An Introduction to IoT: Connectivity & Case Studies

The following presentation is intended for educational
purposes only. There are references to information in public
domain (books, websites, standard documents, etc.) in this
material. Sincere attempt has been made to give credit to all
such references wherever possible. The original copyright
holders retain the copyright to their material. E&OE.
Thanks to Dr. Triantafyllos (Aldo) Kanakis for preparing some
of the slides and Parallel Wireless for giving me time off from
the hectic schedule to complete this presentation.
2

4
Sensor/Machine/Thing
Connectivity
Base Station
Flow of data
Control Information /
Software Updates
Core Network /
Network Server
Backhaul
(Wired / Wireless)

Machine
5
Machine
Machine
Machine

Machine
6
Machine
Machine
Machine
Cloud

IoT is combining data, cloud, connectivity
analytics and technology in a way that
enables a smart environment in which
everyday objects are embedded with
network connectivity in order to improve
functionality and interaction
7

8
Source: 3G4G Blog
Lets assume there is
one of this machine
on each floor or a
five floor building
In total, there are
five machines.

Scenario 1 - No connectivity
 Someone has to manually go on each
floor and check if there are enough
coffee beans, chocolate powder, milk
powder, etc.
 He/She may have to do this say 3-4
times a day.
9
Source: 3G4G Blog

Scenario 2 - Basic connectivity (M2M)
 The machine has basic sensors so it can
send some kind of notification (on your
phone or email or message, etc.)
whenever the coffee beans, chocolate
powder, milk powder, etc., falls below a
certain level.
 An app on phone and/or computer
may be available
10
Source: 3G4G Blog

Scenario 3: Advanced connectivity (IoT)
 Lets say that the coffee machine is connected
to the office system and database.
 It knows which employees come when and
what is their coffee/drinks consumption pattern
 This way the machine can optimize when it
needs to be topped up.
 If there is a large meeting/event going on, the
coffee machine can even check before the
breaks and indicate in advance that it needs
topping up
11
Source: 3G4G Blog

Scenario 4: Intelligent Devices (Advanced
IoT)
 Lets add intelligence to it so it can even know
about the inventory.
 How much of coffee beans, chocolate powder,
milk powder, etc is in stock and when would
they need ordering again.
 It can have an employee UI (User Interface) that
can be used by employees to give feedback
on which coffee beans are more/less popular or
what drinks are popular.
12
Source: 3G4G Blog

Scenario 4: Intelligent Devices (Advanced
IoT) – continued
 This info can be used by the machines to order
the supplies, taking into account the price,
availability, etc.
 Build your own apps – API’s are available
 Can robots automate the remaining tasks of
cleaning, topping it up, etc.?
13
Source: 3G4G Blog

“There are many different type of devices that can be connected to
the Internet of Things. A device can be something big and complex, like
a car or a house. It can be something you use in everyday life, such as a
golf club, or a printer, or a pair of sneakers. It can be something very,
very small, such as a discrete sensor inside your car or house or golf club,
a single part of a much larger and more complex device.
For that matter, what the IoT calls “things” don’t have to be actual
physical things. A thing can be a piece of data – status information such
as your location or room temperature – collected through separate
general purpose device, such as a thermostat, smartphone or
computer. Put another way, the physical thing itself doesn’t have to be
in the IoT, although data about the thing must.
Know, though, that most IoT devices are simple sensors that monitor
something happening nearby. These simple things are either record or
transmit the information they gather across the network to some other
device or service.”
16

 The right car gets pre-heated depending on:
› Day of the week
› Whether travelling alone or with the family
17

