Abstract The system mainly use wall-mounted gas boiler and give priority in use of solar energy in order to maximize the utilization of solar resources. The excess heat will be added to domestic water when the heat for floor radiant heating is enough. The PLC of Siemens is set as slave computer in the monitoring system and it is used to collect thermal parameters such as temperature, flow rate, etc. by temperature sensors, pressure sensors and flow rate sensors. WinCC is set as the host computer to monitor the operating conditions of the entire system. Real-time tracing, monitoring and alarming function can be achieved based on the SQL database, which has realized archive management of the date. The system has been debugged after the whole experiment platform is completed, and the running state of the system shows that this system has high reliability and good stability. Keywords: Solar Energy, Gas, PLC, WinCC, Database
Development of Solar Energy and Gas Coupled Heat Supply SystemIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The design of the system uses solar energy priority, then the gas boiler is body of the system. And it can maximize use solar energy in the preparation of floor heating. In the control system, PLC-200 of the SIEMENS series is the lower computer control and we can get the temperature acquisition, traffic and other basic thermodynamic parameters by using temperature pressure flow sensor. WinCC is used as the host computer system, which monitors the whole system operation. Database SQL can achieve the collection of data ,the real-time tracking, and monitoring alarm. After the experiment platform is built, the system is debugged. The results show that the monitoring system has good stability and reliability.
Air source heat pumps absorb heat from outside air, even at temperatures as low as -15°C, and use this heat to warm buildings. They work by extracting heat from the air into a fluid using an evaporator, compressing the heated fluid into a gas using a compressor, transferring the heat to radiators or underfloor heating via a condenser, then cooling and recycling the fluid. While more efficient than electric heating, air source heat pumps require electricity to run and their efficiency decreases in very cold temperatures.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
Heat pumps are devices that move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. There are two main types of heat pumps - vapor compression cycles which use a compressor to move heat and vapor absorption cycles which use a heat source like gas or steam instead of electricity to run the pump. Heat pumps have various applications like space heating and cooling, domestic hot water, industrial processes, and more. They are evaluated based on their coefficient of performance and energy efficiency. While efficient when temperatures are similar, noise from mechanical components and efficiency limits due to thermodynamics present issues.
WORKING OF HEAT PUMPS WITH (CO2) REFRIGERANT Swathi Rampur
The document discusses heat pumps, which transfer heat from one place to another against a temperature gradient using external energy. It describes the typical components of a heat pump - evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion valve - and how they work together in the heating and cooling cycles. Carbon dioxide is highlighted as a natural, non-toxic refrigerant with advantages over traditional refrigerants like Freon, though it requires higher operating pressures. The document concludes that heat pumps using carbon dioxide as the refrigerant can provide efficient and environmentally friendly heating and cooling.
Sistemas de alimentación autónoma de conciencia de los edificios residenciale...Alexandr Novykh
The document discusses several combined heating and cooling systems that maximize the use of natural energy sources:
1. A basic heat pump system provides heating and cooling using ambient air temperatures and consumes 20-25% less electricity than conventional AC alone.
2. An improved system adds a water circuit to provide heating even when outdoor temperatures drop below the heat pump's minimum. Electricity use is reduced by 1.5-2 times.
3. The most efficient system incorporates solar panels, further reducing electricity use by 70% for cooling and allowing heating and hot water with near-zero costs.
- The document discusses using geothermal energy to heat and cool residential homes through a geothermal heat pump system. It describes how geothermal systems work by exchanging heat with the constant temperature below ground through closed or open loop systems.
- The key advantages are that geothermal systems are environmentally friendly with zero emissions, can reduce energy usage for heating and cooling by up to 40%, and have low maintenance costs with an expected lifespan of over 50 years.
- For a sample home of 1,283 square feet, a 2-ton geothermal unit with 300 feet of piping for a closed loop system would cost $12,000 but pay for itself within 15 years despite the high initial
Development of Solar Energy and Gas Coupled Heat Supply SystemIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The design of the system uses solar energy priority, then the gas boiler is body of the system. And it can maximize use solar energy in the preparation of floor heating. In the control system, PLC-200 of the SIEMENS series is the lower computer control and we can get the temperature acquisition, traffic and other basic thermodynamic parameters by using temperature pressure flow sensor. WinCC is used as the host computer system, which monitors the whole system operation. Database SQL can achieve the collection of data ,the real-time tracking, and monitoring alarm. After the experiment platform is built, the system is debugged. The results show that the monitoring system has good stability and reliability.
Air source heat pumps absorb heat from outside air, even at temperatures as low as -15°C, and use this heat to warm buildings. They work by extracting heat from the air into a fluid using an evaporator, compressing the heated fluid into a gas using a compressor, transferring the heat to radiators or underfloor heating via a condenser, then cooling and recycling the fluid. While more efficient than electric heating, air source heat pumps require electricity to run and their efficiency decreases in very cold temperatures.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
Heat pumps are devices that move thermal energy in the opposite direction of spontaneous heat flow by absorbing heat from a cold space and releasing it to a warmer one. There are two main types of heat pumps - vapor compression cycles which use a compressor to move heat and vapor absorption cycles which use a heat source like gas or steam instead of electricity to run the pump. Heat pumps have various applications like space heating and cooling, domestic hot water, industrial processes, and more. They are evaluated based on their coefficient of performance and energy efficiency. While efficient when temperatures are similar, noise from mechanical components and efficiency limits due to thermodynamics present issues.
WORKING OF HEAT PUMPS WITH (CO2) REFRIGERANT Swathi Rampur
The document discusses heat pumps, which transfer heat from one place to another against a temperature gradient using external energy. It describes the typical components of a heat pump - evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion valve - and how they work together in the heating and cooling cycles. Carbon dioxide is highlighted as a natural, non-toxic refrigerant with advantages over traditional refrigerants like Freon, though it requires higher operating pressures. The document concludes that heat pumps using carbon dioxide as the refrigerant can provide efficient and environmentally friendly heating and cooling.
Sistemas de alimentación autónoma de conciencia de los edificios residenciale...Alexandr Novykh
The document discusses several combined heating and cooling systems that maximize the use of natural energy sources:
1. A basic heat pump system provides heating and cooling using ambient air temperatures and consumes 20-25% less electricity than conventional AC alone.
2. An improved system adds a water circuit to provide heating even when outdoor temperatures drop below the heat pump's minimum. Electricity use is reduced by 1.5-2 times.
3. The most efficient system incorporates solar panels, further reducing electricity use by 70% for cooling and allowing heating and hot water with near-zero costs.
- The document discusses using geothermal energy to heat and cool residential homes through a geothermal heat pump system. It describes how geothermal systems work by exchanging heat with the constant temperature below ground through closed or open loop systems.
- The key advantages are that geothermal systems are environmentally friendly with zero emissions, can reduce energy usage for heating and cooling by up to 40%, and have low maintenance costs with an expected lifespan of over 50 years.
