vishing is another
form of phishing and uses a combination of e-mail and
telephone, or just telephone. Just like with online phishing
attacks, which direct consumers to phony web sites, recipients
of the scam e-mails or recorded phone messages are instructed
to call a toll-free number where victims are lured to provide
personal and financial information. Because most people are
more apt to trust text messages and phone messages than
suspicious-looking emails, smishing and vishing provide
fraudsters another area for attack.
3.11. Social Networking
Social networking websites such as Face book, Twitter,
MySpace, LinkedIn and Flicker are growing in popularity. As
of November 2009, more than half of all U.S. consumers
indicated they have used or are using social networking sites.
Social networking brings millions of people together around
the world; however, it also creates new opportunities for
cyber-crime. Banking and payments activity on the social
networking web sites has attracted the attention of criminal
hackers, fraudsters, spammers and scammers. There are many
dangers in social networking. One of them is that personal
pages can expose sensitive, personally identifiable information
that can be used by fraudsters to commit identity theft. Identity
thieves are spending a lot of resources and time on these
networks and, because of this, the danger of social networking
has taken a sharp increase in the last few years. Another
danger is that most people use the same password to get into
work computers, email accounts, online bank accounts, Face
book and other social networking web accounts. "Crooks
understand that most users use the same password for
everything," says Tom Clare, head of product marketing at
Blue Coat, an Internet security company that does annual
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reports on web threats. "If they can get your user credentials
for your Face book account, there is a good chance that they
have the password for your bank account." People tend to trust
social networking sites more than in any other online activities
because these sites are built for helping people to make friends
and to communicate. However, privacy and security controls
are weak on these websites. Therefore, identity thieves will
continue to target social networking sites to get personal
information. Phishing scams are quite common on Face book.
They appear as Face book games and quizzes.
4. CATEGORIES OF PAYMENT CARD FRAUD
Payment card fraud comes in a variety of forms. The most
commonly known type involves skimming card details.
However, as payment systems have experienced a number of
changes and the use of credit and debit cards has risen,
payment card fraud has become more sophisticated and more
widespread. According to the Aite Group report on card data
security "the greatest threats to the card industry are malware,
counterfeit card fraud and CNP (card-not-present) fraud".
Commonly known types of payment card fraud are:
4.1. Credit Card Application Fraud
Credit card application fraud is a form of identity fraud and
occurs when a criminal uses victim‟s personal information to
obtain a credit card in the name of a legitimate user and upon
receiving the card uses it without the victim‟s knowledge. This
may occur if a criminal can obtain enough personal
information about the victim to completely fill out the credit
card application, or is able to create convincing counterfeit
documents. This form of fraud is difficult to detect and often
results in large fraud amounts and serious difficulties for re-
establishing the victim‟s credit history. Consumers can
prevent this type of fraud by regularly monitoring their credit
reports for activity or accounts that are not immediately
recognized.
4.2. Account Takeover
Account takeover happens when fraudsters try to take over an
existing account, first by obtaining personal information about
the victim, and then contacting their card issuer while
impersonating the legitimate cardholder to notify of address
change and asking for mail to be redirected to a new address.
The criminal then reports the card lost and asks for a
replacement to be sent. Bank statements also will be sent to
this new address, making victims unaware of the fraud.
4.3. Lost or Stolen Cards
This type of fraud is the oldest form of payment card fraud
used by criminals. When criminals obtain cards, either
because they were lost or because they were stolen, they can
impersonate the victim in order to buy goods and services,
whether in person or online. As shown in Exhibit 4, the most
common methods of fraud used by criminals are through
making in‐ store and online purchases.
Identity Fraud Survey Report: Consumer Version.
Fig3: Common Methods of Payment Card Fraud
4.4. Card-not-Received Fraud
Card-not-Received fraud occurs when legitimate cards are
intercepted while in transit between manufacturer and
cardholder. Losses attributable to card-not-received fraud have
declined as a result of card activation programs, where
cardholders must contact their financial institution to confirm
their identity. The bank runs a series of security questions
before the card is activated. These security questions aim to
confirm certain details of the individual, such as date of birth,
address, mother's maiden name and other personal details that
the issuer may have on file regarding the account holder.