20
Connectivity
Base Station
Flow of data
Software Updates
Core Network /
Network Server
Backhaul
(Wired / Wireless)

21
Flow of data
Software Updates
Core Network /
Network Server
Connectivity
(Wired / Wireless)

22Source: Ericsson Part 1, Part 2

23Source: Ericsson Part 1, Part 2

25
Source: Samsung Newsroom (April Fools 2016 Joke)

 MTC (Machine Type
Communication)
 Device
 D2D (Device-to-
device)
 IoST (Internet of Small
Things)
 LPWA (Low Power
Wide Area)
 IoE (Internet of
Everything)
 Mote (Remote)
 IDoT (Identity of Things)
 IIoT (Industrial IoT)
 TaaS (Things as a
Service)
28

 Light
 Proximity
 Microphones (inc.
ultrasound reciver)
 Camera (front &
back)
 Gyroscope
 Accelerometer
 Magnetometer
 Barometer
 Humidity
 Positioning
› GPS / GLONASS /
GALILIEO
› Wi-Fi
› Cellular (A-GPS)
 NFC
 Pressure
 Temperature
 Gesture
 Fingerprint
 Heartbeat monitor
29

 Wired
 Wireless
› Near Field (NFC)
› Short range (Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiFi)
› Cellular (2G, 3G, 4G)
› LPWA - Low Power Wide Area
 Licensed spectrum (NB-IoT)
 Unlicensed spectrum (Sigfox, LoRa, etc.)
› Satellite

 Serial bus
 USB
 Ethernet

 Near Field Communication
 NFC is very short range communication protocol
 Point-to-point communication
 Needs both devices within field to communicate
› Contactless payments (apple pay, android pay, paypal etc)
› Ticket validations (Oyster)
› File sharing
› Multiplayer gaming
 Most smartphones are NFC ready

 Short range communications
 Transmission at the ISM band
 Low transmission power
 Low penetration properties (walls, doors, windows etc)
 High transmission rate
 High availability
› Smartphones
› Laptops
› Car entertainment units
› IoT devices
 Low cost
 Supports few nodes in a PAN

 Bluetooth 4.0 is not a Bluetooth revision
› Completely new technology
 Shorter range
 Lower transmission power
 Poorer penetration properties
 Faster discovery and connection setup speed
 Lower throughput
 Lower cost
 Energy saving for wearable devices
› Available for IoT applications

 Wider range communications (compared to Bluetooth)
 Low transmission power (higher than Bluetooth)
 Some penetration properties (better than Bluetooth)
 Slower market acceptance
 Smaller availability
 Supports many nodes (WLAN)
 Low cost

 Short range communications
 Low transmission power
 Very good penetration properties (walls, doors, windows etc)
 Highest availability
› Smartphones
› Computers
› Car entertainment units
› IoT devices
› Smart home devices
› Control units
 Very low cost
 Supports many nodes (WLAN)

 A Wi-Fi family technology
 Sub 1GHz operating frequency
 Longer range for same transmit power as Wi-Fi
 Better penetration properties than Wi-Fi
 Target applications
› Smart Homes
› Connected cars
› Healthcare
› Remote industry operation
› Retail
› Agriculture
› Smart Cities
 Supports multiple nodes (WLAN)
HaLow™

47
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2016

49Source: A Survey of Longer-Range IoT Wireless Protocols by Bryon Moyer

 Low cost modules $2 - $3
 Subscription prices as low as £1 per year in large volumes
(over 50K)
 Aiming for very low-bandwidth applications that favour low
volumes of messages per device, typically uplink-heavy
(device to cloud)
› 12 bytes per message, and at the same time no more than 140
messages per device per day
 Sigfox devices can work up to 20 years off two AA batteries
Source: Rethink Research
54