- For a sample home of 1,283 square feet, a 2-ton geothermal unit with 300 feet of piping for a closed loop system would cost $12,000 but pay for itself within 15 years despite the high initial
The document discusses heat pumps, including an overview of heat pump technologies used in Europe. It describes how heat pumps work by transferring heat energy and having a higher coefficient of performance than electric resistance heating. The document also discusses factors to consider for heat pump installation such as indoor air handling, refrigerant charge, outdoor unit placement, and controls. Maintenance recommendations include cleaning filters, coils, fans and inspecting ductwork. A case study examines using a heat pump versus a diesel boiler and air conditioner for a 550 square meter residential building.
This document provides information about Calorex, a UK manufacturer and market leader in heat pump technology. It discusses Calorex's company profile, the benefits of heat pumps compared to traditional heating systems, their product ranges including air source and ground source heat pumps, and case studies of heat pump installations. Key points include that Calorex has manufactured over 250,000 heat pumps, has a large R&D investment, and their heat pumps can provide significant savings on running costs and carbon emissions compared to gas, oil or electric heating.
The document provides information on geothermal HVAC systems and Epic's geothermal system. It discusses fundamentals of geothermal including how the systems use the stable earth temperature for heating and cooling. It describes the basic components of geothermal systems including loop fields, circulation pumps, and heat pumps. It also provides details on Epic's large geothermal system such as its 3,500 vertical bores, 10 acre pond, pumphouse and piping distribution.
Central steam heating system Central Heating is a heating system in which air or water is heated at a central point and sent through the whole interior of a building via vents or pipes and radiators to provide warmth in multiple rooms or parts of a building. Central heat sources can be boilers for oil, gas, biomass or solar heating systems. Depending on the size of the building and available energy sources, a central heating solution might have multiple shapes.
This paper describes an experimental study of using the waste heat from a Panasonic Under-
Ceiling split room air - conditioner had a rated capacity of 3.51 kW (12,000 Btu/h). An under – ceiling
split type air conditioning for heating domestic water in private homes. Energy recovery improved the
performance, and the recovered energy could replace electricity completely for heating domestic water
use. An extra charge of refrigerant in the air-conditioner could prevent its compressor from over heating
during energy recovery. The experimental conducted on varies capacity of the range from 22.5 litres to
120 litres storage tank. Results show the water temperature increased lies in the range of 50 OC to 65
OC. It was found that, when the initial water temperature in the 22.5 litres storage tank 27 OC, the water
temperature reached 65 OC in 105 minutes. For 120 litres water, temperature increased from 27 OC to 62
OC,5 in 240 minutes.
This document discusses optimizing the design of a heat pump system using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. It first provides background on heat pumps and their operation. It then describes using fuzzy logic to determine thermodynamic properties of refrigerants, which are important for heat pump performance simulation and optimization. Next, it outlines using a genetic algorithm to optimize parameters of an air-source heat pump system with R-404a refrigerant. Fuzzy logic was employed to predict refrigerant properties for use in the genetic algorithm optimization of the heat pump system design. The approach showed potential for simplifying heat pump system optimization.
The document provides information about thermodynamics and various types of power plants. It discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, laws of thermodynamics, and heat engines. It also describes different power plant technologies like thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, solar, and wind power plants. Their basic working principles and components are explained along with the advantages and disadvantages of each type of power plant.
The document discusses ground source heat pumps, which extract heat from the ground to pre-heat water for space and water heating. It explains that ground source heat pumps work similarly to refrigerators by using a compressor to move heat. The heat pump itself is installed indoors, while external pipes called "captors" can be laid horizontally or vertically underground depending on available land space. While planning permission is generally not required for ground source heat pumps, it may be needed for excavation works in sensitive areas. The document also outlines advantages such as reduced costs and emissions, as well as disadvantages including higher installation expenses and potential issues if not properly designed.
Synthetic natural gas, also known as syngas, can be produced from fossil fuels like coal or biofuels through gasification. The gasification process converts the carbon-containing fuel into a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen known as synthesis gas. This syngas can then be further processed to produce a high-quality synthetic natural gas that is over 85% methane and has a heating value similar to conventional natural gas. Synthetic natural gas offers benefits such as an efficient way to produce biofuels, the ability to integrate with renewable energy sources, and the utilization of existing natural gas infrastructure.
Assessment of the Use of Solar Flat Plate Collectors for Solar Thermal Refrig...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on using solar thermal energy to power a vapor absorption refrigeration system. The system uses evacuated tube solar collectors to heat an ammonia-water solution in a generator tank. This vaporizes the ammonia which is then condensed and expanded to produce cooling in an evaporator. The ammonia vapor is absorbed back into the solution which is pumped to the generator, completing the vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. The system is designed to provide a 1 ton refrigeration capacity with a calculated coefficient of performance of 0.75, making it suitable for applications like air conditioning.
A geothermal heating and cooling system uses a heat pump and underground pipes (loops) to extract or discharge heat from the earth to provide heating and cooling for buildings. There are two main types of loops - closed loops which circulate water or antifreeze through buried pipes to exchange heat with the ground without contaminating the external environment, and open loops which draw groundwater from wells. Vertical closed loops are common for commercial buildings, using U-shaped pipes in deep wells, while horizontal closed loops use parallel pipes in shallow trenches. Geothermal systems can also use pond loops or hybrid systems.
This document discusses steam turbine power plant design and cycles. It describes typical steam conditions between 600-1450 psig at 750-950°F for Army power plants. Back pressure turbines exhaust at 250-15 psig and condensing turbines exhaust at 1-5 inches of mercury absolute. Cogeneration plants use back pressure or controlled extraction/condensing cycles to simultaneously produce electric power and steam for heat. The document compares plant heat rates, turbine heat rates, and discusses optimizing steam power plant cycles for maximum efficiency and economy.
TIAC Is a group of technologies and techniques consisting of cooling down the intake air of thegas turbine. The direct consequence of cooling the turbine inlet air ispower output augmentation.
Case study Energy Audit for Chiller PlantHina Gupta
The document discusses energy audits conducted on HVAC equipment at a client site by MGCS-Energy Audit Company. It analyzes the performance of two chillers and two cooling towers. For the chillers, it is found that Chiller 2 has a higher condenser approach and lift, indicating its condenser is fouled. Cleaning the condenser is recommended to improve Chiller 2's efficiency. For the cooling towers, Tower 2 has a higher approach and lower effectiveness, suggesting relocating the towers to the terrace for better air flow. The audits identify opportunities for energy savings through equipment maintenance and modifications.
Presentation on Heat pump and its Function.Monjur Ayon
The discussion are also include about heat pump with its different function,type of heat pump,working procedure,application of heat pump,main component of heat pump.
Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
This document summarizes an article from the journal Energy and Buildings. The article presents a model of a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system that includes both physical and empirical submodels. A pre-cooling coil is added to the HVAC system to help control humidity more efficiently. The hybrid model uses principles of thermodynamics and mass conservation to model different subsystems, while also employing an empirical residential load factor method to account for variations in thermal inertia. The full model is verified using theoretical and numerical methods.