4.5 Counterfeit Cards
A counterfeit, cloned or skimmed card is one that has been
printed, embossed or encoded with genuine card details. Card
details are obtained from data breaches, card skimming, or
purchased from other criminals. As described earlier,
skimming is a process where card data on the agnatic strip is
copied electronically onto another card. Organized criminals
are now using the latest computer devices (embossers,
encoders, and decoders often supported by computers) to read,
modify, and clone magnetic strip information on counterfeit
payment cards. Counterfeit cards can be used anywhere from
ATM cash withdrawals to in-person transactions at a point-of-
sale. In 2009, eight foreigners were indicted on charges of
card fraud. Thieves hacked into computer system at RBS
World Pay Inc., the U.S. payment processing division of
Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC, and stole account and
PIN numbers for 44 prepaid payroll accounts, which were
used by companies to distribute salaries to debit cards. Then
they cloned prepaid ATM cards, which thieves then used to
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withdraw $9.4 million cash from 2,100 ATMs in 280 cities
around the world, including in the U.S. The unprecedented
coordinated operation took no more than 12 hours.
4.6. ATM Fraud
According to Javelin Strategy & Research, in 2009, 10% of
fraud victims in the U.S. were victims of fraudulent ATM
withdrawals (Exhibit 4). This usually involves skimming
devices being installed in the ATM machines. Besides
skimming and using cloned cards at the ATM, there are other
forms of card fraud that occur at ATM machines. One of them
is called “Lebanese loop”. Lebanese loop is a deceptive tactic
where the criminal inserts a device made of bent metal,
plastic, or videotape sleeve into the ATM machine leaving
only a tiny flap sticking out. When the victim uses the
machine, the card becomes trapped when inserted. The
criminal then tricks victim into entering the PIN in their
presence, while they 'help' to fix the machine. When the victim
leaves to report the broken ATM machine, the criminal returns
to the ATM, disables the device, removes the card and using
the PIN, withdraws funds. Another ATM fraud involves
'shoulder-surfing'. A criminal will watch a victim enter a PIN
number at the machine by looking over the victim‟s shoulder,
then steal the card by distracting the victim or pick-pocketing
and withdraw money from the victim‟s account. The losses
from these low-tech methods are usually limited to daily
withdrawal amounts.
4.7. Card-not-Present Transaction
Card-not-present transaction (CNP) is a transaction made
using a payment card that is not physically present at the
point-of-purchase. It could be a mail order/telephone order
(MOTO) or an online sale. As these types of transactions are
becoming more popular with customers, they are also creating
many opportunities for credit card fraud. In CNP transactions,
perpetrators do not need a physical card to make a purchase.
In transactions made in-person, customers using a credit card
may authenticate themselves by providing a signature that also
authorizes the transaction. Customers using a debit card can
authenticate themselves and authorize the transaction by
providing a personal identification number (PIN) or by
providing a signature. In card-not-present transactions there is
no opportunity to physically check the card to determine its
authenticity or the identity of the cardholder, therefore there is
always some risk of payment fraud. Fraud committed without
the actual use of a card accounts for more than 60% of fraud
cases according to Javelin Strategy & Research (Exhibit 4). To
confirm the consumer‟s identity in the CNP transaction, the
merchant can require the customer to provide information
such as name of card holder, billing address, account number,
expiration date, and the card security code/verification value
(CVV) that is imprinted on the card. In fraud committed in
connection with card-not-present transactions, criminals are
often using stolen account information resulting from security
breaches of systems that store cardholder or account data,
including systems operated by merchants, financial institutions
and other third-party data processors. Underground payment
card shops and illegal websites are set up by criminals to sell
compromised payment card data. These shops are advertised
in fraudsters‟ forums and accessible to registered users.
Initially, these shops were offering information obtained
through data breaches or skimming devices. However, as
“demands” grew, other information, such as full identities
including SSN, addresses, account information, e-mail
accounts, commonly used passwords, and mother‟s maiden
names became available. According to Symantec, stolen credit
card information is available at a cost as low as 6 cents when
they are purchased in bulk. Bank account credentials are sold
at a cost of $10 to $1000 per account number. Vladislav
Horohorin, arrested in 2009, was managing such underground
websites for hackers. He used criminal forums such as
“CarderPlanet” and “carder.su” to advertise stolen data and
directed buyers in the buying process. "The network created
by the founders of CarderPlanet, including Vladislav
Horohorin, remains one of the most sophisticated
organizations of online financial criminals in the world,"
Michael Merritt, assistant director for investigations at the
Secret Service, said in a statement, "This network has been
repeatedly linked to nearly every major intrusion of financial
information reported to the international law enforcement
community.”