 Agriculture and environment: weather
monitoring; irrigation control; soil condition;
security; monitoring the health of livestock;
measuring river water.
 Automotive: vehicle tracking; fleet
management
 Consumer electronics: personal tracking
devices; health products with monitoring of
sensor statuses such as location, blood
pressure and glucose levels; home
automation/domotics.
 Emergency services and security: alarms;
CCTV; fire detection and protection; access
control systems;
 Healthcare: devices enabling first responder
connectivity or clinical trials monitoring.
 Intelligent buildings: heating; ventilation; air
conditioning; lighting; security.
 Manufacturing and supply chain: devices that
monitor waste and fuel consumption,
inventory, maintenance variables, etc.
 Manufacturing and supply chain: devices that
monitor waste and fuel consumption,
inventory, maintenance variables, etc.
 Retail and leisure: supply chain
communication, inventory management,
shopping devices and communication.
 Utilities: energy theft monitoring, feedback for
consumers and repair crews, public safety,
waste, leakage and financial control
 Smart city and public transport: technologies
for public transport, including ticketing and
passenger information systems; parking space
management and payment; charging and
road tolls, traffic volume monitoring;
connected road signs, traffic lights and law-
enforcement cameras; CCTV, street lighting,
waste collection, public alarms and
intercoms; tourist information services; static
advertising and billboards.
Source: Wikipedia
55

 Uses cellular and Sigfox where available
 Monthly service plans between $7 - $10
 Sigfox can help reduce the costs further
Source: http://www.whistle.com/
56

 LoRa refer to a wireless modulation allowing a low power
high radio budget communication.
 LoRaWAN refer to a network protocol using LoRa chips for
the communication. It relies on basestation able to
monitor 8 frequencies with multiple spread factors (virtually
~42 channels).
 It is possible to use LoRa modulation in point to point or star
networks without using LoRaWAN.
 It could be possible to have LoRaWAN like network with
other radio link, but wouldn’t be really practical.
Source: Alexandre Bouillot, Quora
59

 Milton Keynes is to deploy its own low
power wide area (LoRa) network with
gateways installed at four locations to
provide coverage across central areas
of the city.
Source: Smart Cities World
61

 Sigfox provides the
network
 Device chip costs $2
and connectivity $1 /
year roughly
 More suitable for wider
coverage areas
 LoRa provides chips
that can be used to
build the network
 Base station chip costs
$20, no need to pay
for connectivity
 Coverage depends on
the private network
coverage area
66

70
Source: Ericsson
Mobility report, June
2014

71
Source: European Commission

72

 Provided a 4 year notice of 2G switch off
 2.3 million customers still on 2G at time of
switch off
 San Francisco’s bus systems relied on 2G
network to show the next bus times but
they failed to upgrade their equipment
by deadline so all timings were wrong.
75

 Won the deal to supply connectivity for the UK’s Smart Meter
Implementation Programme in two of the project’s three regions.
 The operator will provide service in the Central and Southern
regions for the programme, which will see the deployment of 53
million connected gas and electricity meters across the UK by
2020.
 The deal is valued at £1.5bn over a 15-year lifespan
 O2 will use 2G (GSM & GPRS) to provide connectivity. They will
also use RF mesh to reach premises with poor cellular
connectivity
 Source: Telecoms.com, Critical articles: Guardian, Nick Hunn
76

77

 Displays (size & resolution)
 Processor
 Number of Radios in use simultaneously
 Amount of data being transferred
 GPS & Location services
 Data storage
IoT devices try and minimise all of the above to save
power consumption
79

80

 Release-12
› MTC introduces ‘category 0’ UE to reduce device complexity
› Power Saving Mode (PSM) reduces power consumption when UE
does not need to send or receive data
 Release-13
› Introduces new categories with complexity reduction and
coverage enhancements
› extended Discontinuous Reception (eDRX) optimizes battery life
for device-terminated applications
› network architecture and protocol enhancements for IoT are
introduced
84

86
Source: LTE and 5G
Technologies Enabling
the Internet of Things -
5G Americas Report

 Automated Vehicles
(GNSS – GPS, GLONASS,
etc.)
 Location Based Services
 Pay as you drive
Insurance
 Tracking of shipping
containers
 Weather and Pollution
monitoring
 eCall (in combination
with cellular)
 Communications with
Aircrafts, Ships, etc. out
of cellular range
 Fleet management and
control
 Oil Platforms monitoring
91