IRJET- A Review on Exhaust Gas Heat Utilization for Air ConditioningIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using exhaust gas heat from engines or boilers to power an absorption refrigeration system for air conditioning. It describes how vapor absorption refrigeration systems use heat rather than mechanical energy to change the conditions of the refrigerant. The system would include a generator to absorb heat from exhaust gases and separate refrigerant vapor from an absorbent solution, along with an absorber, pump, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator functioning similarly to a vapor compression system. The review discusses previous research on using exhaust heat and the potential benefits for reducing emissions and improving engine efficiency compared to wasting exhaust heat.
Geothermal Heating & Cooling Systems (Residential &wtdurkin
Geothermal heating and cooling systems utilize the stable temperature of the earth to provide heating and cooling for buildings. They work by exchanging heat with the ground through a network of pipes buried either vertically or horizontally. Key components include a heat pump, distribution system inside the building, and ground loop system exchanging heat with the earth. Geothermal systems provide sustainability benefits like reduced fossil fuel usage and carbon emissions. They can lower energy costs significantly compared to conventional systems over the lifetime of the system. Proper system design considers factors like heating/cooling loads, soil conditions, and local climate.
the water that reaches the surface is not hot enough to produce steam, it can still be used to produce electricity by feeding it into a Binary Power Plant. The hot water is fed into a heat exchanger. The heat from the water is absorbed by a liquid such as isopentane which boils at a lower temperature. The isopentane steam is used to drive turbines, producing electricity. The isopentane then condenses back to its liquid state and is used again.
Performance study of photovoltaic solar celleSAT Journals
Abstract
Energy is the driving force for any kind of economic and scientific development, automation, and innovation. Due to high
excursion rate of conventional energy sources, availability of conventional fuels is reducing day by day. Consequently their prices
are increasing very rapidly. Along with these they pollute atmosphere due to combustion and chemical process associated with
them. Considering all these it is needed to find nonconventional sources to meet up energy requirements. Worldwide ‘Solar
Energy’ is one of the most effective and popular nonconventional energy sources. Solar energy does not produce any pollutants
and is one of the cleanest energy sources. This can be used to produce electricity from sunlight, named solar power. Solar power
can be directly generated from PV cell or indirectly from concentrated solar power (CSP).
This paper focuses on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell for solar power. Therefore simulation is done to observe
efficiency for different changing conditions and parameters of solar cell electrical model and observe better efficiency for InGaAs
alloy.
Key Words: Solar power; Solar cell; PV; PV operation; Electricity generation; Electrical model; Solar cell materials;
Efficiency; Different parameters; Silicon; Indium Gallium Arsenide alloy.
The document discusses plans to retrofit an existing 16-story building in Shreveport, Louisiana's central business district (CBD) to make it more sustainable and energy efficient. The project aims to achieve net-zero energy use through hybrid systems like photovoltaics, wind wells, solar chimneys, and bio-diesel. Additional features include a green roof, rainwater and graywater recycling, day lighting, and connections to public transportation.
The document discusses heat pumps, including an overview of heat pump technologies used in Europe. It describes how heat pumps work by transferring heat energy and having a higher coefficient of performance than electric resistance heating. The document also discusses factors to consider for heat pump installation such as indoor air handling, refrigerant charge, outdoor unit placement, and controls. Maintenance recommendations include cleaning filters, coils, fans and inspecting ductwork. A case study examines using a heat pump versus a diesel boiler and air conditioner for a 550 square meter residential building.
This document provides information about Calorex, a UK manufacturer and market leader in heat pump technology. It discusses Calorex's company profile, the benefits of heat pumps compared to traditional heating systems, their product ranges including air source and ground source heat pumps, and case studies of heat pump installations. Key points include that Calorex has manufactured over 250,000 heat pumps, has a large R&D investment, and their heat pumps can provide significant savings on running costs and carbon emissions compared to gas, oil or electric heating.
The document provides information on geothermal HVAC systems and Epic's geothermal system. It discusses fundamentals of geothermal including how the systems use the stable earth temperature for heating and cooling. It describes the basic components of geothermal systems including loop fields, circulation pumps, and heat pumps. It also provides details on Epic's large geothermal system such as its 3,500 vertical bores, 10 acre pond, pumphouse and piping distribution.
Central steam heating system Central Heating is a heating system in which air or water is heated at a central point and sent through the whole interior of a building via vents or pipes and radiators to provide warmth in multiple rooms or parts of a building. Central heat sources can be boilers for oil, gas, biomass or solar heating systems. Depending on the size of the building and available energy sources, a central heating solution might have multiple shapes.
This paper describes an experimental study of using the waste heat from a Panasonic Under-
Ceiling split room air - conditioner had a rated capacity of 3.51 kW (12,000 Btu/h). An under – ceiling
split type air conditioning for heating domestic water in private homes. Energy recovery improved the
performance, and the recovered energy could replace electricity completely for heating domestic water
use. An extra charge of refrigerant in the air-conditioner could prevent its compressor from over heating
during energy recovery. The experimental conducted on varies capacity of the range from 22.5 litres to
120 litres storage tank. Results show the water temperature increased lies in the range of 50 OC to 65
OC. It was found that, when the initial water temperature in the 22.5 litres storage tank 27 OC, the water
temperature reached 65 OC in 105 minutes. For 120 litres water, temperature increased from 27 OC to 62
OC,5 in 240 minutes.
This document discusses optimizing the design of a heat pump system using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms. It first provides background on heat pumps and their operation. It then describes using fuzzy logic to determine thermodynamic properties of refrigerants, which are important for heat pump performance simulation and optimization. Next, it outlines using a genetic algorithm to optimize parameters of an air-source heat pump system with R-404a refrigerant. Fuzzy logic was employed to predict refrigerant properties for use in the genetic algorithm optimization of the heat pump system design. The approach showed potential for simplifying heat pump system optimization.
The document provides information about thermodynamics and various types of power plants. It discusses key concepts in thermodynamics including systems, properties, laws of thermodynamics, and heat engines. It also describes different power plant technologies like thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, solar, and wind power plants. Their basic working principles and components are explained along with the advantages and disadvantages of each type of power plant.
The document discusses ground source heat pumps, which extract heat from the ground to pre-heat water for space and water heating. It explains that ground source heat pumps work similarly to refrigerators by using a compressor to move heat. The heat pump itself is installed indoors, while external pipes called "captors" can be laid horizontally or vertically underground depending on available land space. While planning permission is generally not required for ground source heat pumps, it may be needed for excavation works in sensitive areas. The document also outlines advantages such as reduced costs and emissions, as well as disadvantages including higher installation expenses and potential issues if not properly designed.