5. DETECTION AND PREVENTION
5.1. Impact of Payment Card Fraud
Interestingly enough, cardholders are the least affected party
in the card fraud. This is due to the fact that cardholder
liability is limited. However, there are some differences in the
liability amounts for credit and debit cards. Cardholder‟s
maximum liability under federal law for unauthorized use of
their credit card is $50. The liability under federal law for
unauthorized use of the ATM or debit card depends on how
quickly the cardholder reports the loss. If a stolen/lost card
was reported before it is misused, the card issuer cannot hold
the cardholder responsible for any unauthorized transfers. If
unauthorized use occurs before a stolen/lost card was reported,
the liability under federal law depends on how quickly the loss
is reported. For instance, if the loss is reported within two
business days after the card went missing, the cardholder will
not be responsible for more than $50 for unauthorized use.
However, if the loss is not reported within two business days
after the loss was discovered, the liability can be up to $500
because of an unauthorized transfer. There is a risk of
unlimited loss in case a cardholder fails to report an
unauthorized transfer within 60 days after the bank statement
containing unauthorized use is mailed to him/her. Because
debit cards, like checks, access checking accounts, in this
unfortunate case, a cardholder can lose all the money in the
checking account. However, for unauthorized transfers
involving only debit card number (not the loss of the card), the
liability occurs only for transfers that take place after 60 days
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following the mailing of the bank statement containing the
unauthorized use and before the loss was reported. Merchants
are the most impacted party in payment card fraud, especially
in CNP transactions where merchants cannot inspect cards for
authenticity or confirm that a customer has possession of the
card. According to a 2009 LexisNexis Risk Solutions report,
U.S. merchants are incurring $100 billion in fraud losses due
to unauthorized transactions and fees associated with charge
backs, nearly 10 times the identity fraud cost incurred by
financial institutions. Payment card issuer losses remain
relatively well-contained despite the continuing evolution of
card fraud. Loss of consumer confidence can be devastating.
As fraud continues to grow, issuers are forced to increase their
investments in new technology to better protect against fraud.
5.2. Fraud Prevention and Detection
Preventing fraud can be achieved by using a number of anti-
fraud techniques and practices, such as card activation, card
verification codes, consumer education, address verification
services, and real-time POS authorization, to name but a few.
In card-present transactions, the merchant can verify the
validity of the payment information provided be the customer
by verifying both the cardholder‟s identity and the card‟s
authenticity. Payment card fraud becomes more difficult when
point-of-sale (POS) is chip-enabled. The Chip and PIN
verification should help to reduce card fraud. The chip on the
card verifies the authenticity of the card and the PIN verifies
the cardholder. Use of PIN number is more secure than using a
signature. While solutions such as the EMV card standard or
PIN technology have been introduced in most European
countries, as well as in Canada and Mexico, it is not
commonplace in the U.S. Chip and PIN cards have been
proven to be successful in reducing certain types of fraud such
as lost/stolen card and use of counterfeit cards. However, in
card-not-present transactions, they are not useful. In CNP
transactions, there can be signs that indicate that fraud is
involved such as first time shopper; unusual quantities of
order, items with high resale value, multiple transactions on
one card over a very short period of time, etc.Merchants
should train their personnel to recognize fraud indicators.
Being able to recognize suspicious orders may be particularly
important for merchants involved in telephone sales; therefore,
employees should be given clear instructions on the steps to
verify these transactions.
New techniques developed to reduce fraud in CNP
transactions include Card Verification (CVV2/CVC2) and the
Address Verification Service (AVS). Address Verification
Service (AVS) verifies the cardholder's billing address on file
with the card issuer. However, if a fraudster knows the
victim‟s address, the address verification fails to prevent
fraud. Card Verification Value/Code compares the card
security value/code, the 3- or 4-digit numeric code on the
payment card, with the issuer's value on file. This helps to
verify that the customer is in physical possession of a valid
card during a card-not-present transaction.