 By 2023, there are estimated to be 5.8 million satellite
M2M and IoT connections globally - NSR
92

Source of Satellite presentations: techUK
Satellite Applications & Services
Conference
98

99Source: Satellite Applications Catapult

106
Source: Lion
Tracking
Collars

Source: Illegal Amazonian logging traced by
Cargo Tracck™ and Gemalto’s M2M modules
107

Enguage offers an electronic
system that notifies authorities
when a fire extinguisher is blocked,
missing from its designated
location or when its pressure falls
below safe operating levels. Alerts
can be sent directly through an
instant email, phone call or pager
notification to proper agencies
and supervisors.
109

112Source: https://findlapa.com/ Source: https://www.thetileapp.com/

116
Sector Use Case Top Requirements
Industry High Volume (e.g. mining) Range, Coverage, Reliability, Cost
Agriculture Dynamic (e.g. animal tracking) Battery, Range, Coverage,
Reliability, Cost
Static (e.g. irrigation of fields) Battery, Range, Coverage,
Reliability, Cost
Utilities Powered (e. g. Electricity) Indoor, SLA, Reliability
Not Powered (e.g. Water/Gas) Indoor, SLA, Reliability
Logístics Management & Tracking (e.g.
Fleet)
Easy Install., Mobility, Coverage,
Cost
Basic Monitoring (e.g. shipment
conditions, warehouse)
Battery, Easy Install., Mobility,
Coverage, Cost
Smart Cities Dynamic Systems (e.g. Traffic
Management)
SLA, Coverage, Reliability
Basic Sensoring (e.g. air pollution) SLA, Coverage, Reliability

117
Payments TPV Indoor, Interoperability, SLA,
Reliability
Fraud Detection Indoor, Interoperability, SLA,
Reliability
Wearables (incl. e-Health) Continuous Tracking (e.g.
Diabetes)
Indoor, Battery, Mobility, SLA,
Coverage, Reliability
Spot Tracking (e.g. steps tracking) Battery, Easy Install., Mobility
Security High Volume (e.g. video) Indoor, Throughput, Security, SLA,
Reliability
Low Volume (e.g. presence
detection)
Indoor, Security, SLA, Reliability
Connected Cars Integrated solution (e.g. traffic
management)
Easy Install., Mobility, Coverage,
Cost
Basic Monitoring (e.g. location) Easy Install., Mobility, Coverage,
Cost

118
Buildings (incl. Home) Complex Solution (e.g. energy
management)
Basic Solution (e.g. presence/ air
pollution)
IoT Complex Systems Autonomous Car or Drones
Ecosystems
Battery, Security, Range, SLA,
Coverage, Reliability
Source: LTE and 5G Technologies Enabling the Internet of Things - 5G
Americas Report

@TomRebbeck
@mulloom2
@mazlan_abbas
@JamesMonighan
@ioticlabs
@arkessa
@TechThings_IOT
@RWW
@NetOfEverything
@MachinaResearch
@VodafoneIoT
@TelefonicaIoT
@Inteliot
@DT_M2M
@Cisco_IoT
@WeightlessSIG
@LoRaAlliance
@sigfox
120

 Cisco VNI Whitepaper, Feb 2016
 LTE and 5G Technologies Enabling the Internet of Things - 5G
Americas Report, Dec 2016
 Ericsson Mobility Report – June 2014, June 2015, Latest
 CW - 'Radio Systems for Mission-Critical IoT Communications'
 CW - 'Boring but lucrative, the real Internet of Things‘
 CW - ‘IoT Security: Will the Internet of Things be Secure Enough to
Run Your Life?’
 CW - 'Don't panic about IoT Security, new technology will sort it
out'
 CW - 'Connected vehicles - the ultimate IoT sensor?‘
 Postscapes – IoT examples
121

An Introduction to IoT: Connectivity & Case Studies

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