Synthetic natural gas, also known as syngas, can be produced from fossil fuels like coal or biofuels through gasification. The gasification process converts the carbon-containing fuel into a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen known as synthesis gas. This syngas can then be further processed to produce a high-quality synthetic natural gas that is over 85% methane and has a heating value similar to conventional natural gas. Synthetic natural gas offers benefits such as an efficient way to produce biofuels, the ability to integrate with renewable energy sources, and the utilization of existing natural gas infrastructure.
Assessment of the Use of Solar Flat Plate Collectors for Solar Thermal Refrig...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on using solar thermal energy to power a vapor absorption refrigeration system. The system uses evacuated tube solar collectors to heat an ammonia-water solution in a generator tank. This vaporizes the ammonia which is then condensed and expanded to produce cooling in an evaporator. The ammonia vapor is absorbed back into the solution which is pumped to the generator, completing the vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. The system is designed to provide a 1 ton refrigeration capacity with a calculated coefficient of performance of 0.75, making it suitable for applications like air conditioning.
A geothermal heating and cooling system uses a heat pump and underground pipes (loops) to extract or discharge heat from the earth to provide heating and cooling for buildings. There are two main types of loops - closed loops which circulate water or antifreeze through buried pipes to exchange heat with the ground without contaminating the external environment, and open loops which draw groundwater from wells. Vertical closed loops are common for commercial buildings, using U-shaped pipes in deep wells, while horizontal closed loops use parallel pipes in shallow trenches. Geothermal systems can also use pond loops or hybrid systems.
This document discusses steam turbine power plant design and cycles. It describes typical steam conditions between 600-1450 psig at 750-950°F for Army power plants. Back pressure turbines exhaust at 250-15 psig and condensing turbines exhaust at 1-5 inches of mercury absolute. Cogeneration plants use back pressure or controlled extraction/condensing cycles to simultaneously produce electric power and steam for heat. The document compares plant heat rates, turbine heat rates, and discusses optimizing steam power plant cycles for maximum efficiency and economy.
TIAC Is a group of technologies and techniques consisting of cooling down the intake air of thegas turbine. The direct consequence of cooling the turbine inlet air ispower output augmentation.
Case study Energy Audit for Chiller PlantHina Gupta
The document discusses energy audits conducted on HVAC equipment at a client site by MGCS-Energy Audit Company. It analyzes the performance of two chillers and two cooling towers. For the chillers, it is found that Chiller 2 has a higher condenser approach and lift, indicating its condenser is fouled. Cleaning the condenser is recommended to improve Chiller 2's efficiency. For the cooling towers, Tower 2 has a higher approach and lower effectiveness, suggesting relocating the towers to the terrace for better air flow. The audits identify opportunities for energy savings through equipment maintenance and modifications.
Presentation on Heat pump and its Function.Monjur Ayon
The discussion are also include about heat pump with its different function,type of heat pump,working procedure,application of heat pump,main component of heat pump.
Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
This document summarizes an article from the journal Energy and Buildings. The article presents a model of a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system that includes both physical and empirical submodels. A pre-cooling coil is added to the HVAC system to help control humidity more efficiently. The hybrid model uses principles of thermodynamics and mass conservation to model different subsystems, while also employing an empirical residential load factor method to account for variations in thermal inertia. The full model is verified using theoretical and numerical methods.
IRJET- A Review on Exhaust Gas Heat Utilization for Air ConditioningIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using exhaust gas heat from engines or boilers to power an absorption refrigeration system for air conditioning. It describes how vapor absorption refrigeration systems use heat rather than mechanical energy to change the conditions of the refrigerant. The system would include a generator to absorb heat from exhaust gases and separate refrigerant vapor from an absorbent solution, along with an absorber, pump, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator functioning similarly to a vapor compression system. The review discusses previous research on using exhaust heat and the potential benefits for reducing emissions and improving engine efficiency compared to wasting exhaust heat.
Geothermal Heating & Cooling Systems (Residential &wtdurkin
Geothermal heating and cooling systems utilize the stable temperature of the earth to provide heating and cooling for buildings. They work by exchanging heat with the ground through a network of pipes buried either vertically or horizontally. Key components include a heat pump, distribution system inside the building, and ground loop system exchanging heat with the earth. Geothermal systems provide sustainability benefits like reduced fossil fuel usage and carbon emissions. They can lower energy costs significantly compared to conventional systems over the lifetime of the system. Proper system design considers factors like heating/cooling loads, soil conditions, and local climate.
the water that reaches the surface is not hot enough to produce steam, it can still be used to produce electricity by feeding it into a Binary Power Plant. The hot water is fed into a heat exchanger. The heat from the water is absorbed by a liquid such as isopentane which boils at a lower temperature. The isopentane steam is used to drive turbines, producing electricity. The isopentane then condenses back to its liquid state and is used again.
Performance study of photovoltaic solar celleSAT Journals
Abstract
Energy is the driving force for any kind of economic and scientific development, automation, and innovation. Due to high
excursion rate of conventional energy sources, availability of conventional fuels is reducing day by day. Consequently their prices
are increasing very rapidly. Along with these they pollute atmosphere due to combustion and chemical process associated with
them. Considering all these it is needed to find nonconventional sources to meet up energy requirements. Worldwide ‘Solar
Energy’ is one of the most effective and popular nonconventional energy sources. Solar energy does not produce any pollutants
and is one of the cleanest energy sources. This can be used to produce electricity from sunlight, named solar power. Solar power
can be directly generated from PV cell or indirectly from concentrated solar power (CSP).
This paper focuses on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell for solar power. Therefore simulation is done to observe
efficiency for different changing conditions and parameters of solar cell electrical model and observe better efficiency for InGaAs
alloy.
Key Words: Solar power; Solar cell; PV; PV operation; Electricity generation; Electrical model; Solar cell materials;
Efficiency; Different parameters; Silicon; Indium Gallium Arsenide alloy.
The document discusses plans to retrofit an existing 16-story building in Shreveport, Louisiana's central business district (CBD) to make it more sustainable and energy efficient. The project aims to achieve net-zero energy use through hybrid systems like photovoltaics, wind wells, solar chimneys, and bio-diesel. Additional features include a green roof, rainwater and graywater recycling, day lighting, and connections to public transportation.
This document provides information about photovoltaic (PV) glass and building integrated photovoltaic applications. It discusses the main PV glass technologies, including amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon solar cells. It covers the components of PV glass, such as glass lites, solar cells, interlayers, and junction boxes. It also addresses structural framing systems, electrical balance of system components, costs and returns on investment of PV glass. The document is intended to help users better understand PV glass technologies and their integration into building design.
- Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles that exhibit unique optical and electronic properties due to their small size (around 4 million dots fit in a 2cm area).
- Current research is investigating applications for quantum dots in areas like displays, solar cells, computer storage, and programmable matter. Quantum dot displays could produce richer colors than LCDs and be integrated into flexible or multi-purpose screens. Quantum dot solar cells may lead to higher efficiency photovoltaics.