Visa and MasterCard offer 3D authentication such as
“Verified by Visa” and “Secure Code”. MasterCard Secure
Code and Verified by Visa enable cardholders to validate
themselves to their card issuers through the use of personal
passwords they create when they register their cards with the
programs. To address issue of data breaches and mass data
compromise, the Payment Card Industry Security Standards
(PCI DSS) have been developed. All organizations that
transmit, store or process credit card data must be compliant
with the requirements of the PCI standard, which sets the rules
for data security management, policies, procedures, network
architecture, software design and other protective measures.
5.3 Technology Solutions
Detecting fraud is essential once prevention mechanisms have
failed. There are a number of algorithmic solutions for fraud
detection. These include data mining techniques such as
decision trees, clustering techniques, and artificial neural and
Bayesian networks. For example, consider a decision tree-
based classification approach. The goal is to train a decision
tree to detect various types of fraud. In the simple case, the
decision tree would learn to detect whether the patterns are a
fraudulent activity or not. That is, the decision tree will be
trained to recognize one of two classes: Yes to mean that it is a
fraudulent activity and No to mean it is a benign activity. Then
the decision tree is tested with the test data and it will detect
whether the activity is fraudulent or not. More sophisticated
decision trees can be built to detect multiple classes. That is, in
the case of fraudulent activity, the tree would detect the type
of fraud, such as credit card fraud or bank account fraud.
One issue with data mining solutions is the existence of false
positives and negatives. Due to fact that the amount of data to
be processed is often very large, the techniques have to extract
only the useful features and carry out the training. This will
likely result in false positives and false negatives. Therefore, a
major goal of the data mining researchers and developers is to
reduce the number of false positives and negatives.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper first provided an overview of payment card fraud
which began with payment card statistics and the definition of
payment card fraud. It then described various methods used by
identity thieves to obtain personal and financial information
for the purpose of payment card fraud. Next an overview of
fraud types was given. This was followed by a discussion of
payment card fraud as a type of terrorist financing. Finally,
prevention and detection techniques including data mining
solutions were discussed. As more and more of the financial
and other data are digitized, the opportunities for payment
card fraud will continue to increase exponentially.
Furthermore, the thieves are also getting more and more
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sophisticated and learning new fraudulent techniques. They
are also trained to thwart the defensive mechanisms imposed.
That is, the adversary will learn the patterns utilized by the
solutions and attempt to develop methods to thwart the
solutions. Therefore, in addition to the technological solutions,
we also need to learn the behavior of the adversary.
Appropriate game theoretic strategies have to be investigated
so that we can win the games against the thieves. Ultimately,
we need to develop and integrate solutions that will use data
mining, risk analysis, game theory and adversarial learning so
that we can be one step ahead of the thieves, hackers and the
terrorists.
REFERENCES
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[2]. Sources: American Bankers Association, March 2009.
Quoted at creditcards.com
[3]. U.S. Census Bureau‟s, Statistical Abstract on the United
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[4] S.Benson Edwin Raj, A. Annie Portia, ―Analysis on
Credit Card Fraud Detection Methods‖, IEEE March 2011
[5] M.Hamdi Ozcelik, Mine Isik, ―Improving a credit card
fraud detection system using Genetic algorithm‖, IEEE 2010.
[6] Genetic algorithms for credit card fraud detection by
Daniel Garner, IEEE Transactions May 2011.
[7].Kearns M. and Mansour Y., A fast, bottom-up decision
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BIOGRAPHIES
J. Upendar Received M. Tech in Web
Technologies from JNTU, Hyderabad and
now presently working as Assistant Professor
Dept of CSE, Swarna Bharathi College of
Engineering, and Khammam. His research
interests include Mobile Computing, Image
Processing, Data Mining, Computer
Networks and Software Engineering.
E. Gurumohan Rao Received M. Tech
Computer Science and Engineering from
JNTU, Hyderabad. B. Tech in Computer
Science & Engineering from KU, Warangal.
And now presently working as Associate
Professor, Dept of CSE, Swarna Bharathi
College of Engineering, Khammam .His
research interests includes Mobile Computing, Image
Processing, Data Mining and Computer Networks