- The future potential applications of quantum dots include foldable or color-changing screens, invisible solar coatings, vastly increased computer storage capacity, and materials with customizable properties through electron manipulation at the quantum level.
Quantum dots are semiconductor nanoparticles that confine electrons and holes in all three dimensions. They are made using different methods like lithography, colloidal synthesis, or epitaxy. Quantum dots have discrete energy levels that depend on their size and shape. They have potential applications in solar cells, LEDs, bioimaging, drug delivery, and anti-counterfeiting due to their tunable light emission properties.
Solar cells, also called photovoltaic cells, convert solar energy directly into electricity. They are most commonly made from silicon and have no moving parts. While solar cell efficiency and market growth have increased, reducing production costs remains a focus of research and development. Promising next generation technologies that may help lower costs include thin films, hot carrier cells, and cells using nanostructures or bandgap engineering of silicon.
Solar cells directly convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect in semiconductor materials like silicon, with solar panels consisting of multiple interconnected solar cells to produce a usable amount of power. The document discusses the basic physics of how silicon is doped to create either holes or electrons that form pairs when struck by photons, as well as explaining the components and operation of single solar cells and larger solar panels.
1. The document discusses an Earth Tube Heat Exchanger system that uses geothermal energy for heating and cooling buildings. It can draw heat from the ground to warm a building in winter and release heat into the ground to cool a building in summer.
2. The system was analyzed using theoretical calculations and CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent software. Key parameters like pipe diameter and air velocity were varied to analyze their effects on the system's coefficient of performance.
3. Modifying parameters like increasing pipe diameter and air velocity were found to have the most significant impact on improving the system's coefficient of performance. The Earth Tube Heat Exchanger provides an efficient alternative to conventional HVAC systems by making use of
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement of the output power generated from a hybrid solar thermal systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper investigates the output power and increased the efficiency of a hybrid Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) modules through utilizing the heat generated from the surface of panels by one axial tracking of the hybrid PV/Tsystem by means of zenith angle and decreasing the heat generated from the PV modules by controlling the flow rate of the system. A comparison between theoretical and experimental work results for fixed and tracking PV/T hybrid system is presented. Comsol software package used to simulate the electromagnetic waves produced by the sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics In the second part of the experimental work, one axial sun-tracking system is designed where the movement of a photo-voltaic module is controlled to follow the Sun’s radiation using a Data acquisition card (DAQ) unit. Finally an active cooling system is designed and conducted to cool the fixed and tracking modules at which an absorber system consists of copper pipe welded with aluminium plate is attached underneath the PV modules to allow water flowing below the modules. In addition to the above an electrical analysis for both systems are presented where I-V, P-V, power with 12 mourning hour’s and electrical efficiency. Beside that the thermal analysis for the fixed and tracking PV modules and the piping water are presented where the input, output temperatures, the total energy of heat losses and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total electrical efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; Comsol Multiphysics; Mat lab; Solid work; Lab view.…
IRJET- Heat Transfer Enhancement Analysis of Solar Parabolic Trough Collector...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on enhancing heat transfer in the receiver tubes of parabolic trough solar collectors. The receiver tubes experience non-uniform heat flux around the periphery from the concentrated solar radiation, resulting in large temperature gradients. The study numerically simulates turbulent flow and heat transfer in receiver tubes with staggered pin fins on the inside surface. It is found that pin fins improve performance over a plain tube by increasing surface area and turbulence. Higher pin fins result in greater heat transfer but also higher pressure drop. The best performing design has pin fins 12mm in height, balancing increased heat transfer with pressure penalties.
Flue gas low temperature heat recovery system for air conditioningeSAT Journals
This document describes a proposed system to recover low-temperature waste heat from flue gas in a 350 MW thermal power plant. The system utilizes a gas-to-liquid heat exchanger placed between the boiler and chimney to heat water, which is then used to power a 70-ton vapor absorption air conditioning system. The heat exchanger design was optimized through CFD analysis to determine the number of pipes (12) and outlet water temperature (101.1°C). Recovering this low-grade waste heat provides a renewable energy source for air conditioning and reduces flue gas emissions.
Fabrication of Thermal Energy Storage using Phase Changing Materialijtsrd
The main objective of this research is to fabricate a thermal energy storage system using the phase changing material. In recent days, renewable energy sources have played a main role due to the shortage of fossil energy and the enormous prices of the fuels. In this current experiment, heat energy is extracted from solar water system and stored in thermal energy storage devices, Paraffin wax is used as a thermal energy storage device is used when solar power is not present, The complete setup of this thermal energy system is controlled by a Arduino controller the miniature model of the system is fabricated. S. Chellappa "Fabrication of Thermal Energy Storage using Phase-Changing Material" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59876.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/59876/fabrication-of-thermal-energy-storage-using-phasechanging-material/s-chellappa
A Review On Thermal Energy Storage For Concentrating Solar Power PlantsSophia Diaz
The document reviews thermal energy storage technologies for concentrating solar power plants. It discusses several thermal energy storage systems including two-tank direct, two-tank indirect, and single tank thermocline systems. It also examines different types of thermal storage materials including sensible heat materials like molten salts, latent heat phase change materials, and chemical heat storage. Thermal energy storage can help overcome the intermittency of solar energy and reduce the levelized cost of energy for concentrating solar power plants.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
Analytical approach of thermosyphon solar domestic hotGaaliche Nesrine
Abstract—An efficient and simple simulation approach for thermosyphon solar water heaters has been
developed and compared with experimental data. This approach, valid for solar-only systems, gives the ability
to link the system main design and constructional parameters with the expected energy output through an
analytical determination of the coefficients of the characteristic input–output equation of the system. The
proposed methodology can be used not only for energy optimization of the system in the design phase but also
for evaluation of test results of an existing system in order to improve it further. 2002 Elsevier Science
Ltd. All rights reserved.
This document describes an experiment conducted to evaluate the efficiency and collector time constant of a solar flat plate collector under varying intensities of sunlight and a constant wind speed. Readings of temperature and flow rate were recorded over time as water was circulated through the collector using a pump under conditions of 100W/m2, 130W/m2 and 160W/m2 light intensity and 5m/s wind speed. The efficiency of the collector decreased over time for each light intensity due to cooling from the constant wind. Graphs of efficiency vs. time showed efficiency decreasing and leveling off over time, indicating the collector reaching steady state conditions. Formulas used to calculate efficiency and time constant are also presented.
Novel technique for maximizing the thermal efficiency of a hybrid pveSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper a comparison between numerical model and experimental work results for a fixed Photovoltaic/ Thermal (PV/T) hybrid system is presented. The simulation in this work is based on a numerical model in solving the equations and determining the Photovoltaic (PV) cells thermal characteristics using both MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics. COMSOL is simulating the electromagnetic waves produced by the Sun through solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions using Finite Elements Methods (FEM) and the sun irradiance is assumed to be Gaussian distribution across the twelve mourning hours. Beside that an experimental work is presented depending on the results conjured from the theoretical experience used in Comsol Multiphysics. A Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) is used to control the solenoid valve operation. In addition to the above a thermal analysis for the fixed PV modules and the piping water is presented where the output water temperatures, rate of heat transfer, overall heat transfer coefficient and thermal efficiency are calculated. As a result, a significant enhancement in the total thermal efficiency is observed with acceptable increase in the output water temperature. Keywords: Cooling systems; DAQ; Hybrid; COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS; MATLAB; Solid work; Lab view.
IRJET- Thermal Performance Evaluation of Evacuated Solar Water Heater wit...IRJET Journal
This document evaluates the thermal performance of an evacuated solar water heater with and without twisted tapes inserted inside the glass tubes. Key findings include:
- Temperature gain was higher at low and medium flow rates compared to high flow rates for both setups.
- The setup with twisted tapes inserted showed slightly higher temperature gains, around 1°C on average, compared to the setup without tapes, due to increased turbulence creating higher heat transfer.
- While improvements were small due to the small experimental setup, the results suggest twisted tapes can enhance thermal performance by inducing swirling flow and turbulence inside the glass tubes of an evacuated solar water heater.
1. The document discusses a study that modifies the design of an electro-thermal energy storage (ETES) system to integrate it with district heating and cooling networks. The goal is to utilize excess heat from the ETES cycles to provide useful heating and cooling services.
2. Two major design modifications are proposed - turbine intercooling and turbine bleeding. These allow the ETES system to balance irreversibilities by producing additional heating and cooling while storing electricity.
3. An economic evaluation calculates the marginal costs and average total costs of energy services from the integrated system under different operating conditions. As expected, the average total cost is found to continuously decrease for a monopolistic energy service firm.
IRJET- Optimization of Flat Plate Solar Collector with Novel Heat Collect...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing a flat plate solar collector with novel heat collecting components through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and simulation. It focuses on applying an optimization technique to a flat plate solar collector using an aluminium heat collecting component consisting of a flat plate absorber integrated with heat pipes made of aluminium. The CFD simulation investigates the effect of water mass flow rate on the collector's collection efficiency. The results show that maximum efficiency is observed at an optimized flow rate of 0.15 kg/s. Temperature profiles from the simulation are presented and compared to experimental results, showing good agreement between the simulated and experimental variation of efficiency with water mass flow rate.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...ijiert bestjournal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the thermal performance of a curtain wall-integrated solar heater using different working fluids, including water and copper oxide nanofluid. Experiments were conducted with mass flow rates varying from 36 to 108 liters per hour. Higher efficiencies were found when using the 3% nanofluid compared to water alone. Outlet water temperature also increased at lower mass flow rates for both fluids. For a given fluid, efficiency slightly increased with higher mass flow rates. The study concluded the nanofluid improved the thermal performance and increased the outlet temperature of hot water compared to just using water.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Air Source Heat Pumps Field Studies A Systematic Literature ReviewCynthia King
This document presents a systematic literature review of field studies on air source heat pumps (ASHPs). The review finds that field studies have focused on three main areas: defrosting management, ASHP system management, and using ASHPs for demand response. The review identifies what ASHP field data is publicly available and recommends future research topics on using ASHPs for home heating.
Numerical and experimental study of a solar water heater for enhancement in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Largest commercial application amongst the various solar collectors is the solar flat plate collectors mainly due to its simple design as well as low maintenance cost. Numerical analysis of the solar water heater which involves conduction and convection due to radiation heat transfer using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as a tool has not been the focus of study so far. It is generally understood that sinusoidal flow passage tends to increase turbulence which in turn increases convective heat transfer. The advantage of using straight absorber tube over sinusoidal absorber tube on the thermal behavior of the solar water heater needs to be explored as a design prescription. In the study presented in this paper it is noted from the experimental and numerical analysis that the straight tube configuration has better performance than that of sinusoidal pipe configuration.
Keywords: Sinusoidal tube, Solar water heater, Convective heat transfer, Computational fluid dynamics.
IRJET - Advance Hybrid Solar Energy Saver Heater with Electrical BackupIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses an advance hybrid solar energy saver heater that uses both solar and electrical power sources to heat water.
2) It provides hot water using solar energy captured by a collector and stored in an insulated tank, with an electric heating element as backup for rainy or cloudy days.
3) The system uses a thermostat to automatically turn the electric heating element on when water temperature drops below 50°C, heating it to 75-85°C and then turning off to save energy.
IRJET-Case Study of Supercritical Boiler TechnologyIRJET Journal
This document provides a case study on supercritical boiler technology. It discusses the key differences between subcritical and supercritical boilers, including higher steam temperatures and pressures in supercritical boilers that allow for improved efficiency. Supercritical boilers require more stringent water treatment and use of specialized high-temperature materials. The design of supercritical boilers, including spiral furnace tubes, is described. Operation and maintenance considerations like water chemistry, metallurgy, and inspection are also summarized. Overall, the case study evaluates how supercritical boiler technology enables higher plant efficiency and reduced emissions compared to subcritical technology.
Similar to The development of solar energy gas coupling system (scada) in buildings (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
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The development of solar energy gas coupling system (scada) in buildings
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 92
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY-GAS COUPLING SYSTEM
(SCADA) IN BUILDINGS
Xu Hui1
, Cai Yingling2
, Yang Huizhen3
1
College of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai201620, China
2
College of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai201620, China
3
College of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai201620, China
Abstract
The system mainly use wall-mounted gas boiler and give priority in use of solar energy in order to maximize the utilization of
solar resources. The excess heat will be added to domestic water when the heat for floor radiant heating is enough. The PLC of
Siemens is set as slave computer in the monitoring system and it is used to collect thermal parameters such as temperature, flow
rate, etc. by temperature sensors, pressure sensors and flow rate sensors. WinCC is set as the host computer to monitor the
operating conditions of the entire system. Real-time tracing, monitoring and alarming function can be achieved based on the SQL
database, which has realized archive management of the date. The system has been debugged after the whole experiment platform
is completed, and the running state of the system shows that this system has high reliability and good stability.
Keywords: Solar Energy, Gas, PLC, WinCC, Database
--------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Development of renewal energy and clean energy is
becoming an inevitable tendency of energy structure
transform, which is in conformity with China's current
situation. As one of the cleanest energy, solar energy is also
an inexhaustible source. However, the characteristics of
solar energy such as intermittent, instability, low energy flux
density, etc. lead to instability of the solar thermal system.
Wall-mounted gas boiler can very convenient and quickly to
provide hot water for daily life and heating to buildings, but
it’s not only benefit to realize the energy conservation and
environment protection goal but also consume lots of gas by
using wall-mounted gas boiler to heat the building alone.
Coupling the two kinds of clean energy (solar energy and
gas) can learn from each other. And this coupling not only
fully utilized the solar energy but also alleviate the shortage
of the non-renewable gas. Obviously, this method has great
potential for energy saving. The temperature of the fluid is a
critical parameter on the study of the solar energy-gas
coupling system and provides basis for mode switching of
the entire system. The measurement of temperature has
important significance for solar energy-gas coupling
system’s control and operation. Therefore, control method
and application of solar energy-gas coupling system will be
discussed in this paper[1-3]
.
2. OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF SOLAR
ENERGY-GAS COUPLING SYSTEM
Solar energy-gas coupling system includes four main parts.
It is solar-collector system, auxiliary system of gas, terminal
system of users, monitoring system, respectively. The solar-
collector system is mainly used to collect solar energy and
ensure the system operate safely and normally. Auxiliary
system of gas is mainly used to make up the shortage of
solar energy when the weather is bad or large energy is
needed, and it can supply heating quickly. Terminal system
of users is mainly used to regulate and control the priority
level or complementary of hot water storage tank and gas
water heater. Monitoring system is mainly used to ensure the
whole system can be controlled and measured, and then
regulate and control the flow direction and flow rate of hot
water according to the needs of users. The hardware of the
system is mainly composed by plate solar collector, hot
water storage tank, wall-mounted gas boiler, heating fan coil
unit, three-way valve, pumps, etc[4-5]
.
Based on the previous research and standing on the
“shoulder” of the technology of solar energy storage and gas
application has becoming more and more mature, the solar
energy-gas coupling system was put forward in this article.
The system is different from the single traditional heating
mode or merely simple superposition of two systems. Based
on the data feedback of energy consumption monitoring
system, the water in the hot water storage tank will be
heated according to actual demands of users, based on the
local weather condition and take full advantage of the extra
heat of floor radiant heating which provided by solar energy
and gas, the efficiency of the entire system will be improved
by this way. The system has good practicability and requires
a small initial investment. Traditional heating system has
some shortages such as large area occupied, large amount of
resources consumption, etc. The most important defect in
ground source heat pump (GSHP) is the unbalance load of
summer and winter which lead to the imbalance of ground
temperature-field. According to the coupling system not
only these problems will be solved, but also the usage of
resource will be improved. The system schematic is shown
in figure 1.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 93
Water tank
Collector
Pump B1
Gas boiler
1 2 3 4 5
Pump B2
Floor radiant heating
Tee value1
Tee value2
1 Heating water inlet
2 Domestic hot water inlet
3 Gas inlet
4 Heating water outlet
5 Domestic hot water outlet
A
B
a
b
Cold water inlet
T1
T2
T4
T5
T6
Fig -1: Schematic diagram of solar energy-gas coupling system
3. DESIGN OF MONITORING SYSTEM
3.1 Regulations of the Solar Energy-gas Coupling
System Control
3.1.1 The Solar-Collector System
The water in the storage tank will be heated by hot water in
the solar-collector system. Temperature difference control
method is adopted in this circulation system. When the
temperature of heat media difference between the inlet
temperature named T1 and outlet temperature named T2 is
larger than 8℃(it can be set at the range of 5-8℃by the
users), the circulation pump (B1) of solar-collector will be
started after 3 minutes to accelerate the process of heat
transfer in order to meet the demands of users. When the
temperature difference is less than 3℃, delay 3 minutes and
then turn off circulation pump (B1) until the temperature
difference is in steady state. Only in this control method, the
frequent start and stop of the B1 pump caused by surge
temperature can be avoided. It’s unnecessary to run the
solar-collector system when the day is a rainy day or it’s a
foggy day. That is because the solar energy in these weather
of less open value for the system in this case. The solar-
collector system also will be turned off to avoid the
irreversible damage to the storage tank caused by excessive
temperature and influence the performance of the system in
late stage if the temperature of T4 is larger than 75℃. The
control flow chart is presented in figure 2.
Collector Water tank
Circulation
pump B1
Heating medium input
Heating medium
output
Fig -2: The flow chart of solar thermal system
3.1.2 The System of Domestic Hot Water
The hot water provided to the users will be offered by the
solar-collector system or the wall-mounted gas boiler
system. The hot water and cold water in the storage tank will
be stratified due to the density difference caused by different
temperature, and the hot water will in the upper of the
storage tank. The tee valve will be turned on in the direction
of (b) and provides domestic hot water to users directly if
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 94
the temperature of T4 is larger than 60℃. However, if the
temperature of T4 is less than 60℃, the tee valve will be
turned on in the direction of (a) and the water in the storage
tank will be delivered to the wall-mounted gas boiler and be
heated, then it will be provided to users as domestic hot
water. There is a supply valve at the bottom of the storage
tank to replenish the water which has been consumed. The
control flow chart is presented in figure 3.
Water tank Tee value Temperature>Default Gas Boiler
Domestic hot water
Hot water N
Y
DHW outlet
Cold water inlet
Fig -3: The flow chart of domestic hot water system
3.1.3 Radiant Floor Heating System
After the water was heated by the wall-mounted gas boiler
and flow into the radiant floor heating system, if the
temperature of outlet water (T6) is larger than the upper
temperature in the storage tank (T4), it is worth recycling
the heat of return water. At this time, the tee valve will be
turned on in the direction of (B) and the water will flow into
the exchange coil to heat the water in the storage tank. This
heat recycle method can maximize the utilization of the heat.
However, if T6 is less than T4, the tee valve will be turned
on in the direction of (A) and the heat of return water will
flow into the wall-mounted gas boiler to be heated, and then
go to next cycle.
Gas boiler Pipe coiler
Heating return water
temperature>Water
tank outlet
temperature
Water tank
N
Y
Heating water
outlet
Tee value
Improve the water temperature by water tank
Fig -4: The flow chart of gas heating hot water system
2.2 Design of Controlling Software
Design of software for the slave computer is based on the
S7-200 of Siemens. The corresponding programs have been
completed by programming software of Siemens (STEP 7-
Micro/Win V4.0). There is variety of peripheral modules of
S7-200 of Siemens and these modules can combine lots of
controlling systems flexibility which can complete all
requirements. For example, this system is combined with
three EM231 RTD modules and one EM231 analog input
module. It is easily to maintain these kinds of system, and
these systems also have self-diagnosis function and can
monitor themselves very well. The working state for the
inner element of the system can be monitored by the
programs that have been written. The fault location can be
found easily and solved by this function coupling with the
targeted programs and its self-diagnosis function. The
maintenance time will be shortened and the maintenance
cost of the system will be cast[6]
. The structure control chart
of the system is presented in figure 4.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 95
The control procedure written by PLC has two control
mode, which is automatic model and manual mode. When
the automatic model is started, the circulation pump of solar-
collector (B1) and the circulation pump (B2) of domestic hot
water will be turned on and the tee valve 1/2 will be turned
on in the direction of (B/b) at the same moment to promote
the water in this loop heating system circulate. Three
minutes later, whether turn on or not the B1 pump is decided
by the temperature difference between outlet temperature of
solar-collector and the average temperature of the storage
tank, the start-stop type of domestic hot water will be
decided by the users’ demands, and the direction of the tee
valve is decided according to the temperature. When the
manual model is started, the start-stop type of pump B1 and
B2 and the direction of the tee valve are decided according
to users’ demands. Manual model is set to ensure users can
control avoided the problem that there is something wrong
with the automatic model.
Demand side of domestic
hot water
Demand side of heating
hot water
Water tank
Solar
energy
Gas
Residual
heating
Temperature difference control
Tee control
Monitoring and
control
Fig -5: Schematic diagram of the structure control of system
3.3 Design of Monitoring Software
The host computer monitoring system adopted in this system
(HMI)is developed by the configuration software
(SIMATIC WinCC7.0) of Siemens, and the data archiving is
completed by the normal database of Microsoft SQL Server
2000. This software also has the function of a Web browser
which can realize remote monitor and adjust the real-time
dynamic picture function. The software can communicate
with the slave computer by OPC (OLE for Process Control).
Main functions of this testing system will be described in the
following chapters.
(1) The simulation of the solar energy-gas coupling system:
the design of the interface for the solar energy-gas coupling
system will bring the workflow more intuitive to present in
front of the users. It includes circulation circuit of heating
collection, circulation circuit of the radiant floor heating and
circulation circuit of domestic hot water. This paper has
developed dynamic results of the critical parts for coupling
heating system with WinCC7.0, according to technological
requirements and simulates the real-time working state of
the entire system.
(2) Standardize the image design: automatic model and
manual mode have been designed according to design
principles and unprofessional user’s demands. The interface
of functional modules is very clear and the buttons is few. It
can reduce the invalid operation, disoperation etc. to ensure
the system operate security and stability. Monitor the key
variables such as temperature and pressure on-line and alarm
in time by the built-in alarming function of WinCC. The
configuration software will alarm and the B1 circulation
pump will be forced to turn off when the export temperature
of solar-collector is larger than 95℃or less than 5℃.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 96
(3) The Monitor Interface is Presented As Follows
Fig -6: Monitoring interface
3.4 Framework of the Monitoring System
The host computer collects the real time date from PLC in
this system. The monitoring system mainly includes
graphical interface, parameters detection interface, process
control and corresponding security mechanism. The
structure diagram for the monitoring system is shown in
figure 7.
Fig -7: The structure of monitoring system
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 97
4. THE DESIGN OF SIGNAL SYSTEM AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Communication in this monitoring system is mainly
composed of two kinds: communicate between the
configuration software of WinCC and database;
communicate between the configuration software of WinCC
and the slave computer (PLC). However, WinCC cannot
communicate with PLC directly, the communication can be
achieved with OPC. Through connection the configuration
software of WinCC and database, WinCC will read directly
the date collected by the slave computer to the database, and
it is convenient to store and access to the data.
It’s necessary to build a communication between external
variables and the database when WinCC communicates with
the date. The external variables in this system mainly
include the import and export temperature of the solar-
collector, the import and export temperature of the heat
medium, the import and export temperature of gas, the flow
rate of the solar-collector, etc. We need to import external
variables into the software of PC ACCESS to ensure both
can communicate normally when WinCC communicating
with PLC. And the PPI communication protocol is used
between PLC and IPC, 9600 baud rate, RS232
communication mode, the local address 2, serial port address
COM2, data bit 8, stop bit 1, the rest is set to default setting.
5. EXPERIMENT MEASUREMENTS AND
ANALYSIS
Start the software of PLC, and load the relevant program in
the CPU of PLC after completing the preliminary inspection
work of solar energy-gas coupling system. Then start the
configuration software of WinCC, and check if or not the
communication between PLC and WinCC is effect. After the
communication is normal, enter the main interface of
monitoring system, and select manual mode, you can test the
relative part is normal or not. And you can switch to manual
mode to automatic mode after all equipment can work
normally. After switching to the automatic mode, the system
will be in accordance with the decision rule of automatic
mode to control the action of water pump and tee valve.
Now excerpt partial data of gas boiler heating system for the
following analysis, and the data record of gas heating loop
as shown in Table 1.
Table -1: The results of gas heating loop
Date Time Supply water
temperature ℃
Return water
temperature ℃
Gas consumption
m3
Cooling
water mL
Outside
temperature ℃
15-03-02 9:40:09 33.52 24.82 173 180 13.11
15-03-02 10:00:09 31.23 25.85 117 120 14.21
15-03-02 10:20:09 33.99 26.24 102 100 18.22
15-03-02 10:40:09 40.71 27.88 96 100 19.83
15-03-02 11:00:09 32.42 28.35 86 80 15.27
15-03-02 11:20:09 42.77 27.75 101 80 14.39
This test is the floor radiant heating test of wall-mounted gas boiler in winter, and the specific test process is shown in Fig.8.
Fig -8: Process of gas heating loop
12:20 14:20 16:20 18:20 20:20 22:20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Water-supply temperature
Return water temperature
Outside temperature
Gas consumption
Cooling water
Time
Temperature/℃
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Gasconsumption/m3
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Coolingwater/mL
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 98
Fig.8 indicates that the consumption of gas and the emission
of condensate are more due to the low indoor temperature at
the time of the wall-mounted gas boiler has just opened. And
then the consumption of gas and the emission of condensate
are gradually decreasing with the gas system movement and
the indoor temperature increased. Due to the intermittent
operation of wall-mounted gas boiler, the supply water
temperature swells and subsides while the return water
temperature is stable. The detection system measured data,
such as temperature, flow rate and so on has a good stability
and accuracy form the above data.
6. CONCLUSION
Solar energy-gas coupling system can realize 24-hour non-
stop running, and it can also take advantages of solar energy
minimize the consumption of gas during the day on the
premise of guarantee the room comfort. This will lay the
foundation for establishing a scientific optimization method
of solar energy-gas coupling system through constructing
the solar thermal system and wall-mounted gas boiler
heating system, overcome the disadvantages of the produced
during the separate operation, improve the overall system
efficiency, achieve energy conservation and emissions
reduction. In this paper obtained the following conclusions:
(1) According to the design requirements of solar
energy-gas coupling system, the related
optimization design of the interface of monitoring
system based on the configuration software of
WinCC is carried out; users can more intuitive
operation and observation the system running state.
(2) By analyzing the data from the monitoring system,
the stability and accuracy of the system to collect
data is verified. This will provide a solid foundation
for solar energy-gas coupling system.
(3) Combined solar energy and gas has changed the
traditional heating mode which is solar energy or
wall-mounted gas boiler individual heating, and
achieve real energy conservation and emissions
reduction, which provides reliable basic data for
domestic leading technology of solar energy
coupling gas hot water and heating system
demonstration project in Shanghai area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project is sponsored by Shanghai University of
Engineering Science Innovation Fund for Graduate Students
(No.E1-0903-14-01020)
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BIOGRAPHY
Xu Hui (1989- ), male, master of
engineering, research direction for
renewable energy application in buildings.
E-mail: 135177974@qq.com